SMAC mimetic compounds (SMCs) are small molecule antagonists of the Inhibitor of Apoptosis (IAP) family of proteins. Binding of SMCs to the IAPs results in the sensitization of cancer cells to apoptosis in the presence of death ligands, such as tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). I hypothesize that type I interferon (IFN) stimulation in cancer cells and in immune cells leads to the production of TNFα, which can then synergize with SMCs to kill cancer cells. The combined treatment of SMC and IFNα induces tumour regression in mice, and this effect is completely abrogated upon treatment with TNFα-neutralizing antibody. The synergistic effects are mediated by tumour cells and by contribution of immune cells, particularly macrophages and dendritic cells, as the systemic depletion of phagocytic innate immune cells results in an increase in tumour volume following combination treatment. The characterization of immune cell contribution will aid in the translation of the SMC combination therapy into clinical applications for the treatment of cancer.

Neuroblastoma is the third most common pediatric cancer. Dinutuximab is a recently approved monoclonal antibody targeting GD2, a ganglioside ubiquitously present on neuroblastoma. Recent studies have shown that αGD2 therapy activates PD1-PDL1 signalling, resulting in the inhibition of its full therapeutic potential. The PD1-PDL1 signalling axis is a cellular checkpoint that inhibits immune responses. The blocking of this interaction has been successful in the treatment of numerous cancers, including in combination with anti-GD2 therapy. The Inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins are commonly upregulated in cancers and prevent cell death through the inhibition of caspases and through the control of NF-κB activity. Smac mimetic compounds (SMCs) have been designed to target IAP activity, thereby promoting cancer cell death. Here, I used the SMC, LCL161, to improve αGD2 antibody treatment against a GD2+ syngeneic neuroblastoma mouse model. I found that murine cell lines NXS2 and N2a were resistant in vitro to LCL161-mediated apoptosis, despite expressing apoptotic components often silenced in neuroblastoma. In vivo, I observed a slight delay in tumour growth induced by LCL161 and I confirmed an in vivo anti-angiogenic effect of LCL161 through ultrasound imaging and necropsy evaluation. I then combined LCL161 and αGD2 antibody (clone ME361-S2a) treatment and reported a delay in NXS2 subcutaneous tumour growth, which was further potentiated with the addition of an αPD-L1 antibody. With optimization, there is potential for SMCs to be used in combination with αGD2 therapy in GD2+ cancers like neuroblastoma.

Vascular complications, in microvessels resulting in nephropathy, retinopathy and neuropathy and in macrovessels resulting in atherosclerosis caused by hyperglycemia contribute greatly to the morbidity and mortality in diabetes mellitus. In the vasculature, the endothelial cells (ECs) are first to be damaged by hyperglycemia due to their unique location as the inner lining of all vessels. There are several mechanisms involved in endothelial injury or dysfunction, however, the degradation of heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) on the cell surface and in the extra cellular matrix (ECM) is considered to be of importance. Heparanase is believed to degrade heparan sulfate (HS). Our objectives were to determine if heparanase is responsible for endothelial injury and dysfunction in diabetes. <p>To determine if hyperglycemia and heparanase cause endothelial injury, high concentrations of glucose (30mM), mimicking hyperglycemia and optimal doses of heparinase I were used to treat cultured porcine aortic endothelial cells (PAECs). Cell injury was measured by determining live cell number and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. To determine if heparanase is expressed in high glucose treated PAECs, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to amplify heparanase mRNA. In addition, heparanase activity was measured by incubating cell lysates with 35S-labelled ECM from cultured bovine corneal ECs, where released radioactive HS was analyzed by Sepharose gel filtration followed by â-scintillation counting. To help understand the mechanism of high glucose injury, heparanase mRNA and activity were also measured in PAECs treated with H2O2 or mannitol to determine if free radical injury or osmolarity caused effects similar to high glucose treatment. As well, high glucose or heparinase I treated PAECs were also treated with heparin (0.5 ìg/ml) and/or insulin (1 U/ml) and/or basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF, 1 ng/ml) to determine if these compounds protected ECs from injury or inhibited heparanase expression induced by high glucose. p* PAECs injured by high glucose or heparinase I (0.3 U/ml in serum free medium) showed a significantly decreased live cell number and increased LDH release compared to control cells. High glucose or