This thesis presents an investigation into the power transmission limitations imposed on a VSC-HVdc converter by ac system strength and ac system impedance characteristics, quantified by the short circuit ratio (SCR). An important result of this study is that the operation of the converter is not only affected by the SCR’s magnitude, but is also significantly affected by the ac system’s impedance angle at the fundamental frequency. As the ac impedance becomes more resistive, the minimum SCR required at the rectifier side increases from that required for ideally inductive ac impedance, but it decreases at the inverter side. The finite megavolt ampere (MVA) limit of the VSC imposes a further limitation on power transfer, requiring an increase in the value of the minimum SCR. This limitation can be mitigated if additional reactive power support is provided at the point-common-connection. A state-space VSC model was developed and validated with a fully detailed non-linear EMT model. The model showed that gains of the phased-locked-loop (PLL), particularly at low SCRs greatly affect the operation of the VSC-HVdc converter and that operation at low SCRs below about 1.6 is difficult. The model also shows that the theoretically calculated power-voltage stability limit is not attainable in practice, but can be approached if the PLL gains are reduced. The thesis shows that as the VSC-HVdc converter is subject to large signal excitation, a good controller design cannot rely on small signal analysis alone. The thesis therefore proposes the application of optimization tools to coordinate the controls of multiple converters in a dc grid. A new method, the "single converter relaxation method", is proposed and validated. The design procedure of control gains selection using the single converter relaxation method for a multi-converter system is developed. A new method for selecting robust control gains to permit operation over a range of operation conditions is presented. The coordination and interaction of control parameters of multi-terminal VSC are discussed. Using the SCR information at converter bus, the gain scheduling approach to optimal gains is possible. However, compared to robust control gains setting, this approach is more susceptible to system instability.

abstract: An advantage of doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) as compared to conventional fixed speed wind turbine generators is higher efficiency. This higher efficiency is achieved due to the ability of the DFIG to operate near its optimal turbine efficiency over a wider range of wind speeds through variable speed operation. This is achieved through the application of a back-to-back converter that tightly controls the rotor current and allows for asynchronous operation. In doing so, however, the power electronic converter effectively decouples the inertia of the turbine from the system. Hence, with the increase in penetration of DFIG based wind farms, the effective inertia of the system will be reduced. With this assertion, the present study is aimed at identifying the systematic approach to pinpoint the impact of increased penetration of DFIGs on a large realistic system. The techniques proposed in this work are tested on a large test system representing the Midwestern portion of the U.S. Interconnection. The electromechanical modes that are both detrimentally and beneficially affected by the change in inertia are identified. The combination of small-signal stability analysis coupled with the large disturbance analysis of exciting the mode identified is found to provide a detailed picture of the impact on the system. The work is extended to develop suitable control strategies to mitigate the impact of significant DFIG penetration on a large power system. Supplementary control is developed for the DFIG power converters such that the effective inertia contributed by these wind generators to the system is increased. Results obtained on the large realistic power system indicate that the frequency nadir following a large power impact is effectively improved with the proposed control strategy. The proposed control is also validated against sudden wind speed changes in the form of wind gusts and wind ramps. The beneficial impact in terms of damping power system oscillations is observed, which is validated by eigenvalue analysis. Another control mechanism is developed aiming at designing the power system stabilizer (PSS) for a DFIG similar to the PSS of synchronous machines. Although both the supplementary control strategies serve the purpose of improving the damping of the mode with detrimental impact, better damping performance is observed when the DFIG is equipped with both the controllers. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Electrical Engineering 2010

