Dans cette thèse, les mesures de tension fournies par l'infrastructure de comptage avancé (Advanced Metering Infrastructure, AMI) sont utilisées pour contrôler un régleur en charge situé à la sous station HTA/BT. La thèse présente une méthode simple permettant de sélectionner les clients basse tension pour lesquels les mesures de tension sont utilisées comme une entrée au contrôleur du régleur en charge. Le procédé mis au point tient compte de la charge et de la topologie du réseau. En outre, une méthode simple pour créer des courbes réalistes et statistiquement correctes pour les études de réseaux est présenté. Les méthodes créées ont été testées en utilisant des données réelles de réseaux basse tension sur un logiciel très utilisé dans le secteur de la distribution d'électricité ont conduit à des résultats encourageants; quelques clients par réseau basse tension doivent être surveillés afin d’estimer avec une grande précision où se situe les extremums de tension sur le réseau.Cette méthodologie est également utilisée pour estimer la capacité d'accueil de génération d'énergie photovoltaïque dans un réseau à basse tension donné.Dans la première partie, l'évolution de la capacité d'accueil en utilisant trois types de contrôle de tension différents; un régleur en charge de cinq et neuf positions et le contrôle de la tension à travers les générateurs photovoltaïques, sont étudiés. L'étude considère deux cas différents pour le placement et le dimensionnement des générateurs photovoltaïques dans un réseau basse tension. Les résultats sur 38 réseaux basse tension sont fournis.Dans la deuxième partie, les capacités d'accueil de 631 réseaux basse tension, situés dans une région métropolitaine française, sont analysés en utilisant un régleur en charge de cinq et neuf positions.Le travail a été réalisé en collaboration avec Électricité Réseau Distribution France (ERDF), le principal opérateur du réseau de distribution français. Toutes les études présentées dans la thèse reposent sur les données réelles de fonctionnement normal. En outre, toutes les études sont mises en œuvre sur un logiciel largement utilisé dans l'industrie de la distribution d'énergie.Comme une partie introductive aux réseaux basse tension, la thèse fournit une vue générale sur le système électrique français. De plus, la thèse présente un certain nombre de technologies sélectionnés en tenant compte des réseaux basse-tension qui semblent prometteurs pour le futur. / In this thesis, voltage measurements provided by the advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) are used to control an on-load tap changer located at the secondary substation. The thesis presents a practical and a straightforward method of selecting the low voltage customers whose voltage measurements are used as an input to the controller of the on-load tap changer. The developed method takes into account the load and the topology of the network. Furthermore, a simple method of creating synthetic and statistically correct load curves for networks studies is presented. The created methods have been tested by using real data of low voltage networks on a common platform in the power distribution industry leading to encouraging results; a few customers per low voltage network should be monitored in order to achieve accurate voltage measurements.This methodology is further applied to estimate the hosting capacity of photovoltaic power generation in a given low voltage network.In the first part, the evolution of the hosting capacity by using three different types of voltage control; an on-load tap changer of five and nine tap positions and voltage control through photovoltaic power generators, is studied. The study considers two different cases for placing and sizing the photovoltaic generators in a low voltage network. The results of 38 low voltage networks are provided.In the second part, the hosting capacities of 631 low voltage networks, located in a French metropolitan area, are analysed by using an on-load tap changer of five and an on-load tap changer of nine tap positions.The work has been together with Électricité Réseau Distribution France (ERDF), the major French distribution system operator. All studies presented in the thesis are based on the real operational data of the company. Moreover, all studies are implemented on a platform that is widely used in the power distribution industry.As an introductory part to low voltage networks, the thesis provides a general view about the French power system. In addition, the thesis presents a number of selected technologies considering low voltage networks that seem promising in the future.

