Smokers require high motivation to quit smoking and to remain smoke-free. Worksites might enhance motivation to be smoke-free by offering incentives to employees who quit smoking. A pilot study was conducted where one worksite offered a smoking cessation group plus several incentive programs. The incentives included money and public recognition based on individual performance, and dinners based on group performance. After 12 months, 48% of participants remained smoke-free. This result is significantly different [x2(1)= 3.910, p<.05]. from the results of a smoking cessation group conducted a comparable company (here, 18% of participants remained smoke-free). Another study was designed where one worksite would offer a smoking cessation group, and another worksite would offer an incentive program plus a smoking cessation group. Treatment conditions were randomly assigned. Both worksites were part of the same parent company (General Electric), thus minimizing differences between the companies. Many dimensions of the worksites and of participants at each worksite were assessed to demonstrate comparability between the worksites. In the incentive condition monetary incentives were offered. Participants received $10 for not smoking for two weeks, four weeks. five weeks. six weeks, eight weeks and ten weeks. They received $20 for not smoking after three, four, five and six months. They received $25 for not smoking after nine months and 12 months. Their exhaled air was assessed on a carbon monoxide detector before receiving monetary rewards. As a result, 54% of the 28 participants were smoke-free after nine months. In the non-incentive condition, participants were offered the same smoking cessation program but without major incentives. Participants were assessed on the carbon monoxide machine for five of the six consecutive months after the program ended. They were also assessed at the nine-month mark. Here, 44% of the 16 participants were smoke-free after nine months. Both interventions, then, were very successful. As a result none of the hypotheses of this study were supported. This study did not employ a strong research design, and unforeseen changes in procedures weakened the study's validity. Despite these shortcomings, these interventions have merit. The intervention enabled a high percentage of people to quit smoking. These results might encourage smokers who want to quit. Given the success of these programs, hopefully a well-controlled study will be conducted to ascertain the effects of incentives and rewards upon worksite smoking interventions. / Ph. D.

The aim of this study was to investigate the vitamin B-6 status of Saudi adult males and compare the status between rural and urban subjects. Fifty-one adult male subjects were recruited from urban (n=31) and rural (n=20) populations of Riyadh. These subjects were reclassified to cigarette smokers (n=19), water pipe smokers (n=5) and non-smokers (n=27). The study also investigated the intake of macronutrients and selected micronutrients. In addition, the study investigated other health indicators including Body Mass Index (BMI), hematocrit, hemoglobin, plasma alkaline phosphatase activity and albumin concentration, urinary creatinine and urea nitrogen excretion. The mean of vitamin B-6 intake, B-6 to protein ratio, plasma pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) concentration and urinary 4-PA excretion in urban group were 2.18 ± 0.62 mg/day, 0.022 ± 0.008 mg/g, 39.3 ± 18.0 nmol/L and 4.6 ± 2.3 μmol/day, respectively. In rural group, these measures were 2.15 ± 0.65 mg/day, 0.021 ± 0.004 mg/g, 40.5 ± 14.6 nmol/L and 4.4 ± 2.3 (μmol/day, respectively. These measures indicated adequate status with no significant difference between the two groups. The mean intake of calcium, folate, vitamin D, zinc and dietary fiber was lower than recommendation of the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) in both groups. Health indicators were within normal range except for BMI, which indicated a prevalence of overweight and obesity in both urban (27.1 ± 5.5 Kg/m²) and rural (28.2 ± 6.0 Kg/m²) subjects. Comparison of the three smoking groups showed that the water pipe smokers compared to cigarette smokers and non-smokers groups had significantly higher mean intake of vitamin B-6 (2.51 ± 0.73 mg/day), which resulted in higher concentrations of plasma PLP, pyridoxal (PL), red blood cells PLP and urinary 4-PA (54.9 ± 23.1 nmol/L, 21.5 ± 10.0 nmol/L, 33.7 ± 8.5 nmol/L and 6.9 ± 4.7 μmol/day, respectively). Cigarette smokers had significantly lower concentration of plasma PLP (30.9 ± 12.5 nmol/L) compared to non-smokers (40.0 ± 12.9 nmol/L) without a significant difference in vitamin B-6 intake. Hematocrit and hemoglobin were significantly higher in smokers (50 ± 3% and 167 ± 11 g/L, respectively) compared to non-smokers (48 ± 3% and 160 ± 9 g/L, respectively). The results of this study suggest that vitamin B-6 status of adult males in Riyadh is adequate with no urban vs. rural variation. / Graduation date: 2004