heparinase I treated ECs showed an increase in live cell number and decrease in LDH release when treated with heparin and/or insulin and bFGF. Heparanase mRNA and activity was expressed in PAECs treated with high glucose or H2O2. Heparin and/or insulin, but not bFGF prevented heparanase mRNA expression and activity in high glucose treated PAECs. Mannitol did not induce the upregulation of heparanase mRNA and activity. bFGF showed variable protection in cells treated with high glucose or heparinase I when combined with insulin or heparin. <p> From these results we conclude that hyperglycemia is a main cause of endothelial injury. Heparanase production induced by hyperglycemia is responsible for EC injury and vascular dysfunction likely through the degradation of HS, resulting in increased vascular permeability and detachment of cells from the basement membrane. The mechanism of heparanase upregulation may be related to the formation of reactive oxygen species, but not due to changes in osmolarity. Heparin and/or insulin and bFGF protect cells from injury caused by high glucose or heparinase I. Heparin and/or insulin but not bFGF inhibit heparanase mRNA upregulation induced by high glucose. This study provides new insight into the causes of vascular injury associated with diabetes and suggests possible treatments to reduce endothelial injury.

Vascular complications, in microvessels resulting in nephropathy, retinopathy and neuropathy and in macrovessels resulting in atherosclerosis caused by hyperglycemia contribute greatly to the morbidity and mortality in diabetes mellitus. In the vasculature, the endothelial cells (ECs) are first to be damaged by hyperglycemia due to their unique location as the inner lining of all vessels. There are several mechanisms involved in endothelial injury or dysfunction, however, the degradation of heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) on the cell surface and in the extra cellular matrix (ECM) is considered to be of importance. Heparanase is believed to degrade heparan sulfate (HS). Our objectives were to determine if heparanase is responsible for endothelial injury and dysfunction in diabetes. <p>To determine if hyperglycemia and heparanase cause endothelial injury, high concentrations of glucose (30mM), mimicking hyperglycemia and optimal doses of heparinase I were used to treat cultured porcine aortic endothelial cells (PAECs). Cell injury was measured by determining live cell number and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. To determine if heparanase is expressed in high glucose treated PAECs, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to amplify heparanase mRNA. In addition, heparanase activity was measured by incubating cell lysates with 35S-labelled ECM from cultured bovine corneal ECs, where released radioactive HS was analyzed by Sepharose gel filtration followed by â-scintillation counting. To help understand the mechanism of high glucose injury, heparanase mRNA and activity were also measured in PAECs treated with H2O2 or mannitol to determine if free radical injury or osmolarity caused effects similar to high glucose treatment. As well, high glucose or heparinase I treated PAECs were also treated with heparin (0.5 ìg/ml) and/or insulin (1 U/ml) and/or basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF, 1 ng/ml) to determine if these compounds protected ECs from injury or inhibited heparanase expression induced by high glucose. p* PAECs injured by high glucose or heparinase I (0.3 U/ml in serum free medium) showed a significantly decreased live cell number and increased LDH release compared to control cells. High glucose or heparinase I treated ECs showed an increase in live cell number and decrease in LDH release when treated with heparin and/or insulin and bFGF. Heparanase mRNA and activity was expressed in PAECs treated with high glucose or H2O2. Heparin and/or insulin, but not bFGF prevented heparanase mRNA expression and activity in high glucose treated PAECs. Mannitol did not induce the upregulation of heparanase mRNA and activity. bFGF showed variable protection in cells treated with high glucose or heparinase I when combined with insulin or heparin. <p> From these results we conclude that hyperglycemia is a main cause of endothelial injury. Heparanase production induced by hyperglycemia is responsible for EC injury and vascular dysfunction likely through the degradation of HS, resulting in increased vascular permeability and detachment of cells from the basement membrane. The mechanism of heparanase upregulation may be related to the formation of reactive oxygen species, but not due to changes in osmolarity. Heparin and/or insulin and bFGF protect cells from injury caused by high glucose or heparinase I. Heparin and/or insulin but not bFGF inhibit heparanase mRNA upregulation induced by high glucose. This study provides new insight into the causes of vascular injury associated with diabetes and suggests possible treatments to reduce endothelial injury.