En 2007 avec la directive sur les énergies renouvelables, l’Union Européen s’est engagée à développer une économie à faible intensité de carbone. Cette directive amène à réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre en augmentant entre autres la partie d’énergie produite par des sources renouvelables. Le processus d’insertion massive d’énergies renouvelables dans le mix électrique européen, est d’ores et déjà un fait acquis et ses effets sont tangibles. Cependant, à côté de ses effets environnementaux bénéfiques, l’intégration à large échelle du renouvelable ne va pas sans causer des interrogations techniques et réglementaires. Par conséquent, de nouvelles stratégies de gestion du système électrique doivent être pensées et actées pour garantir un fonctionnement fiable et économiquement acceptable. Les micro réseaux sont à cet effet, un réceptacle intégrateur avec suffisamment de flexibilité pour accueillir un système de gestion capable de répondre aux exigences ci-dessus. Les travaux de cette thèse sont centrés sur la conception, le développement et l’implémentation de différentes stratégies de gestion des micro réseaux. Les algorithmes développés visent, soit à faciliter l’intégration du renouvelable à large échelle, soit à garantir un fonctionnement efficace et économique du système électrique. Une nouvelle architecture de réseau de distribution composé de micro réseaux clustérisés a été premièrement proposée. Chaque micro réseau est composé de systèmes de production à base ou non de renouvelable, des systèmes de stockage et de charges. Une stratégie de gestion énergétique optimale a été ensuite définie et développée. Cette stratégie permet de gérer la planification à court-terme et le contrôle en temps-réel des micro réseaux via un usage adéquat des sources et ce, tout en réduisant le coût du micro réseau. Un système multi-agents et l’optimisation linéaire mixte en nombres entiers ont été utilisés pour le développement et l’implémentation de cette stratégie intelligente distribuée. D’un point de vue extérieur, chaque micro réseau est vu comme une entité cohérente capable de supporter le fonctionnement du réseau principal en utilisant un ensemble de ses sources flexibles. Ainsi, que la seconde partie de cette thèse exploitera les clusters des micro réseaux et leurs propriétés pour gérer au mieux le réseau de distribution hôte. La conceptualisation technico-économique de différents mécanismes de gestion des réseaux de distribution a été abordée. Le développement d’une architecture de gestion hiérarchisée en plusieurs niveaux d’intelligence a permis de réduire la complexité du système et faciliter l’implémentation d’un réseau flexible, extensible et à fort taux de pénétration de renouvelables. Cette gestion distribuée a été possible grâce à une connaissance locale des modèles et des comportements des différentes systèmes connectés, et à un usage local des informations. Les travaux théoriques ont été ensuite testés sur une plateforme expérimentale conséquente et les résultats finaux ont corroboré les attentes de la théorie. / In 2007 with the renewable energy directive, the European Union established the development of a low-carbon economy. This directive aims to decrease greenhouse gas emissions by increasing the energy produced by renewable energy. Already today, the massive diffusion of renewable systems is tangible in the European electricity mix. However, in spite of their potential benefits, their large-scale integration leads to new technical and regulatory questions. Consequently, new management strategies need to be developed and applied in order to ensure a reliable and economical operation of the system. Microgrids are considered to be one of the most effective and flexible solutions able to meet these new needs.The main goals of this thesis are the conceptualization, development and implementation of different management strategies for microgrids. The algorithms developed aim to facilitate the massive integration of renewables and at the same time lead to an effective and economic operation of the systems. A new architecture of distribution grids based on cluster of microgrids was proposed. Each microgrid is composed of a number of renewable-based and conventional generation systems, storage systems and consumption. An optimal and distributed energy management strategy was then defined and developed. This strategy allows to manage the short-term energy management and real-time control of microgrids by using the connected sources in a smart and cost-efficient way. A multi-agent system and the mixed integer linear optimization technique were used for the implementation of this strategy.From a global point of view, each microgrid is seen as a coherent entity, which can support network operation by using its flexible and aggregated sources. Hence, the second part of this thesis aims to understand how distribution grids can exploit these cluster of microgrids and their properties. Different mechanisms for the active management of distribution grids are conceptualized from the technical and economical point of view. A new strategy based on hierarchical management of different smart levels allow to reduce the complexity of the system and to implement a more flexible and extensible system, thanks to a more local use of model knowledge and users behaviour. On the end, the theoretical work were tested on an experimental test-bed in order to show the effectiveness of the proposed theories.