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T13:46:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 O PROCESSO DE CESSACAO DO FUMAR.pdf: 771639 bytes, checksum: f32eb6cc8b3677e2e4834d559fc48d7c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-08-05 / This study aims to understand how individuals live and elaborate the stopping smoking process in their social contexts, beginning with former-smokers' experiences. The smokers go through motivational stages, until they manage to stop smoking, which for some can be a short time while for others, takes years. The stage change is influenced by several factors. It can be seen, among these, that the stopping smoking stage occurs due to present forces in the societies which aim to control tabaccoism, as well as, from cultural factors that promote smoking abstention indirectly. This last one being attributed, to the fact that tabaccoism as a practice does suit the current conceptions of health, beauty and well being. A qualitative study with carried out on individuals that had stopped smoking for at least one year and were being attended by the Prevention State Reference and Tabaccoism Treatment Center (CREPTT). 17 subjects (11 women and 6 men) with ages ranging from 36 to 71 years were interviewed. The empiric data obtained from interviews from former smokers were analyzed according to Content Thematic Analysis and interpreted according to the Social Representations Theory. The most important considerations are as follows: stopping smoking was shown to be an awareness process of perceiving tabaccoism as a problem of the individual and the people close to him or her. Factors related to the body and social coexistence contributed to the search for recovery from tabaccoism. The experience links, interpreted as abstinence supports, were the interpersonal network of relatives, professionals and treatment group colleagues, contact with former-smokers, determination and faith. Tabaccoism abstention was associated to changes. These changes, were perceived as conditions for a better life. Tabaccoism abstention by the former-smokers of this study is seen, to be the condition, among others, of feeling healthier, with a better physical appearance and social acceptance. / Este estudo visa a compreender como os indivíduos vivenciam e elaboram o processo de cessação de fumar em seus contextos sociais, a partir da experiência de ex-fumantes. Os tabagistas passam por estágios motivacionais, até conseguirem deixar de fumar, o que, para alguns, pode levar pouco tempo; para outros, a cessação poderá se dar em alguns anos. A mudança de estágio é influenciada por vários fatores. Dentre eles, o estágio de cessação de fumar decorre da ação de forças presentes nas sociedades que buscam controlar o tabagismo, como também por fatores culturais que promovem indiretamente a abstenção do fumar. Esse fato ocorre por ser tabagismo uma prática que não se coaduna com as atuais concepções de saúde, beleza e bem-estar. A pesquisa desenvolve um estudo qualitativo com indivíduos que deixaram de fumar há pelo menos um ano e estavam em acompanhamento no Centro de Referência Estadual de Prevenção e Tratamento do Tabagismo (CREPTT). Foram entrevistados 17 sujeitos (11 mulheres e 6 homens), com idades que variam entre 36 a 71 anos. Os dados empíricos obtidos a partir dos discursos dos informantes foram analisados segundo a Análise Temática de Conteúdo e interpretados com aporte da Teoria das Representações Sociais. As conclusões mais importantes são as seguintes: a cessação de fumar evidenciou-se como um processo decorrente da tomada de consciência do tabagismo como um problema para o próprio indivíduo e para as pessoas próximas a ele. Fatores relacionados com o corpo e a convivência social contribuíram para que buscassem a recuperação do tabagismo. Os elos de experiência, interpretados como apoios para a abstinência, foram as redes interpessoais constituídas por familiares, profissionais e colegas do grupo de tratamento, contatos com ex-fumantes, sua determinação e fé. A abstenção do tabagismo foi associada a mudanças. Essas mudanças foram percebidas como condições para uma vida melhor. A abstenção do tabagismo é vista pelos ex-fumantes sujeitos deste estudo como uma condição, dentre outras, para se sentirem mais saudáveis, com melhor aparência física e aceitos socialmente.

No description available.

An experiment was done to investigate whether or not there is a need to treat smokers and non-smokers as separate target audiences when creating tobacco counter-advertisements. The Extended Parallel Process Model (Witte, 1992) and Reactance Theory (Brehm, 1966) were used to guide the development of predictions. The study revealed that social marketers need to have different advertising tactics for smokers and non-smokers, since smokers have reported more maladaptive coping responses and fewer adaptive coping responses than non-smokers. Moreover, based on the fact that a smoker’s brand forms an essential part of their self-identity (Goldberg et al., 1995) the experiment was also designed to see if smokers would have differing levels of reactance and other maladaptive coping responses if they saw a counter-advertisement attacking their brand, one attacking a competing brand, and a non-branded one. The study did not reveal any significant differences in reactions among the three conditions. / x, 125 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm

CYP2D6 metabolizes a range of centrally acting drugs, neurotoxins, and endogenous neurochemicals. Higher levels of brain, but not liver, CYP2D6 have been identified in alcoholics and smokers, suggesting exposure to ethanol and/or nicotine may induce brain CYP2D6. We investigated the independent and combined effects of chronic ethanol self-administration and nicotine treatment on CYP2D expression. METHODS: Monkeys were randomized into 4 groups of 10/group consisting of a control group, ethanol-only group, nicotine-only group, and a combined ethanol and nicotine group; treatments occurred for 64 days. RESULTS: Exposure to chronic ethanol and nicotine induced CYP2D across various brain regions and cell types, particularly when both drugs were given in combination. No changes in protein levels were observed in liver or in CYP2D mRNA levels in liver and brain. CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol and nicotine increase brain CYP2D levels, which may affect CNS drug response, neurodegeneration and personality among those exposed to alcohol and/or nicotine.

CYP2D6 metabolizes a range of centrally acting drugs, neurotoxins, and endogenous neurochemicals. Higher levels of brain, but not liver, CYP2D6 have been identified in alcoholics and smokers, suggesting exposure to ethanol and/or nicotine may induce brain CYP2D6. We investigated the independent and combined effects of chronic ethanol self-administration and nicotine treatment on CYP2D expression. METHODS: Monkeys were randomized into 4 groups of 10/group consisting of a control group, ethanol-only group, nicotine-only group, and a combined ethanol and nicotine group; treatments occurred for 64 days. RESULTS: Exposure to chronic ethanol and nicotine induced CYP2D across various brain regions and cell types, particularly when both drugs were given in combination. No changes in protein levels were observed in liver or in CYP2D mRNA levels in liver and brain. CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol and nicotine increase brain CYP2D levels, which may affect CNS drug response, neurodegeneration and personality among those exposed to alcohol and/or nicotine.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:44:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Francielli_Maria_Vanin_Debona.pdf: 2342193 bytes, checksum: 015b440073f1442a07f2251de8804ec8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-10 / This study aimed to develop a smoked product to fish-based, with reference to the pacu (Piaractusmesopotamicus) and the armado (granulosus Pterodoras), freshwater fish abundant in southern Brazil. We evaluated two treatments in the smoking process: static upright smoker and the flat rotative smoker. To carry out the smoking process, the fish were subjected to brine salting at a concentration of 15% for about two hours and soon after placed in different smokers. Performance tests were carried out in pacu and armado in natura 71.09%, 47.80% respectively. The pacu showed the best performance after the smoking process in the flat rotating smoker (80%) compared to the static vertical smoker (73%). Already armed presented in 67% yield on the rotary flat smoker and 60% in the static vertical smoker. In addition to these tests, physical-chemical analyzes were carried out moisture, protein, lipid, ash and energy (Cal / g) and pH. The Pacu and smoked armado in static upright smoker obtained moisture content (47.87%, 62.78%), protein (46.51%, 64.54%), lipids (41.21%, 23.55% ), energy (Cal / g) (6695, 5524 Cal / g). However pacu and smoked armed in rotating horizontal smoker did better as the levels of: moisture (55.24%, 63.35%), protein (58.06%, 67.32%), lipids (31.08 % 16,08) and energy (Cal / g) (6011, 4967 Cal / g). The microbiological analyzes performed in the raw material in natura and in the end product, it was for all and faecal coliforms, Salmonella spp, Staphylococcus aureus, mesophilic, molds and yeasts. Both samples were within the standards established by Brazilian law to the period of 19 days after the smoking process and kept refrigerated at 4 ° C. Samples of smoked fish in different treatments were subjected to sensory analysis and the end product, which achieved a significant difference between the two treatment and the two species. The product has obtained the highest marks was the smoked pacu in rotary flat smoker. The results proved the feasibility of smoking on the rotary flat smoker / Este trabalho teve como objetivo elaborar um produto defumado a base de peixe, tomando como referência o pacu (Piaractusmesopotamicus) e o armado (Pterodoras granulosus), peixes de água doce abundantes na região Sul do Brasil. Foram avaliados dois tratamentos no processo de defumação: defumador vertical estático e o defumador horizontal rotativo. Para a realização do processo de defumação, os pescados foram submetidos a salga úmida na concentração de 15% por, aproximadamente, duas horas e logo depois colocadas nos diferentes defumadores. Foram realizados testes de rendimento no pacu e no armado in natura 71,09%; 47,80%; respectivamente. O pacu apresentou melhor rendimento depois do processo de defumação no defumador horizontal rotativo(80%)em comparação com o defumador vertical estático (73%). O armado apresentou rendimento de 67% no defumador horizontal rotativo e 60% no defumador vertical estático. Além destes testes, foram realizadas análises físico-químicas de umidade, proteína, lipídio, cinzas, energia (Cal/g) e pH. O pacu e o armado respectivamente, defumados no defumador vertical estático obtiveram teores de umidade 47,87% e 62,78%, proteína 46,51% e64,54%, lipídios 41,21% e23,55%, energia 6695 e 5524 Cal/g. Entretanto o pacu e o armado processados no defumador horizontal rotativo obtiveram melhores resultados quanto aos teores de: umidade 55,24% e 63,35%, proteína 58,06% e 67,32%, lipídios 31,08% e 16,08, e energia 6011 e 4967 Cal/g. As análises microbiológicas realizadas na matéria-prima in natura e no produto final, foram para coliformes totais e termotolerantes, Salmonela sp, Staphylococcus aureus, mesófilas, bolores e leveduras. As amostras estavam dentro dos padrões estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira até o período de 19 dias após o processo de defumação e mantidos sob refrigeração a 4°C. As amostras dos pescados defumados nos diferentes tratamentos foram submetidas à análise sensorial de aceitação do produto final, a qual obteve uma diferença significativa entre os dois tratamentos e as duas espécies. O produto que obteve os melhores valores foi o pacu defumado no defumador horizontal rotativo. Os resultados obtidos comprovaram a viabilidade da defumação no defumador horizontal rotativo.