Orientador: Percival Bueno de Araujo / Banca: Francisco Villarreal Alvarado / Banca: Élcio Precioso de Paiva / Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta estudos referentes à estabilidade a pequenas perturbações do sistema elétrico de potência, considerando a atuação de FACTS para o amortecimento das oscilações eletromecânicas de baixa freqüência. É abordado o dispositivo FACTS SSSC (Static Synchronous Series Compensator). Para este fim o sistema elétrico é modelado, modificando-se o Modelo de Sensibilidade de Potência para se inserir o compensador. Para melhorar a estabilidade do sistema desenvolvido, controladores são propostos para maximizar o desempenho do dispositivo SSSC, e dessa forma introduzir amortecimento ao sistema elétrico. Acrescenta-se ao modelo desenvolvido os Estabilizadores de Sistemas de Potência (ESP ou PSS - Power System Stabilizers) e o Power Oscillation Damping (POD), para atuação conjunta com o SSSC. Utilizando os fatores de participação e teoria de resíduos é possível encontrar a melhor localização para instalação dos dispositivos e realizar o ajuste dos parâmetros dos controladores. Simulações são realizadas para dois sistemas teste; um de quatro e outro de dez geradores. A partir dos resultados obtidos conclui-se pela potencialidade da utilização do SSSC para a melhoria da estabilidade a pequenas perturbações do sistema elétrico de potência. / Abstract: This work presents studies to provide damping to low frequencies oscillations of the electrical power systems by FACTS devices, considering SSSC (Static Synchronous Series Compensator). This is developed and implemented using the Power Sensitivity Model for multimachine systems. Afterwards, the SSSC devices are introduced as well as the controllers. The PSS (Power Systems Stabilizers) and POD (Power Oscillation Damping) controllers has been included using the participation factor and residue number theory to examine their best allocation on the electrical power systems. The study is based on modal analysis and time domain simulations using two test systems: four and ten generators. The simulation results show the capability of this method for small signal stability improvement for the electric power systems. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-06-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:08:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 almada_lm_me_ilha.pdf: 552123 bytes, checksum: bb24b3e82f3436a173c7b23090715999 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O principal objetivo deste trabalho é a utilização do modelo de injeção de potência do dispositivo FACTS TCSC (Thyris-tor Controlled Series Capacitor) na análise da estabilidade a pequenas perturbações de sistemas elétricos de potência. Para atingir este objetivo é deduzido o modelo de injeção de potência do TCSC, cujo equacionamento é adicionado ao Modelo de Sensibilidade de Po-tência (MSP), utilizado para representar o sistema elétrico de potência (SEP). Para o amortecimento das oscilações eletromecânicas de baixa frequência do SEP são utilizados dois modelos para os controladores, um que considera somente um ganho proporcional e outro comumente chamado na literatura de controlador suplementar de amortecimento (POD – Power Oscillation Damping) que contém também blocos de avanço- atraso de fase. Ambos os controladores devem atuar em conjunto com o TCSC para fornecer amortecimento ao SEP. Neste trabalho o sinal de entrada para os dois controladores é a variação da potência ativa na linha de transmissão de instalação do TCSC e seus parâmetros são ajustados de duas formas: pelo método dos resíduos e utilizando o toolbox rltool (SISO) do software MATLAB. Para a validação do equacionamento desenvolvido foram realizadas simulações em um sistema de potência simétrico, de duas áreas, composto de 4 geradores e 10 barras / This work presents a power injection model for the Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC), a Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) device, for small signal stability analysis in the electric power systems. To achieve such goal, the TCSC injection power model equations are summed up to the Power Sensitivity Model (PSM) which is used to represent the electric power system (EPS). For the low frequency electromechanical oscillation damping, two models are used to represent the controller: 1. A proportional control and; 2. A supplementary control known as Power Oscillation Damping (POD), which also comprehends lead-lag blocks. Both controllers, previously cited, must work together with the TCSC to damp oscillations in the EPS. In this work, the input signal for both controllers is the real power flow variation in the transmission line where the TCSC is placed and the controllers parameters are adjusted using the residues method and the Matlab toolbox rltool (SISO). Several simulations in a symmetrical, two areas power system, composed of four generators and ten busses, are provided in way to validate the power injection model and are discussed in this work

