In recent years, there has been significant pressure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, to achieve higher efficiency and to integrate greater amounts of renewable energy resources in energy system. Governments at all levels have recognized the environmental impacts of the energy sector, as well as the ways in which this sector is closely-linked to a range of economic issues (e.g., industrial development, inflationary prices and local economic development). In general, every effort has been made to cope with the challenges in providing a sustainable energy solution for achieving the goals. Even though the concept of “Smart Grid” has recently been highlighted in the electricity sector to improve efficiency of energy use and to reduce greenhouse gases to achieve business goals, the driving initiatives for generating a Smart Grid are straightforward and its scope and functions differ from a Smart Energy Network (SEN) which has a broader boundary and more components. A comprehensive concept of SEN beyond Smart Grid is presented to effectively integrate energy systems which can not only cover available energy resources but also address sustainability issues. The availability of new technologies for utilizing the renewable energy such as solar, wind and biomass, and reducing the carbon footprint of fossil fuels by including natural gas within an integrated energy network provides a base for better conservation of energy usage and providing a cleaner environment. Moreover, the new energy carriers such as hydrogen and sustainable natural gas integrated into cogeneration systems should be taken into account when such a network is developed. A cogeneration system is a promising solution for effectively supplying energy to district consumers for high density urban environment. In this thesis, a new community-scale cogeneration system is modeled using TRNSYS (Transient System Simulation) software, which enables analysis of transient characteristics of cogeneration and to investigate critical factors which should be considered for successful integration into a SEN. This thesis focuses on defining what a Smart Energy Network is, its functions and the critical criteria of demonstrating and validating this concept, and developing a model for cogeneration system according to the concept of Smart Energy Network.

In recent years, there has been significant pressure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, to achieve higher efficiency and to integrate greater amounts of renewable energy resources in energy system. Governments at all levels have recognized the environmental impacts of the energy sector, as well as the ways in which this sector is closely-linked to a range of economic issues (e.g., industrial development, inflationary prices and local economic development). In general, every effort has been made to cope with the challenges in providing a sustainable energy solution for achieving the goals. Even though the concept of “Smart Grid” has recently been highlighted in the electricity sector to improve efficiency of energy use and to reduce greenhouse gases to achieve business goals, the driving initiatives for generating a Smart Grid are straightforward and its scope and functions differ from a Smart Energy Network (SEN) which has a broader boundary and more components. A comprehensive concept of SEN beyond Smart Grid is presented to effectively integrate energy systems which can not only cover available energy resources but also address sustainability issues. The availability of new technologies for utilizing the renewable energy such as solar, wind and biomass, and reducing the carbon footprint of fossil fuels by including natural gas within an integrated energy network provides a base for better conservation of energy usage and providing a cleaner environment. Moreover, the new energy carriers such as hydrogen and sustainable natural gas integrated into cogeneration systems should be taken into account when such a network is developed. A cogeneration system is a promising solution for effectively supplying energy to district consumers for high density urban environment. In this thesis, a new community-scale cogeneration system is modeled using TRNSYS (Transient System Simulation) software, which enables analysis of transient characteristics of cogeneration and to investigate critical factors which should be considered for successful integration into a SEN. This thesis focuses on defining what a Smart Energy Network is, its functions and the critical criteria of demonstrating and validating this concept, and developing a model for cogeneration system according to the concept of Smart Energy Network.

Den länge stabila elbolagssindustrin genomgår stora förändringar. Regelverk, miljömässiga problem, framsteg inom förnybar generering och ICT har orsakat allvarliga tryck på affärsmodellerna för konventionella elbolag. Konsekvenserna på dessa elbolag är; vinstmarginalerna har minskat avsevärt, stora elkraftverk fasas ut och det finns ett stort behov av att generera investeringar för att uppfylla regulatoriska krav. På jakt efter nya affärsmöjligheter utforskar elbolag nya affärsområden så som "Smart Energy Solutions" området. "Smart Energy Solutions" utgör en växande marknad med outnyttjad potential. Uppdragsgivaren för denna rapport är det svenska elbolaget Vattenfall AB. Där uppdraget är att identifiera marknadsmöjligheter för Vattenfall "Smart Energy Solutions" för målgruppen små och medelstora företag (SME). Syftet med denna forskning har varit att undersöka anpassningen som krävs mellan organisationen, "Smart Energy Solutions" och SME marknaden. Resultaten av denna forskning användes för att föreslå en strategi för utveckling av smarta energilösningar med inriktning på SME marknaden. Vid analys av egenskaperna hos "Smart Energy Solutions" och egenskaperna hos SME konstaterandes tre resultat. "Smart Energy Solutions" identifieras som "teknisk konfiguration". SME är heterogena till sin natur och kan därför inte mötas med enhetliga lösningar. Samt det tredje resultatet, baserat på de tidigare två resultaten, en strategi för hur framgångsrika innovationen "Smart Energy Solutions" ska rikta in sig i SME marknaden. / The long-stable eletric utility industry is undergoing major transformations. Regulatory frameworks, enviromental concerns, advancements in the renewable genration and ICT have caused severe pressure on the business model of conventional electric utilites. For these utilities; profit margins have declined considerably, large generation assests are being phased-out,and there is a pressing need to generate investments to meet the regulatory requirements. In search for new business opportunities, electric utilties are exploring new business areas, Smart Energy Solutions represent an emerging market, with untapped potentials. This research was commissioned by the Swedish electric utility Vattenfall AB, to identify market opportunities for Vattenfall Smart Energy Solutions, targetting the small and medium size enterprises SMEs. The purpose of this research has been to investigate the required alignment between the organization, Smart Energy Solutions and the SMEs market; the findings were used to propose a strategy for the development of Smart Energy Solutions targeting the SMEs. Upon analyzing the characteristics of Smart Energy Solutions and the characteristics of SMEs, the finding of this research are: first, Smart Energy Solutions is identified as "Technological Configuration", second: the SMEs are heterogeneous in nature; thereby they can’t be targeted through uniform solutions, third: based on the previous two findings; and considering the organizational context; a strategy was proposed for the successful innovation of Smart Energy Solutions targeting the SMEs.