L'électricité joue un rôle de plus en plus important dans notre société. En effet, nous nous dirigeons vers l'ère du "tout électrique". Les besoins évoluant, il est indispensable de repenser la manière dont l'électricité est produite et distribuée. Cela introduit le concept de Smart Grid. Le Smart Grid est un concept de réseau électrique capable de supporter de manière autonome et intelligente les changements et pannes qui pourraient survenir dans un réseau. Cela répond directement au fait que de part la nature fortement distribuée et l'imprédictibilité de l'environnement (météo, ...), ces événements sont imprévisibles. Pour cela, cette thèse propose un cadre applicatif (framework) innovant basé sur les multi-agents ainsi que la conception et l'implémentation de comportements coopératifs pour résoudre deux problémes courants dans les réseaux électriques: l'analyse des flux de puissance et l'estimation d'état. Ces problèmes ont été abordés avec l'approche des Systèmes Multi-Agent Adaptatifs. Ces systèmes sont efficaces pour résoudre des problèmes complexes et ont la capacité d'adapter leur fonctionnement aux évolutions de leur environnement. Les résultats obtenus indiquent la pertinence d'utiliser de tels systèmes adaptatifs pour résoudre les problèmes inhérents au concept de Smart Grid. / Electricity plays an increasingly important role in our society. Indeed, we are moving toward the era of "everything electric". The needs evolving, it is mandatory to rethink the way electricity is produced and distributed. This then introduces the concept of an autonomous and intelligent power system called the Smart Grid. The Smart Grid is a concept of electrical network able to support autonomously any changes and faults that may occur. Obviously, the geographical distribution of electrical networks and the environment (weather conditions, ...) make it impossible to predict events that will occur. To do this, this study proposes an innovative agent-based framework as well as the design and implementation of cooperative agents behaviors aiming at solving common power systems related problems: the Load Flow analysis and the State Estimation. These issues have been addressed by the mean of Adaptive Multi-Agent Systems. These systems are known to be efficient to solve complex problems and have the ability to adapt their functioning to the evolutions of their environment. The results obtained show the relevance of using such self-adaptive systems to solve the issues inherent to the Smart Grid.

Les travaux de recherche présentés dans ce mémoire visent à évaluer des économies d'investissement inhérentes à l'implémentation du pilotage de charge. Pour ce faire, l'approche que nous avons proposée s'inscrit dans l'analyse de l'adéquation des infrastructures électriques avec les projections de la demande. Dans cette perspective, les travaux de modélisation que nous avons développés s'articulent en trois étapes. Premièrement, la capacité du pilotage de charge à modifier les appels des consommateurs a été évaluée. Le modèle que nous proposons tient à la fois compte des effets de bord des effacements de consommation et des limites de disponibilité des flexibilités des consommateurs. Sur la base de cette modélisation, nous avons proposé un modèle évaluant l'apport de ce pilotage pour l'équilibre offre-demande à long terme. Ce modèle quantifie les économies d'investissement dans les capacités de production que pourraient permettre des flexibilités au sein de la demande électrique. Enfin, nous avons complété cette approche en évaluant l'impact de ces flexibilités dans le dimensionnement des réseaux électriques. L'application de nos modèles à un scénario énergétique élaboré au sein du projet GreenLys a permis de dégager quelques conclusions importantes. Ainsi, l'essentiel des économies d'infrastructures induites par le pilotage de charge concerne les capacités de production. Néanmoins, une utilisation des flexibilités des consommateurs optimale pour l'équilibre offre-demande se traduit localement par des coûts d'infrastructure accrus. En particulier, nos simulations mettent en évidence qu'un tel pilotage de charge, optimal à l'échelle nationale, induit localement une augmentation des transits sur les heures les plus chargées de l'année. Aussi, nous avons montré que des modifications ponctuelles des programmes d'appel optimaux pour l'équilibre offre-demande suffisent à dégager des bénéfices pour l'ensemble du système électrique. Dans le cadre de notre étude, ces modifications sont motivées par les situations de défaillance probable des réseaux. Ces défaillances résultent de la concomitance d'aléas climatiques et techniques défavorables. L'analyse que nous avons produite révèle qu'en l'absence de prise en compte de la situation spécifique des réseaux de distribution, les intersaisons et les heures creuses pourraient devenir plus critiques dans la gestion de ces réseaux qu'elles ne le sont aujourd'hui. / The research presented in this report aims to evaluate investment savings related to the implementation of direct load control. To this end, the proposed approach fits into the framework of system adequacy analysis. In this perspective, the models that we have developed are structured in three stages. First, the ability of the direct load control to change consumer demand has been evaluated. The model