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-05-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:08:35Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pupin_ce_me_ilha.pdf: 1801957 bytes, checksum: 06dbcbacdd038bf23cf8b0bfc982dbeb (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho apresenta estudos referentes à estabilidade a pequenas perturbações do sistema elétrico de potência, considerando a atuação de FACTS para o amortecimento das oscilações eletromecânicas de baixa freqüência. É abordado o dispositivo FACTS SSSC (Static Synchronous Series Compensator). Para este fim o sistema elétrico é modelado, modificando-se o Modelo de Sensibilidade de Potência para se inserir o compensador. Para melhorar a estabilidade do sistema desenvolvido, controladores são propostos para maximizar o desempenho do dispositivo SSSC, e dessa forma introduzir amortecimento ao sistema elétrico. Acrescenta-se ao modelo desenvolvido os Estabilizadores de Sistemas de Potência (ESP ou PSS – Power System Stabilizers) e o Power Oscillation Damping (POD), para atuação conjunta com o SSSC. Utilizando os fatores de participação e teoria de resíduos é possível encontrar a melhor localização para instalação dos dispositivos e realizar o ajuste dos parâmetros dos controladores. Simulações são realizadas para dois sistemas teste; um de quatro e outro de dez geradores. A partir dos resultados obtidos conclui-se pela potencialidade da utilização do SSSC para a melhoria da estabilidade a pequenas perturbações do sistema elétrico de potência. / This work presents studies to provide damping to low frequencies oscillations of the electrical power systems by FACTS devices, considering SSSC (Static Synchronous Series Compensator). This is developed and implemented using the Power Sensitivity Model for multimachine systems. Afterwards, the SSSC devices are introduced as well as the controllers. The PSS (Power Systems Stabilizers) and POD (Power Oscillation Damping) controllers has been included using the participation factor and residue number theory to examine their best allocation on the electrical power systems. The study is based on modal analysis and time domain simulations using two test systems: four and ten generators. The simulation results show the capability of this method for small signal stability improvement for the electric power systems.

Rapid advancement in wireless communications over the years has been the driving force for many novel technologies providing compact and low cost solutions. Recent development of multilayer coplanar waveguide (CPW) MMIC technology promises realization of 3D MMIC in which large area-occupying passive components are translated from horizontal into vertical configuration resulting compact structure. The other main advantages of this technology are elimination of via-holes and wafer-thinning giving alternative performance solution, if not better, from the traditional MMIC. In this thesis, thermal and small-signal characteristics of prefabricated AlGaAs/InGaAs pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistors (pHEMTs) on semi-insulating (S.I.) GaAs substrate incorporated in the 3D MMIC technology have been analysed and modelled for the first time. A comprehensive small-signal parameter extraction procedure has been successfully developed which automatically determines the device small-signal parameters directly from the measured S-parameters. The developed procedure is unique since it provides a great deal of data on measured devices over a wide bias, temperature and frequency range for future incorporation of different active devices for the 3D MMIC technology and provides a first hand knowledge of how the multilayer structure will affect the performance of pre-fabricated pHEMTs. The extracted small-signal models of both pre- and post- multilayer processed pHEMTs have been compared and validated to the RF S-parameters measurements. The main focus was drawn upon the temperature dependent model parameters and how the underlying physics of the transistors behave in response to the change of temperature. These novel insights are especially valuable for devices designed specifically for high power applications like power amplifiers where tremendous heat could be generated. The data can also be interpreted as a way to optimise the multilayer structure, for example, alternative material with different properties can be implemented. The governing physics affecting device performance are also modelled and discussed empirically in details through extracted device parameters. These investigations would assist in the development of reliable, efficient and low cost production of future compact 3D multilayer CPW MMICs.