The Inhibitor of Apoptosis (IAP) proteins are a highly conserved group of anti-apoptotic proteins that regulate various pathways, particularly those that affect proliferation and cell death. Smac mimetics compounds (SMCs) are IAP antagonists that induce the degradation of two IAPs, cellular IAP 1 (cIAP1) and cellular IAP 2 (cIAP2). cIAP1 and cIAP2 are negative regulators of the alternative NF-κB pathway, which is critical to the regulation, activation, proliferation, and survival of immune cells. Consequently, SMCs can affect immunological responses by providing co-stimulatory signals for antigen-presenting cells or promoting proliferation and activation of T cells. Due to their potent immunomodulatory properties, SMCs are an ideal candidate for new vaccine adjuvants. I sought to demonstrate the potential of SMCs as a vaccine adjuvant by evaluating SMCs effects on dendritic cells (DCs). I demonstrated that SMC treatment of bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) induces degradation of both cIAP1 and cIAP2 and leads to activation of the alternative NF-κB signalling pathway. Furthermore, SMC treatment led to upregulation of proteins associated with DC maturation, as well as secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Despite the activating effects elicited by SMCs in vitro, the use of SMCs as an adjuvant for peptide vaccination failed to prevent tumour growth. Further work to determine the best use of SMCs as adjuvants in vivo needs to be done to explore the potential of this class of drugs. Thus, these findings will guide the use of SMCs in adjuvant vaccine therapies for robust protective immunity.

Orientador: Maria Luiza Cotrim Sator de Oliveira / Resumo: A maioria dos tumores malignos da mama apresenta aspecto morfológico de carcinoma ductal invasivo que pode apresentar diferentes prognósticos. Diante disso, conclui-se que a identificação do padrão morfológico não é suficiente para o estabelecimento do prognóstico, e que existe a necessidade da identificação de novos biomarcadores imunoistoquímicos que indiquem moléculas sinalizadoras importantes para proliferação e sobrevivência das células neoplásicas, e que possam ser alvos de modalidades terapêuticas oncológicas. A ocorrência de alterações dos mecanismos regulatórios genéticos da apoptose pode resultar em uma hiperativação das proteínas antiapoptóticas, com a perda da sensibilidade aos sinais de morte fisiológica, evitando-se a ocorrência da apoptose e resultando, desse modo, na preservação de células geneticamente alteradas com consequente aumento no seu número. Esse é um evento crítico para o início do crescimento tumoral, com repercussões no prognóstico e na resistência ao tratamento oncológico. Dessa forma, o entendimento da maquinaria das vias do processo apoptótico é de crucial importância na avaliação prognóstica do processo neoplásico, pois suas moléculas são importantes biomarcadores da proliferação e sobrevivência celular. Objetivos: Avaliar a relação entre as proteínas inibidoras do processo apoptótico (IAPs) e seu inibidor Smac/DIABLO no carcinoma mamário ductal invasivo, sem outra especificação (SOE). Analisar, também, sua correlação com os marcadores imunoi... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Most of malignant breast tumors exhibit morphological aspect of invasive ductal carcinoma, not otherwise specified (NOS) carcinoma, that can present different prognosis. It concludes that the identification of the morphological type of the breast cancer is not enough to establish tumor prognosis. So there is the need to recognize new immunohistochemistry biomarkers that can identify important molecular signaling proteins of neoplastic cell proliferation and survival that can be used as target of oncological therapeutic. Changes in these regulatory mechanisms that favors the hiperactivation of antiapoptotic proteins can set the loss of the physiological signs of cell death avoiding the occurrence of apoptosis and preserving genetic modified