In smart energy systems, load curve refers to the time series reported by smart meters, which indicate the energy consumption of customers over a certain period of time. The widespread use of load curve (data) in demand side management and demand response programs makes it one of the most important resources. To capture the load behavior or energy consumption patterns, load curve modeling is widely applied to help the utilities and residents make better plans and decisions. In this dissertation, with the help of load curve modeling, we focus on data-driven solutions to three load monitoring problems in different scenarios of smart energy systems, including residential power systems and datacenter power systems and covering the research fields of i) data cleansing, ii) energy disaggregation, and iii) fine-grained power monitoring. First, to improve the data quality for load curve modeling on the supply side, we challenge the regression-based approaches as an efficient way to load curve data cleansing and propose a new approach to analyzing and organizing load curve data. Our approach adopts a new view, termed portrait, on the load curve data by analyzing the inherent periodic patterns and re-organizing the data for ease of analysis. Furthermore, we introduce strategies to build virtual portrait datasets and demonstrate how this technique can be used for outlier detection in load curve. To identify the corrupted load curve data, we propose an appliance-driven approach that particularly takes advantage of information available on the demand side. It identifies corrupted data from the smart meter readings by solving a carefully-designed optimization problem. To solve the problem efficiently, we further develop a sequential local optimization algorithm that tackles the original NP-hard problem by solving an approximate problem in polynomial time. Second, to separate the aggregated energy consumption of a residential house into that of individual appliances, we propose a practical and universal energy disaggregation solution, only referring to the readily available information of appliances. Based on the sparsity of appliances' switching events, we first build a sparse switching event recovering (SSER) model. Then, by making use of the active epochs of switching events, we develop an efficient parallel local optimization algorithm to solve our model and obtain individual appliances' energy consumption. To explore the benefit of introducing low-cost energy meters for energy disaggregation, we propose a semi-intrusive appliance load monitoring (SIALM) approach for large-scale appliances situation. Instead of using only one meter, multiple meters are distributed in the power network to collect the aggregated load data from sub-groups of appliances. The proposed SSER model and parallel optimization algorithm are used for energy disaggregation within each sub-group of appliances. We further provide the sufficient conditions for unambiguous state recovery of multiple appliances, under which a minimum number of meters is obtained via a greedy clique-covering algorithm. Third, to achieve fine-grained power monitoring at server level in legacy datacenters, we present a zero-cost, purely software-based solution. With our solution, no power monitoring hardware is needed any more, leading to much reduced operating cost and hardware complexity. In detail, we establish power mapping functions (PMFs) between the states of servers and their power consumption, and infer the power consumption of each server with the aggregated power of the entire datacenter. We implement and evaluate our solution over a real-world datacenter with 326 servers. The results show that our solution can provide high precision power estimation at both the rack level and the server level. In specific, with PMFs including only two nonlinear terms, our power estimation i) at the rack level has mean relative error of 2.18%, and ii) at the server level has mean relative errors of 9.61% and 7.53% corresponding to the idle and peak power, respectively. / Graduate / 0984 / 0791 / 0800 / tangguo1999@gmail.com

The diploma thesis describe design and realization of smart energy meter. The smart energy meter allows remote reading of the measured values and with connected externals modules also switching of connected load. The theoretical part covered measured values definition, required function analysis, components selection and design of smart energy meter. The practical part deal with firmware development, programming, remote control and reading of the measured values. The final chapter deal with realization and calibration of the smart energy meter.