we have proposed takes into account the side effects of load shedding and the limits of the consumer availability . Based on this model, we have proposed a model in order ro assess the contribution of this control to the long-term supply-demand balance. This model quantifies the investment savings in production capacity led by electric demand flexibilities. Finally, we completed this approach by evaluating the impact of these flexibilities in the design of electrical networks. These models have been applied to an energy scenario that has been developped in the GreenLys project. The simulations led to indentifysome important conclusions. Thus, most of the infrastructure savings induced by direct load controls deal with production capacities. Nevertheless, the optimal use of flexibilities optimal for consumer supply-demand balance is reflected locally by an increase in networks costs. In particular, our simulations show that such a load control strategy, which is optimal on the national level, locally induces an increase in power flows during the most loaded period of the year. Also, we have shown that slight modifications in consumers call programs are sufficient to generate profits for the entire electrical system. In the context of our study, these changes are motivated by the possible networks failures. These failures result from the conjunction of unfavorable climatic and technical hazards. The analysis that we have produced shows that misconsidering the specific situation of distribution networks could lead the shoulder season and the off-peak hours to become more critical in the management of these networks.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:53:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2386562 bytes, checksum: 8801b7b0308d51b86f58dbfe5dbd0bb4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The Smart Grid is considered the most promising technology conglomerate to be applied to operational improvement and optimization of the entire supply chain of electricity, which is gaining popularity in electric utilities, research institutes and telecommunications companies. The objective of this work is to perform the projection scenarios to assess the trend of diffusion of Smart Grid in Brazil, presenting the main challenges the country may face, as well as explore and present the concepts of Smart Grid and its global evolution. For this, we conducted a documentary analysis of current legislation in the electricity sector, as well as a literature search in several international and national journals to understanding the concepts of Smart Grid, its benefits and impacts on the value chain of the electric system, the barriers to their diffusion in Brazil and the paths of investment incentives for deployment of new technology. To support the development of the scenarios we conducted a literature review on the main methods and techniques for developing scenarios and their main characters (authors), and set the Global Business Network - GBN, supported by Stakeholder Analysis (through knowledge from industry experts), the most appropriate methodology in this research environment for the design of scenarios and assessing trends diffusion of Smart Grid in Brazil. Comes to the conclusion, through the survey and the three scenarios prepared, that they point to a long and challenging journey in the development and deployment of Smart Grid technology in Brazil, which is still in an embryonic phase of project implementation pilot for development of technology and knowledge, having to overcome regulatory, financial, political, social, cultural and technological barriers. This trajectory can and should be simplified through government action, establishing sector policies favorable to the spread of the Smart Grid, with goals and deadlines, as well as the definition of a specific regulatory framework to regulate the electricity sector on this matter. / A Smart Grid é considerada o mais promissor conglomerado de tecnologia a ser aplicado para melhoria operacional e otimização de toda cadeia produtiva de energia elétrica, a qual está ganhando popularidade em serviços públicos de eletricidade, institutos de pesquisa e empresas de telecomunicação. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho é realizar a projeção de cenários para avaliação da tendência de difusão da Smart Grid no Brasil, apresentando os principais desafios que o país pode vir a enfrentar, assim como explorar e apresentar os conceitos de Smart Grid e sua evolução mundial. Para isso, foi realizada uma análise documental da legislação atual do setor elétrico, assim como uma pesquisa bibliográfica em diversos periódicos internacionais e nacionais para entendimento dos conceitos da Smart Grid, seus benefícios e impactos na cadeia de valor do sistema elétrico, as barreiras para sua difusão no Brasil e os caminhos de incentivos ao investimento para implantação da nova tecnologia. Para subsidiar a elaboração dos cenários foi realizada uma análise bibliográfica sobre os principais métodos e técnicas de elaboração de cenários e seus principais personagens (autores), sendo definida a Global Business Network GBN, apoiada pela Stakeholder Analysis (através do conhecimento de especialistas do setor), a metodologia mais apropriada nesse ambiente de pesquisa para a projeção de cenários e avaliação das tendências de difusão da Smart Grid no Brasil. Chega-se à conclusão, através dos três cenários elaborados e da pesquisa realizada, que os mesmos apontam a uma trajetória longa e desafiadora no desenvolvimento e implantação da tecnologia Smart Grid no Brasil, que ainda encontra-se em uma fase embrionária de implantação de projetos piloto para desenvolvimento e conhecimento da tecnologia, tendo que transpor barreiras regulatórias, financeiras, políticas, sociais, culturais e principalmente tecnológicas. Essa trajetória pode e deve ser simplificada através de ações governamentais que instituam políticas setoriais favoráveis à difusão da Smart Grid, com metas e prazos, assim como a definição