cells. This is a critical event to the beginning of tumor growth which may further lead to repercussions in prognosis and cancer resistance to therapy. The knowledge about the different pathways to apoptosis is crucial to evaluate the prognosis of the neoplastic process. Objectives: To study the relation between the inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) and their antagonist, the protein SMAC/DIABLO, in invasive ductal breast carcinoma and also evaluate their correlation with the usual prognostic immunohistochemical markers, Apoptotic Index and clinical prognostics factors. Design: TMA paraffin blocks were made with invasive ductal breast carcinoma tissue samples of patients operated at the Botucatu School of Medicine Hospital from 1980 ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

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Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2017-05-30T20:42:08Z (GMT) / Submitted by IVAN RODRIGUES DE CARVALHO FILHO null (ircf71@uol.com.br) on 2017-05-31T02:30:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE FINALIZADA EM PDF.pdf: 3632299 bytes, checksum: 7a61adaae038965031f187518ca0c4de (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-05-31T14:32:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 carvalhofilho_ir_dr_bot.pdf: 3632299 bytes, checksum: 7a61adaae038965031f187518ca0c4de (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-31T14:32:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 carvalhofilho_ir_dr_bot.pdf: 3632299 bytes, checksum: 7a61adaae038965031f187518ca0c4de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-20 / A maioria dos tumores malignos da mama apresenta aspecto morfológico de carcinoma ductal invasivo que pode apresentar diferentes prognósticos. Diante disso, conclui-se que a identificação do padrão morfológico não é suficiente para o estabelecimento do prognóstico, e que existe a necessidade da identificação de novos biomarcadores imunoistoquímicos que indiquem moléculas sinalizadoras importantes para proliferação e sobrevivência das células neoplásicas, e que possam ser alvos de modalidades terapêuticas oncológicas. A ocorrência de alterações dos mecanismos regulatórios genéticos da apoptose pode resultar em uma hiperativação das proteínas antiapoptóticas, com a perda da sensibilidade aos sinais de morte fisiológica, evitando-se a ocorrência da apoptose e resultando, desse modo, na preservação de células geneticamente alteradas com consequente aumento no seu número. Esse é um evento crítico para o início do crescimento tumoral, com repercussões no prognóstico e na resistência ao tratamento oncológico. Dessa forma, o entendimento da maquinaria das vias do processo apoptótico é de crucial importância na avaliação prognóstica do processo neoplásico, pois suas moléculas são importantes biomarcadores da proliferação e sobrevivência celular. Objetivos: Avaliar a relação entre as proteínas inibidoras do processo apoptótico (IAPs) e seu inibidor Smac/DIABLO no carcinoma mamário ductal invasivo, sem outra especificação (SOE). Analisar, também, sua correlação com os marcadores imunoistoquímicos usuais, aplicados para a avaliação prognóstica, índice apoptótico e taxa de sobrevida dos pacientes. Material e Métodos: Foram confeccionados blocos de parafina de TMA com tecido de câncer mamário ductal invasivo sem outra especificação (SOE), extraído de pacientes operadas no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, entre 1980 e 2000. Estes foram submetidos à reação imunoistoquímica para Survivina, XIAP, Smac, Caspase 3 clivada (índice apoptótico) e Ki67 (índice de proliferação celular), RE, RP, HER2, P53. Dois patologistas realizaram a leitura das lâminas e obteve-se escores de intensidade de imunoexpressão e/ou percentuais de positividade celular. Esses escores foram correlacionados entre as proteínas apoptóticas, com outros marcadores imunoistoquímicos prognósticos usuais, com os dados de sobrevida dos pacientes, com o grau histológico