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<p>Solar energy is a clean and abundant renewable energy source which is currently used in many types of photovoltaic (PV) designs. In practical PV systems, solar panels are used to harvest solar energy and convert it into a usable form of electricity. Due to the intermittent nature of solar energy input however, battery storage, in combination with solar panels, must be used to provide an uninterrupted source of power.</p> <p>The process of assigning solar panel and battery configurations for a PV system is referred to as energy resource provisioning. Unfortunately, energy provisioning costs are still relatively high, and this is one of the main obstacles that inhibits the adoption of solar power for many applications. These costs however, can be substantially reduced through cost-efficient resource provisioning methods. The focus of this thesis is on the development of efficient algorithms and energy management methods that will reduce energy provisioning costs in solar powered systems.</p> <p>First, we consider resource provisioning in solar powered wireless mesh networks. In practical solar powered systems, there are usually restrictions in the way that the mesh nodes can be positioned, and this results in a time-varying and node-dependent attenuation of the available solar energy. Unfortunately, conventional resource provisioning methods cannot take this into account and therefore the deployed system may be unnecessarily expensive. In this part of the thesis, the resource provisioning problem is considered from this point of view. We first review conventional resource provisioning mechanisms and give an example which shows the value of introducing positional solar insolation awareness. A Position Aware Provisioning (PAP) algorithm is then introduced that takes known positional variations into consideration when performing the energy provisioning. Simulation results show that reductions in total network provisioning cost can be obtained using the proposed methodology compared to conventional algorithms.</p> <p>In the second part of the thesis, we consider communication infrastructure that is operated from the power grid with a solar powered addition. Resource provisioning and energy management algorithms are introduced to minimize the capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operating expenditure (OPEX) costs. We first derive lower bounds on the costs using a linear programming (LP) formulation where solar components are sized using solar insolation and projected loading data. A variety of different node configurations are considered. Three energy scheduling algorithms are then introduced to optimize online OPEX costs, namely, Grid Purchase Last (GPL), Solar Load Optimization (SLO) and Solar Load Simulation (SLS) algorithms. Simulation results show the extent to which a solar powered add-on can reduce total cost.</p> <p>Finally, we consider solar powered systems where part of their energy demands are deferrable, up to some maximum tolerable delay. The objective is to exploit the flexibility of deferrable energy demands in a way that decreases the total provisioning cost. A mixed integer linear optimization program is derived which gives a lower bound on the provisioning cost. A Delay Aware Provisioning (DAP) algorithm is then proposed to determine practical cost-efficient energy provisioning. The performance of DAP is compared to the provisioning bound and the conventional Stand-alone Node Provisioning (SNP) algorithm. Results are presented which show the significant provisioning cost savings that can be obtained.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

[EN] This thesis has been created within the framework of the interoperability of the networks of sensors in industrial environments, using standard SWE (Sensor Web Enablement). It has developed from the participation in different research projects, within the research group SATRD (Distributed Real Time Systems and Applications) of the Communications Department of the UPV. Has gone a long time since the appearance of the first sensors that were only able to respond to a stimulus, to the concept of sensor web, where sensors can be remotely configured, perform actions and process and integrate data from other sensors. Nowadays, the use of networks of sensors or WSN (Wireless Sensor Networks) is widespread in several fields, to gather information, which can then be used by other applications. As it increases its use, it is necessary to combine or add data from sensors of different WSN, which is not always possible, due to the lack of interoperability between different manufacturers. That is why OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium) founded SWE, in order to develop standards for access to sensors via the Internet and thus improve the interoperability. For these reasons, in this thesis is specified an IoT architecture (Internet of Things) generically, so that it can be extended to multiple environments. The I3WSN architecture is designed for monitoring and control systems, ensuring interoperability between the different elements through the integration of SWE standards. After the design, the application of the architecture is carried out in three different contexts, associated with three research projects. The first of them, in order to monitor and manage the workers' health in industrial environments, based on environmental and medical data, within the project FASyS (Fabrica Absolutamente Segura y Saludable). Secondly, to ensure the level of assurance of a smart grid environment, from the capture of the security information of all its elements, in the UniverSEC project. Finally, to