No description available.

In the European Union (EU), increasing final energy efficiency, so as to save energy, has become mandatory. This obligation will fundamentally alter the EU energy sector. The relevant EU directive, 2006/32/EG, requires that adjustments be made to energy billing and, where technically feasible, that new metering technologies (i.e. smart metering) be introduced. Individual EU countries are implementing these requirements in different ways: Smart metering is either being nearly fully implemented (e.g. in Italy), is being planned (e.g. in Germany), or completely disregarded (e.g. in the Czech Republic). Since the introduction of smart metering affects virtually all value-added steps, organisational structures and areas of operation in medium-sized energy providers, these providers must take the relevant requirements into account at as early a stage as possible. The present thesis analyses the effects of the introduction of smart metering on the business management of such companies. A deductive method was chosen and the effects of intro- ducing smart metering were assessed through a cross-sectional study of two separate data collections. Experts were interviewed and their statements were qualitatively evaluated. A written survey followed via online questionnaires, the results of which were quantitatively evaluated. Institutional, functional and activity-based perspectives were considered as well as normative, strategic and operative aspects of business management. The evaluation of the survey enabled a better assessment and analysis of the introduction of smart metering. An analysis of the scope of the upcoming alterations within energy providers illustrates just how fundamental a change this will bring to medium-sized energy providers. However, the outcome of the written survey shows that most executives do not recognise this need for change and therefore are unable to initiate it. These management deficiencies threaten the very existence of these companies and must be resolved through the timely initiation of consistent change management.

With increasing intermittency from renewable energy production, such as solar and wind power, the need for increased flexibility is quickly arising. The Åland Islands have an ambitious energy transition agenda with the goal of having a 100 % renewable energy system. Since there is no possibility of hydropower acting as regulatory power on Åland, reaching the goal is a challenging task. Increasing flexibility can be achieved by either implementing energy storage in the system or by matching the demand with the production.   The purpose of this study was to estimate and evaluate the technical potential of demand response (DR) on Åland, both in 2019 and for a scenario in 2030 when domestic production of wind and solar have increased. Six areas of interest were identified; electric heating, refrigeration processes, lighting, ventilation and air conditioning, electric vehicles and industries. Electricity import from Sweden to Åland was examined since high import coincides with either low domestic renewable production or high consumption. Import is therefore a good indicator for when flexibility is most required.  The results show that the technical potential of DR on Åland can lower the maximum electricity import from Sweden by 18 % in 2019. 4.3 % of the total import can be moved to times when there is less stress on the grid. Electric heating is the biggest contributor, and can by itself lower the import with three fourths of the total reduction. The domestic renewable production for 2019 is too low for DR to have an effect on the self-sufficiency. In 2030, the self-sufficiency and utilization of domestic renewable production could be increased with 4.2-9.9 % and 5.4-12 % respectively when using DR, depending on if vehicle-to-grid is implemented on a large scale or not. The cost of implementing DR is still uncertain, and varies between different resources. Nonetheless, DR in electric heating is presumably a less expensive alternative in comparison to batteries, while providing a similar service.