e com o perfil molecular especifico do carcinoma ductal invasivo. Resultados: Ocorreu uma correlação positiva entre Smac, Survivina e XIAP, houve maior intensidade de imunoexpressão dos marcadores de apoptose nos tumores de maior grau e uma correlação de imunoexpressão inversa entre Smac e um status hormonal positivo. Um estímulo pró-apoptótico pareceu ser dominante no carcinoma mamário de subtipo molecular HER2, quando comparado a outros subtipos. XIAP foi a única proteína apoptótica estudada que guardou correlação com a taxa de mortalidade. Conclusão: A detecção de uma correlação estatística significante entre as proteínas apoptóticas, corrobora a integração múltipla que ocorre entre essas durante o processo apoptótico no carcinoma mamário invasivo, sem outra especificação (SOE). Estudos adicionais das proteínas apoptóticas com uma maior amostragem de pacientes serão necessários para o estabelecimento de valores prognósticos mais acurados de sobrevida. / Most of malignant breast tumors exhibit morphological aspect of invasive ductal carcinoma, not otherwise specified (NOS) carcinoma, that can present different prognosis. It concludes that the identification of the morphological type of the breast cancer is not enough to establish tumor prognosis. So there is the need to recognize new immunohistochemistry biomarkers that can identify important molecular signaling proteins of neoplastic cell proliferation and survival that can be used as target of oncological therapeutic. Changes in these regulatory mechanisms that favors the hiperactivation of antiapoptotic proteins can set the loss of the physiological signs of cell death avoiding the occurrence of apoptosis and preserving genetic modified cells. This is a critical event to the beginning of tumor growth which may further lead to repercussions in prognosis and cancer resistance to therapy. The knowledge about the different pathways to apoptosis is crucial to evaluate the prognosis of the neoplastic process. Objectives: To study the relation between the inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) and their antagonist, the protein SMAC/DIABLO, in invasive ductal breast carcinoma and also evaluate their correlation with the usual prognostic immunohistochemical markers, Apoptotic Index and clinical prognostics factors. Design: TMA paraffin blocks were made with invasive ductal breast carcinoma tissue samples of patients operated at the Botucatu School of Medicine Hospital from 1980 to 2000. Those samples were submitted to immunohistochemical reactions to Survivin, XIAP, cleaved Caspase 3 (apoptotic index) and Ki67 (cell proliferation index), RE, RP, HER2, P53. Two experienced pathologists analyzed the microscope slides and retrieved intensity scores and/or the percentage of positive cells of immune-expression. Those scores were interrelated and with IA, anti-cleaved caspase 3, the other usual immunohistochemical biomarkers and survival patients records, as well as the specific type and grade of the invasive ductal carcinoma. Results: There was a positive correlation between SMAC, Survivina and XIAP, as well as a higher immunoexpression intensity of apoptosi’s markers with high grade tumor, and a inverse immunoexpression correlation between SMAC and positive progesterone hormonal status. The pro-apoptotic stimulus seemed be dominant in breast carcinoma HER2 molecular subtype when compared to other subtypes.A pro-apoptotic stimulus seemed be dominant in breast carcinoma HER2 molecular subtype when compared to other subtypes.XIAP was the only one apoptotic protein studied that played correlation with mortality rate. Conclusion: The detection of a statistically significant correlation between the apoptotic proteins corroborates the multiple integration that occurs between these during the apoptotic process in invasive mammary carcinoma with no other specification. Further studies of apoptotic proteins in a large survey will be necessary to establish more accurate values of prognostic survival.