manage efficiently and intelligently transport freight containers, from traffic data in real time, in the project STIMULO. / [ES] Esta tesis se ha creado en el marco de la interoperabilidad de las redes de sensores en entornos industriales, mediante la utilización del estándar SWE (Sensor Web Enablement). Se ha desarrollado a partir de la participación en diferentes proyectos de investigación, dentro del grupo de investigación SATRD (Sistemas y Aplicaciones de Tiempo Real Distribuidos) del Departamento de Comunicaciones de la UPV. Ha pasado mucho tiempo desde la aparición de los primeros sensores que únicamente eran capaces de responder frente a un estímulo, hasta el concepto de sensor web, donde los sensores pueden ser configurados de forma remota, realizar acciones y procesar e integrar datos de otros sensores. Hoy en día, la utilización de redes de sensores o WSN (Wireless Sensor Networks) está ampliamente extendida en diversos ámbitos, para recopilar información, que luego pueda ser utilizada por otras aplicaciones. A medida que aumenta su utilización, surge la necesidad de combinar o agregar datos de sensores de distintas WSN, lo cual no siempre es posible, debido a la falta de interoperabilidad entre los distintos fabricantes. Es por ello que OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium) fundó SWE, con el fin de desarrollar estándares para el acceso a sensores a través de Internet y así mejorar la interoperabilidad. Por estos motivos, en esta tesis se ha especificado una arquitectura IoT (Internet of Things) de forma genérica, para que se pueda extender a múltiples entornos. La arquitectura I3WSN se ha diseñado para la monitorización y el control de sistemas, garantizando la interoperabilidad entre los distintos elementos gracias a la integración de los estándares de SWE. Tras el diseño, se ha llevado a cabo la aplicación de la arquitectura en tres contextos distintos, asociados a tres proyectos de investigación. El primero de ellos, con el objetivo de monitorizar y gestionar la salud de los trabajadores en entornos industriales, a partir de datos del entorno y datos médicos, dentro del proyecto FASyS (Fabrica Absolutamente Segura y Saludable). El segundo, para garantizar el nivel de aseguramiento de un entorno smart grid, a partir de la captura de la información de seguridad de todos sus elementos, en el proyecto UniverSEC. Y por último, para gestionar de forma eficiente e inteligente el transporte de contenedores de mercancías, a partir de los datos de tráfico en tiempo real, en el proyecto STIMULO. / [CA] Aquesta tesi ha estat creada en el marc de la interoperabilitat de les xarxes de sensors en entorns industrialitzats, utilitzant l'estàndard SWE (Sensor Web capacitació). S'ha desenvolupat des de la participació en diversos projectes d'investigació, dins del grup d'investigació SATRD (Sistemes i Aplicacions de Temps Real Distribuïts) del Departament de Comunicació de la UPV. Ha passat molt temps des de l'aparició dels primers sensors que només eren capaços de respondre a un estímul, fins al concepte de sensor web, on els sensors es poden configurar remotament, realitzar accions i processar i integrar les dades d'altres sensors. Avui en dia, l'ús de xarxes de sensors o WSN (Wireless Sensor Networks) està àmpliament estesa en diversos àmbits, per a recollir informació, que desprès puga ser utilitzada per altres aplicacions. A mesura que augmenta el seu ús, sorgeix la necessitat de combinar o afegir dades de sensors de diferents WSN, que no sempre és possible, degut a la falta d'interoperabilitat entre els diferents fabricants. És per això que OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium) va fundar SWE, per desenvolupar estàndards per l'accés de sensors a Internet i així millorar la interoperabilitat. Per aquests motius, en aquesta tesi s'ha especificat una arquitectura IoT (Internet of Things) de forma genèrica, per tal que es puga estendre a múltiples entorns. L'arquitectura I3WSN s'ha dissenyat per la monitorització i el control de sistemes, garantint la interoperabilitat entre els diferents elements gràcies a la integració dels estàndards de SWE. Després el disseny, s'ha dut a terme l'aplicació de l'arquitectura en tres contextos diferents, associats amb tres projectes d'investigació. El primer d'ells, amb la finalitat de monitoritzar i gestionar la salut dels treballadors en entorns industrials, a partir de dades ambientals i dades mèdiques, dins del projecte FASyS (Fabrica Absolutamente Segura y Saludable). El segon, per garantir el nivell d'assegurament d'un entorn de smart grid, a partir de la captura de la informació de seguretat de tots els seus elements, en el projecte UniverSEC. I finalment, per gestionar de manera eficient i intel·ligent el transport de contenidors de mercaderies, a partir de les dades de trànsit en temps real, en el projecte STIMULO. / Giménez Salazar, P. (2015). Aplicaciones de SWE en entornos industriales [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/51282