Orientador: Vivaldo Fernando da Costa / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T01:39:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Magalhaes_AlinedaSilva_M.pdf: 1630763 bytes, checksum: a79cfa073b1e00a5a037e569e5a09bac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Esta dissertação apresenta um estudo que avalia o desempenho do PST (Phase Shifting Transformer), equipado com um controlador suplementar, para o amortecimento de oscilações eletromecânicas de baixa freqüência em sistemas de energia elétrica. O modelo dinâmico que representa o PST é implementado no Modelo de Sensibilidade de Potência (MSP). A análise da estabilidade e o projeto de estabilizadores POD (Power Oscillation Damping) são baseados em análise modal, bifurcações de Hopf, gráficos do lugar das raízes e técnicas de resposta em freqüência e no tempo. É investigado o desempenho de diferentes sinais de entrada para os controladores. Os resultados obtidos revelam que o PST, quando equipado com estabilizadores, possui um grande potencial para manutenção da estabilidade de ângulo a pequenas perturbações de sistemas elétricos de potência / Abstract: This dissertation presents an assessment of the performance of PST (Phase Shifting Transformer) equipped with a supplemental controller for damping power systems low-frequency electromechanical oscillations. The dynamic model that represents the PST is implemented in the Power Sensitivity Model (PSM). The stability analysis and the design of POD (Power Oscillation Damping) stabilizers are based on modal analysis, Hopf bifurcations, root locus plots and time and frequency response techniques. The performance of different input signals to the controllers is investigated. The results obtained reveal that the PST, when equipped with stabilizers, has a great potential for keeping power systems small-signal angle stability / Mestrado / Energia Eletrica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Electrical equivalent circuit modeling of active components is one of the most important approaches for modeling high-frequency high-power devices. Amongst the most used microwave devices, AlGaN/GaN HEMTs demonstrated their superior performance, making them highly suitable for 5G, wireless and satellite communications. Despite the remarkable performance of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs, these devices reside on substrates that invoke limitations on the operating-frequency, power-efficiency, and current dispersion phenomenon. Also, there is a limitation in present parameters extraction techniques being not able to consider both the substrate effect (Silicon, Silicon Carbide, and Diamond) and the asymmetrical GaN HEMT structure. In this thesis work, a single extrinsic parameters extraction technique using a single small-signal topology takes into account both the asymmetrical GaN HEMT structure and the different substrate types with their parasitic conduction will be developed and studied for the first time. Moreover, large-signal modeling using Quasi-Physical Zone Division technique has been applied to both GaN/D and GaN/SiC to model the isothermal-trapping free drain current, and combined with a new simple technique for comparing performance between active devices in terms of current-dispersion. The models were verified by simulating the small-signal S-parameters, large-signal IV characteristics, and single-tone load-pull. High accuracy was achieved compared to the measurement data available in the technical literature and obtained from fabricated devices.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This study presents a novel converter configuration that is related to the area DC-DC power converters. To begin with, a brief introduction is given by stating the importance of power electronics. Different types of converters, their operating principles and several new topologies that are being proposed over the years, to suit a particular application with specific advantages are listed in detail. In addition, pro- cedure for performing small signal analysis, which is one among the several averaging techniques is summarized in the first chapter. In the second chapter, small signal modeling is carried out on the single input dual output DC-DC buck converter. This analysis is performed to get a clear un- derstanding on the dynamics of this novel configuration. Routh stability criterion is also applied on this converter topology to determine the limiting conditions for operating the converter in its stability. Third chapter proposes the single input multiple output DC-DC synchronous buck converter. It’s operation, implementation and design are studied in detail. In further, small signal analysis is performed on this topology to determine the transfer function. In the following chapter, results obtained on comparison of a losses between the conventional and traditional topologies are presented in detail. In addition, results achieved during the analysis performed in the previous chapter are displayed. In the end, advantages and its highlights of this novel configuration proposed in this study is summarized. Future course of actions to be done, in bringing this configuration in to practice are discussed as well.

The challenges imposed on Voltage Regulator Modules (VRM) become difficult to be achieved with the conventional multiphase buck converter commonly used on PC motherboards. For faster data transfer, a decrease in the output voltage is needed. This decrease causes small duty cycle that is accompanied by critical problems which impairs the efficiency. Therefore, these problems need to be addressed. Transformer-based non-isolated topologies are not new approaches to extend the duty cycle and avoid the associated drawbacks. High leakage, several added components and complicated driving and control schemes are some of the trade-offs to expand the duty cycle. The objective of this work is to present a new dc-dc buck-based topology, which extends the duty cycle with minimum drawbacks by adding two transformers that can be integrated to decrease the size and two switches with zero voltage switching (ZVS). Another issue addressed in this thesis is deriving a small signal model for a two-input two-phase buck converter as an introduction to a new evolving field of multi-input converters.