Of all of the cancer patients throughout the world, approximately 50% of them are affected to some degree by cachexia. This syndrome involves significant skeletal muscle wasting, loss of adipose tissue and overall decrease in body weight in patients, particularly those with lung, pancreatic and gastric cancers. Cancer-induced cachexia is characterized by the presence of increased cytokines, notably TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. Most patients suffering of cancer-induced cachexia experience increased toxicity in response to chemotherapy, leading to fewer rounds of treatment and thus impeding the patients’ chances for recovery. More research into effective treatments for cancer-induced cachexia would therefore be indispensable. The inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) have emerged as important cancer targets, primarily because of their roles as caspase inhibitors and regulators of NF-κB signalling. Small molecule IAP antagonists known as Smac mimetic compounds (SMCs) are currently in stage I/II clinical trials. They function by targeting cIAP1 and cIAP2 (and to a lesser extent, XIAP) resulting in a cytokine mediated death response in cancer cells. SMCs induce the production of TNF-α, a cytokine with which SMCs can potently synergize. However, limited efficacy occurs in some cancer cell lines (presumably because TNF-α cannot be induced in an autocrine fashion) and an exogenous source of the cytokine, such as that induced by using an oncolytic virus, is required. Notably, TNF-α (initially known as “cachectin”) is known to play a significant role in the induction of skeletal muscle atrophy. We therefore wanted to examine the effects of TNF-α induction by SMC and oncolytic virus co-treatment on both tumour regression and skeletal muscle in tumour bearing mice. We investigated the effects of SMC treatment on Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC) and B16F10 melanoma cell lines, both of which have been shown to be established cachectic cancer cell lines. Our in-vitro analysis of LLC and B16F10 cells revealed that LLC cells are sensitive to SMC and TNF-α co-treatment whereas B16F10 cancer cells remain resistant. SMC treatment, in combination with an oncolytic virus, VSVΔ51, increased tumour regression and survival time in LLC tumour bearing mice. Based on findings from previous studies, we investigated the role of cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) in the resistance of the B16F10 melanoma cell line to SMC treatment. We were able to determine that the down-regulation of c-FLIP sensitizes the B16F10 cells to SMC and TNF-α induced cell death. In extending these findings, we found that SMC treatment alone can cause skeletal muscle wasting in the tibialis anterior muscle of LLC tumour bearing mice. However, the atrophic response was observed to be minimal as documented by a slight but significant decrease (approximately 10%) in muscle fibre cross-sectional area. Moreover, no biochemical evidence of muscle atrophy, as visualized by changes in the expression of myosin heavy chain (MHC) and Muscle RING Finger protein 1 (MuRF1), was found. Regardless, we speculate that the impact of SMC treatment on muscle wasting would be transient and reversible, and propose that the benefits of such a combination immunotherapy would greatly outweigh the risks.

Small molecular Inhibitor of Apoptosis (IAP) antagonists, known as Smac mimetic compounds (SMCs), are a novel class of anti-cancer drugs currently undergoing clinical trials. SMCs were designed to mimic the function of the pro-apoptotic protein, Smac, which directly depletes cells of cIAP1 and cIAP2, and consequently renders tumour cells sensitive to death in the presence of proinflammatory ligands such as TNFα. The Korneluk lab recently reported that SMCs synergize with the attenuated oncolytic virus Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSVΔ51) by eliciting an enhanced immune response in mice, such that the combined therapy is vastly superior to stand-alone therapies. To improve on this SMC-mediated synergistic response, I generated variants of TNFα-armed VSVΔ51. Due to high ectopic expression of TNFα in infected cells, a five times lower viral dose of TNFα-armed VSVΔ51 combined with SMC treatment was sufficient to improve the survival rate as compared to SMC and VSVΔ51 co-therapy. This improved synergistic response is attributed to a bystander effect whereby the spread of TNFα from infected cells leads to the death of neighbouring, uninfected cells in the presence of a SMC. In addition, the double treatment induced vasculature collapse in solid tumours, revealing another mechanism by which cytokine-armed VSVΔ51 in combination with a SMC can induce cancer cell death. This approach demonstrates great potential for engineered oncolytic virus and SMCs as a new combination immunotherapy for cancer treatment.

Main topic of this master's thesis is proposal of automatic line for bulding and testing keys for electrical ignition of cars. In the first part of this master's thesis you can see options of layout machines and proposal of two layouts. In this part you can see all actuators and senzors with detailed description of using in application, too. Next part is about software, communication between each components and description of visualization. Last part is about recapitulate of topic and evaluation building of machines with ideas for improvement this line for future.