No contexto de Smart Grids, determinar a correta localização das fontes causadoras de Variação de Tensão de Curta Duração (VTCD) não é uma tarefa simples, devido à curta duração destes eventos e também, por sua rápida propagação nas redes de distribuição de energia elétrica. Neste sentido, esse trabalho apresentou um método híbrido recursivo baseado em ferramentas da área de aprendizado de máquinas (algoritmo de agrupamento e base de regras), o qual é capaz de localizar as fontes de VTCD, a partir da análise dos das características dos distúrbios disponibilizadas pelos smart meters instalados no sistema. Assim, o trabalho destinouse ao desenvolvimento de uma plataforma em hardware para aquisição, detecção e classificação dos distúrbios, através de um Sistema Operacional de Tempo Real. Em seguida o algoritmo de agrupamento (k-means) agrupou os dados dos medidores de forma a definir dois clusters, onde um deles correspondeu aos medidores que estão longe da região que ocorreu o distúrbio e o outro, correspondeu aos medidores que estavam localizados próximos da região de ocorrência do distúrbio. Na segunda etapa, um sistema baseado em regras determinou qual dos clusters abrangeu o nó de origem. No entanto, quando o algoritmo determinou uma região muito grande, essa região é introduzida recursivamente, como entrada da metodologia desenvolvida, para refinar a região de localização. O sistema resultante foi capaz de estimar a região de localização com uma taxa de acerto acima de 90%. Assim, o método teve sua concepção adequada ao empregado nos centros de controle e operações de concessionárias de energia elétrica, visando apoiar a decisão do corpo técnico para que ações corretivas fossem estabelecidas de forma assertiva. / In the Smart Grids context, the correct location of short-duration voltage variations sources is not a trivial task, because of the short duration of these events and for rapid propagation in the distribution feeder. In this sense, aiming to develop a recursive hybrid method based on machine learning area tools (clustering algorithm and rule base) that is able to locate the sources of short-duration voltage variations, it was used data from smart meters installed along the distribution feeder. The recursive hybrid method, as input, received the disturbance characteristics provided by the meters installed in the system. Thus, this thesis aimed to development of a measurement hardware for signal acquisition, detection, classification through a realtime operating system. Then, k-means clustering algorithm grouped the meters data in order to define two clusters, where one of them corresponded to the meters that were distant from the region that occurred the disturbance and the other one corresponded to the meters, which were located near to the disturbance occurrence region. In a second step, a rule-based system determined which of the clusters corresponded to the source node. When the algorithm determined a very large region, that region was recursively introduced as input of the developed methodology to decrease its size. The resulting system was able to estimate the location region with a accuracy above 90%. Therefore, this method showed a suitable design for employment by operation control centers of power sector concessionaires, aiming to support technical staff decision to stablish assertive corrective actions.

Pour faire face aux mutations du paysage énergétique, les réseaux de distribution d'électricité sont soumis à des exigences de fonctionnement avec des indices de fiabilité à garantir. Dans les années à venir, de grands investissements sont prévus pour la construction des réseaux électriques flexibles, cohérents et efficaces, basés sur de nouvelles architectures et des solutions techniques innovantes, adaptatifs à l'essor des énergies renouvelables. En prenant en compte ces besoins industriels sur le développement des réseaux de distribution du futur, nous proposons, dans cette thèse, une approche reposant sur la théorie des graphes et l'optimisation combinatoire pour la conception de nouvelles architectures pour les réseaux de distribution. Notre démarche consiste à étudier le problème général de recherche d'une architecture optimale qui respecte l'ensemble de contraintes topologiques (redondance) et électrotechniques (courant maximal, plan de tension) selon des critères d'optimisation bien précis : minimisation du coût d'exploitation (OPEX) et minimisation de l'investissement (CAPEX). Ainsi donc, les deux familles des problèmes combinatoires (et leurs relaxations) ont été explorées pour proposer des résolutions efficaces (exactes ou approchées) du problème de planification des réseaux de distribution en utilisant une formulation adaptée. Nous nous sommes intéressés particulièrement aux graphes 2-connexes et au problème de flot arborescent avec pertes quadratiques minimales. Les résultats comparatifs de tests sur les instances de réseaux (fictifs et réels) pour les méthodes proposées ont été présentés. / To cope with the changes in the energy landscape, electrical distribution networks are submitted to operational requirements in order to guarantee reliability indices. In the coming years, big investments are planned for the construction of flexible, consistent and effective electrical networks, based on the new architectures, innovative technical solutions and in response to the development of renewable energy. Taking into account the industrial needs of the development of future distribution networks, we propose in this thesis an approach based on the graph theory and combinatorial optimization for the design of new architectures for distribution networks. Our approach is to study the general problem of finding an optimal architecture which respects a set of topological (redundancy) and electrical (maximum current, voltage plan) constraints according to precise optimization criteria: minimization of operating cost (OPEX) and minimization of investment (CAPEX). Thus, the two families of combinatorial problems (and their relaxations) were explored to propose effective resolutions (exact or approximate) of the distribution network planning problem using an adapted formulation. We are particularly interested in 2-connected graphs and the arborescent flow problem with minimum quadratic losses. The comparative results of tests on the network instances (fictional and real) for the proposed methods were presented.