Devido à mudança de paradigma originada pela evolução das redes elétricas inteligentes (Smart Grid), surgiram novos requisitos em automação de subestações de distribuição, sobretudo envolvendo operação, monitoramento, controle e proteção. Um nível mais avançado de automação é esperado na rede de distribuição com implementações do conceito de Smart Grid. O objetivo dos próximos sistemas de automação da distribuição é aperfeiçoar o uso dos recursos computacionais disponíveis, objetivando aumentar a disponibilidade do sistema elétrico, a qualidade da energia e a eficiência das concessionárias. E nessa nova realidade, a troca de informação entre os vários sistemas de informação de uma empresa do setor elétrico não é apenas desejada, mas, na maioria dos casos, necessária. Nesse contexto, se propõe uma arquitetura computacional capaz de transferir todas as informações geradas a partir da implementação de funcionalidades \"inteligentes\" na subestação, envolvendo as funções de supervisão, controle, monitoramento e proteção das subestações de distribuição, para o centro de controle da concessionária (COS), o que não está previsto nos protocolos normalmente utilizados, como DNP, ICCP, e IEC 61850. Para atingir esse objetivo é feita a investigação sobre o uso dos padrões internacionais propostos na arquitetura de referência do IEC para realizar tal integração, mostrando a necessidade de modificação nos objetos de dados definidos. Com o intuito de avaliar a viabilidade da arquitetura proposta foi desenvolvido um protótipo dentro do programa de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (P&D) regulado pela ANEEL (Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica), em parceria com a CPFL (Companhia Paulista de Força e Luz). Nesse protótipo foram desenvolvidos módulos com funcionalidades \"inteligentes\" que promovem a migração de funções do centro de controle para a subestação. Além disso, o protótipo também implementa serviços web (Web Services) que são responsáveis pela integração da informação, tornando a troca de informação independentemente da plataforma onde os serviços são implementados. O texto contempla as anotações que refletem os passos dessa implementação do protótipo, bem como o registro dos testes exigidos pelos trabalhos, os quais compreenderam a implementação das novas funcionalidades, com a obtenção e tratamento dos dados, e seu posterior envio ao centro de controle. / Due to the paradigm shift caused by the evolution of the power grids, resulting in a new concept of Smart Grid, new requirements in automation of distribution substations emerged, especially those involving the operation, monitoring, control and protection. A more advanced level of automation is expected in the distribution network with implementations of the concepts related to Smart Grid. The goal of the next distribution automation systems is to optimize the use of available resources, intending to increase the availability of the power system, the power quality and the efficiency of the utilities. In this new context, the exchange of information between the various information systems of an electrical utility is not only desired, but in most cases, necessary. In this context, it is proposed a computational architecture capable of transferring all the information generated from the implementation of \"smart\" functions in the substation, involving supervisory, control, monitoring and protection of distribution substations, to the utility control center (COS), which is not provided for in the protocols commonly used by the utility, such as DNP, ICCP, and IEC 61850. Research on the use of international standards proposed in the IEC reference architecture to achieve such integration is also performed, revealing the necessity of modifying the defined data model. A prototype was developed in a partnership with CPFL (Companhia Paulista de Força e Luz), in order to assess the feasibility of the proposed architecture, within the R&D program regulated by ANEEL (Brazilian Electric Power Agency). Modules have been developed with the \"smart\" features that promote migration of some control center functions to the substation. In addition, the prototype also implements web services that are responsible for the data integration, with the information being exchanged regardless of the platform where the services are implemented. The text includes notes reflecting the steps of this prototype implementation, as well as the tests required to validate the model, which comprised the implementation of those new features, obtaining and processing the data, and subsequent sending to the utility control center (DMS).