Σκοπός της παρούσας Διπλωματικής Εργασίας είναι η υλοποίηση εφαρμογής για την άντληση δεδομένων από συσκευές μέτρησης ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας και την αποθήκευσή τους σε εξυπηρετητή. Ο έλεγχος των συσκευών μέτρησης και η παρουσίαση των αποθηκευμένων δεδομένων επιτυγχάνεται μέσω κατάλληλα σχεδιασμένης ιστοσελίδας. Η δομή και το περιεχόμενο της παρούσας εργασίας αναλύονται ακολούθως. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο πραγματοποιείται μια εισαγωγή στα Έξυπνα Δίκτυα Ενέργειας, και παρουσιάζεται ένα εννοιολογικό μοντέλο. Στη συνέχεια αναλύονται τα οφέλη ενός τέτοιο Δικτύου και τέλος παρουσιάζονται συνοπτικά οι στόχοι και τα αποτελέσματα των ερευνητικών προγραμμάτων που είναι ενεργά στην Ευρώπη. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο αναλύεται ο όρος της νεφοϋπολογιστικής, παρουσιάζονται αφενός μεν τα πλεονεκτήματα, αφετέρου δε οι προκλήσεις που δημιουργούνται με την χρήση της τεχνολογίας αυτής. Στη συνέχεια επιχειρείται μια ιστορική αναδρομή και τέλος παρουσιάζεται ο εξυπηρετητής που χρησιμοποιείται στην παρούσα εργασία. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται παρουσίαση της συσκευής μέτρησης που χρησιμοποιείται για τις ανάγκες της εργασίας. Επίσης παρουσιάζεται το πρωτόκολλο ZigBee, μέσω του οποίου γίνεται επικοινωνία της συγκεκριμένης συσκευής με τον υπολογιστή. Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζεται το Διαδίκτυο των Αντικειμένων. Η λογική συνέχεια αυτής της έννοιας είναι τα Μεγάλου Όγκου Δεδομένα, τα οποία αναλύονται. Στη συνέχεια παρουσιάζονται κάποια παραδείγματα του Διαδικτύου των Αντικειμένων και εξηγείται ο ρόλος του στο Έξυπνο Δίκτυο Ενέργειας. Στο πέμπτο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζεται η υλοποίηση. Αποτελείται από τον σχεδιασμό δύο προγραμμάτων. Το ένα εκτελείται στον υπολογιστή που επικοινωνεί μέσω ZigBee με την συσκευή μέτρησης και το άλλο στον εξυπηρετητή. Επίσης παρουσιάζεται ο σχεδιασμός της ιστοσελίδας που δίνει την δυνατότητα ελέγχου των συσκευών μέτρησης, καθώς και παρουσίασης των έως τώρα μετρήσεων. / The purpose of this diploma thesis is the implementation of an application in order to derive data from an electricity measuring device and store them in a cloud server. A website is designed in order to control the devices and present the data. The structure and the contexts of the present diploma thesis are presented in the following. Chapter one analyzes the Smart Energy Grid and presents a conceptual model. The benefits of the Smart Energy Grid are discussed and a summary of the objectives and results of active European research programs is given. In the second chapter an introduction to Cloud Computing is presented taking into account its advantages and drawbacks. The Cloud Server used in this diploma thesis is presented. The measuring device and ZigBee protocol is discussed in chapter three. Chapter four describes the Internet of Things and Big Data. Examples of Internet of Things are presented. The role of Internet of Things in the Smart Energy Grid is described. In chapter five an analysis of the implementation of the application is given. It consists of two programs. The first one is executed on the computer which is connected to the measuring device through ZigBee. The second one is executed on the Cloud Server. There is also an analysis of the website designed in this diploma thesis.

Les systèmes pair-à-pair (P2P) sont utilisés par des millions d'usagers tous les jours. Dans beaucoup de cas, un usager souhaite communiquer, échanger du contenu ou des services à travers différents systèmes P2P. Cela requiert de la coopération entre les différents systèmes P2P, ce qui est très souvent difficile ou même impossible à obtenir, à cause des raisons suivantes; in primis, l'absence d'une infrastructure de routage entre les réseaux, ce qui rend la communication étanche et, in secundis, l'incompatibilité des protocoles et des opérations des susdits systèmes. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est celui de permettre la coopération entre systèmes P2P. La thèse introduit un cadre de coopération rétro-compatible entre systèmes P2P hétérogènes constitué de deux parties. La première est un cadre de routage intra-réseaux permettant à des réseaux hétérogènes de communiquer. La deuxième est une application coopérative, conçue à l'aide et au travers du cadre de routage, dont l'objectif est celui de résoudre les incompatibilités protocolaires des systèmes P2P sous-jacents. A cause des différences intrinsèques des domaines d'applications - dans la description du cadre de coopération - la thèse se focalise essentiellement sur les principes fondateurs de la construction du cadre de coopération. Comme étude de cas de notre cadre de coopération, on présente une solution complète permettant une coopération entre des réseaux P2P spécialisés dans l'échange des fichiers pouvant s'appliquer aux réseaux P2P actuels. La solution proposée serait composée par une application de coopération, devant fonctionner à l'aide d'un protocole d'échange de fichiers inter-réseaux (IFP), et qui devrait être à la base du cadre de routage inter-protocolaire. A travers des expérimentations en taille réelle, on montre l'efficacité du cadre de routage inter-réseaux ainsi que l'efficacité de la solution proposée, pour permettre la coopération entre réseaux d'échange des fichiers P2P. Pendant l'étude des protocoles de routages inter-réseaux, on a observé que l'interconnexion des systèmes P2P pourrait donner une réponse à des problématiques communes aux systèmes P2P, comme le passage à l'échelle, la localisation, la tolérance aux pannes, et l'auto-organisation. Notre conviction est qu'un système possédant toutes ces caractéristiques pourrait être à la base de la conception de plusieurs systèmes ''cyber-physiques'' (CPS). En fait, dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, on présente une étude de cas d'usage de notre architecture d'interconnexion des réseaux P2P appliquée à un cas typique de CPS, notamment les réseaux d'électricité intelligents. Dans cette étude de cas, une collection des ''tables de hachage distribuées'' et organisées de façon hiérarchique est à la base d'une infrastructure de communication entre de compteurs d'électricité intelligents (AMI). L'analyse et les expérimentations montrent le passage à l'échelle et l'efficacité de communication de l'architecture proposée.