Este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar a perspectiva econômica e modelo de negócio da tecnologia de telecomunicação nas redes de distribuição de energia elétrica. Essa integração entre a tecnologia de telecomunicação e a rede de distribuição constitui um sistema conhecido como rede inteligente ou smart grid. Neste estudo são analisados os modelos de rede inteligentes mais significativos do mundo, os quais ainda se encontram em fase inicial. Na análise da implantação da rede inteligente em diversos países, observa-se a existência de diferentes motivações. Por exemplo, no caso norte-americano, trata-se dos esforços do setor de energia em garantir a confiabilidade no abastecimento. Na Europa, há um grande comprometimento com a redução de carbono e gases causadores do efeito estufa. No Brasil, busca-se uma estratégia para melhorar aspectos técnicos da distribuição, diminuir as perdas técnicas, eliminar ou reduzir o roubo de energia e ajustar a oferta de energia com o crescimento urbano e industrial, aprimorando a regulamentação sobre o setor. Além da ausência de padrões de telecomunicação, que se constitui em restrição para todos os projetos de smart grid, o Brasil apresenta grandes entraves para a implantação da rede inteligente, como as tarifas elevadas para os consumidores, as dificuldades para um despacho ótimo das unidades geradoras, o elevado volume de perdas no sistema elétrico, o baixo consumo de eletricidade em termos per capita, o elevado número de medidores a serem substituídos e as diferentes características das concessionárias. Com o objetivo de eliminar ou reduzir esses entraves, propõe-se neste estudo um modelo de negócio que determina, como mais significativos, os investimentos em tecnologia da comunicação e em medidores bidirecionais. O modelo proposto avalia uma série de benefícios, dentre os quais destacam-se a redução das perdas comerciais e a redução das ligações informais. Adicionalmente, o modelo pode colaborar na modernização da rede de distribuição e para o crescimento do Produto Interno Bruto com menores investimentos em geração e transmissão e, portanto, com responsabilidade ambiental. / This thesis aims at evaluating the economic perspective and business model of the telecommunications technology in the electric power distribution system. The integration between the telecommunications systems and the distribution electric grid constitutes a new system known as intelligrid or \"smart grid\". The analysis of the most important smart grid models in the world, which are still in initial stage, shows that different countries have different motivations for the smart grid deployment. For example, the deployment motivations in USA are mostly related to efforts of the power sector to ensure reliability of the energy supply. In Europe there is a big commitment to reduce carbon and greenhouse gases. In Brazil a strategy is being sought to improve the electric power distribution grid, reduce technical losses, eliminate or reduce the theft of electricity, and match energy supply to urban and industrial growth, improving regulation of the power sector. In addition to the lack of telecommunications standards, which is a constraint for all smart grid projects, in Brazil there are high barriers to the smart grid deployment, such as high tariffs to consumers, difficulties for an optimal dispatch of generating units, a high volume of losses in the electrical system, a low per capita electricity consumption, a large number of meters to be replaced, and the different profiles of the electric power distribution companies. Aiming at eliminating or reducing such barriers, a business model framework is proposed, which determines investments in communications technology and in two-way meters as the most significant ones. The proposed model evaluates a number of benefits, among which the most important are the reduction of commercial losses and the reduction of informal connections to the mains. Additionally, the model can assist in upgrading the power distribution system and the growth of GDP with lower investments in generation and transmission, and, therefore, with environmental responsibility.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-01-03T12:10:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 matheusalbertodesouza.pdf: 12016608 bytes, checksum: 7403ebccb4f05e67a5f65a371f64f7e4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-01-31T10:31:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 matheusalbertodesouza.pdf: 12016608 bytes, checksum: 7403ebccb4f05e67a5f65a371f64f7e4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-31T10:31:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 matheusalbertodesouza.pdf: 12016608 bytes, checksum: 7403ebccb4f05e67a5f65a371f64f7e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-30 / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar uma metodologia para a detecção de perdas comerciais de energia em sistemas de distribuição, bem como a identificação do usuário fraudulento em Infraestruturas Avançadas de Medição, próprias de Smart Grids. ParaaetapadedetecçãodeperdascomerciaisdeenergiaéutilizadoumEstimadorEstático de Estados Trifásico baseado em Medições Fasoriais Sincronizadas (Phasor Measurements Units - PMUs). Essa etapa visa detectar os transformadores na rede de distribuição, os quais, apresentam indícios de furtos/fraudes de energia, através da observância da curva de carga estimada. A próxima etapa visa identificar os consumidores, conectados aos transformadores suspeitos, que cometem o ato ilícito. Para isto, treinou-se uma Rede Neural Artificial (RNA) de Kohonen para clusterizar os consumidores honestos de acordo compadrõesdeconsumosemelhantes,apartirdedadosdeconsumoprovenientesdosSmart Meters decadacliente. ParacadaclassedefinidapelaRNAdeKohonencriou-seumaRNA MultiLayer Perceptron (MLP) para fins de classificação dos consumidores em duas classes, honestos ou fraudulentos. As duas grandes contribuições do trabalho estão em utilizar a técnica de detecção para diminuir o número de Falsos Positivos (FP) das metodologias de classificação, sem a necessidade de medições individuais nos transformadores, e a utilização de RNAs a partir de dados de medições do sistema de distribuição de forma robusta, em que não há a necessidade de medições sem perdas comerciais de energia para todos os consumidores do sistema. A forma de tratamento dos dados de medições ainda possibilita manter a privacidade dos usuários, questão bastante debatida no cenário mundial. Foram realizados testes para a etapa de detecção de perdas comerciais com os sistemas IEEE 33 Barras e IEEE 70 barras. Para a etapa de identificação do consumidor fraudulento foram utilizados dados de consumo reais de mais de 5000 consumidores provenientes de Smart Meters liberados pela Autoridade de Eletricidade e Energia Sustentável da Irlanda. Os testes mostraram bons resultados tornando a metodologia proposta aplicável na detecção e identificação de perdas comerciais de energia elétrica em Smart Grids. / This work aims to present a methodology for the detection of energy theft in distribution systems as well as the identification of the fraudulent users considering Advanced Metering Infrastructure, widely used in Smart Grids. For the stage of energy theft detection, a Static Three Phase State Estimator based on Synchronised Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) is used. This step aims to detect the transformers in the distribution network, which have evidence of energy theft, by observing the estimated load curve. The next step is to identify consumers, connected to suspected transformers, which are stealing energy. For this, a Kohonen Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was trained to clustering honest consumers according to similar patterns of consumption, with the consumption data from the Smart Meters at every customer. For each class defined by the Kohonen ANN a MultiLayer Perceptron (MLP) ANN for classification of consumers into two classes, honest or fraudulent was created. The two major contributions of this work are the use of energy theft detection technique to reduce the number of false positives (FP) from the classification methods, without the need for individual measurements on the transformers, andtheuseofANNfromdistributionsystemmeasurementsmakethetechiniquerobust, in which there is no need for measurements without comercial loss of energy for all consumers. The way that the measurement data is treated allows maintaining the privacy of the consumers which is a debated question on the world. Tests were conducted for energy theft detection step with IEEE 33 Buses and IEEE 70 Buses systems. For the fraudulent user identification step, actual consumption data were used over 5000 consumers from their SmartMetersreleasedbytheElectricityAuthorityandSustainableEnergyofIreland. The tests showed good results making the proposed methodology applicable in the detection and identification of energy theft in Smart Grids.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-01-13T10:55:38Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Gustavo Batista de Castro Souza - 2014.pdf: 11760996 bytes, checksum: 8245af285d79ff9e8079bafddb72e690 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-01-13T10:56:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Gustavo Batista de Castro Souza - 2014.pdf: 11760996 bytes, checksum: 8245af285d79ff9e8079bafddb72e690 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-13T10:56:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Gustavo Batista de Castro Souza - 2014.pdf: 11760996 bytes, checksum: 8245af285d79ff9e8079bafddb72e690 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Smart Grids systems have become widespread around the world. The RF mesh communication systems have contributed to make power systems smarter and reliable with implementation of Distributed Automation and Demand Response technologies. This work presents a methodology for positioning of GPRS concentrators in a energy meter ZigBee mesh network in order to attain the average network delay, thus aiming to improve the performance of the communication service. The proposed algorithm determines the amount and placement of concentrators using Integer Linear Programming and a Queuing Model for the Mesh Network. The solutions given by the proposed algorithm are validated by verifying the network performance through computer simulations based on real network scenarios. / Smart Grids tem se difundido em todo o mundo. Sistemas de comunicação RF Mesh (em malha) tem contribuído para deixar sistemas de potência mais inteligentes e confiáveis com a implantação de tecnolgias de Automação da Distribuição e Resposta à Demanda. Este trabalho apresenta um metodologia de posicionamento de concentradores GPRS em uma rede ZigBee mesh de medidores de energia elétrica com o objetivo de limitar o delay médio da rede e assim otimizar o desempenho do serviço de comunicação. O algoritmo proposto determina a quantidade e a localização de concentradores utilizando Programação Linear Inteira e um Modelo de Filas para Redes Mesh. As soluções obtidas pelo algoritmo proposto são validadas verificando o desempenho da rede através de simulações computacionais baseadas em cenários reais de redes.

Este trabalho consiste em apresentar o desenvolvimento de um Smart meter, integrado a um analisador de qualidade de energia, para análise de distorções harmônicas, utilizando método de redes neurais artificiais embarcado em hardware. Tal Smart meter está incluído dentro dos conceitos de Smart Grid, que serão apresentados também neste trabalho. O intuito do desenvolvimento do Smart meter para análise de distorções harmônicas é auxiliar concessionárias de energia elétrica a identificar que tipo de carga o consumidor utiliza em sua residência, a fim de contribuir para a tomada de decisões apropriadas, tais como a diminuição da emissão de correntes harmônicas, demanda de energia, detecção de falhas no fornecimento de energia elétrica e faturas diferenciadas de acordo com a quantidade de harmônicas injetadas na rede elétrica. Adicionalmente, observou-se que o Smart meter desenvolvido pode ser ainda utilizado para detectar fenômenos de VTCD, como elevação, afundamento e interrupção de energia. Todo o processo de desenvolvimento do Smart meter é apresentado no decorrer desta tese de doutorado. / This thesis consists to present the development of a Smart Meter integrated to power quality analyzer for the analysis of harmonic distortion, using methods based on artificial neural networks in embedded hardware. This Smart Meter is included within the concepts of Smart Grid, which will be also presented in this work. The intention of the development of the Smart Meter for analysis of harmonic distortion is to assist utilities companies to identify what loads type the consumer uses at your residence in order to contribute for supporting decisions, such as reducing the emission of the harmonic currents, power demand and faults detection in electric energy supply and distinct bills according to the amount of harmonics injected into the power grid. In addition, it was observed that this developed Smart Meter can be even used to detect the VTCD phenomena, such as swell, sag and interruption of the energy supply. All development steps of this Smart Meter is presented in this doctoral thesis.