Background. This dissertation focuses on two major epidemics, Waterpipe (WP) and Cigarette tobacco smoking, as two considerable global public health issues. It consists of three papers that were published in international peer review journals. We aimed at evaluating the acute and chronic effects of WP and cigarette smoking on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, as well as evaluating the patient's acceptability of shocking pictorial versus actual textual warnings on tobacco packages as an effective control intervention towards smoking cessation".Methods. In the first part of the study, patients were recruited from restaurants in Beirut and Mount Lebanon in order to evaluate the acute (after 45 minutes of waterpipe smoking or immediately following one cigarette smoking) and chronic (before the smoking session) effects on the Forced Expiratory Volume at 1 second (FEV1), Forced Expiratory Volume at 6 seconds (FEV6), FEV1/FEV6, Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP), Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and heart rate (HR). The second part of the study recruited patients from 5 outpatient clinics located in 5 hospitals in Lebanon. The purpose was to evaluate the acceptability of shocking pictorial health warnings versus the actual textual warnings on packages as an effective tobacco control intervention by evaluating their impact on smoking behaviors and motivation.Results. Mean values of FEV1, FEV6, FEV1/FEV6, DBP, SBP in the acute effect of smoking WP and cigarette smokers were very close. There was a trend to significant acute variation between the three groups for DBP (p=0.05) and a significant variation for HR (p˂0.001): DBP increased in WP smokers while it decreased in cigarette smokers. However, the HR increased in both WP and cigarette smokers after the smoking session, but much more with WP. The pulmonary functions (FEV1, FEV6 and FEV1/FEV6) and the cardiovascular values (DBP, SBP and HR) were significantly associated with the following factors: duration of smoking, age at first WP and quantity of smoking. Among the 127 WP smokers, a higher effect of the shocking pictorial warnings was observed in the highly motivated group versus the lower motivated group (OR=4.47, p=0.001); indeed, a higher switching in their favorite tobacco brand was observed in the highly motivated group versus the lower group (OR=2.76, p=0.008). In addition, smokers who had chronic cough were highly motivated to quit waterpipe smoking compared to smokers without chronic cough (OR=7.24, p=0.03).Higher motivation to quit cigarette smoking was seen among male smokers versus females (OR=1.8, p=0.02), among smokers who had stopped smoking for at least 1 month during the last year due the textual warning (OR=2.79, P˂0.001), among smokers who considered very important to report health warning on cigarette packs (OR=1.92, p=0.01), among smokers who had chronic expectorations (OR=1.81, P=0.06) and among smokers who would change their favorite cigarette pack if they put shocking images on the pack (OR=1.95, p=0.004).Conclusions. WP smokers seem as affected as cigarette smokers for the pulmonary values and that acute effect of WP immediately measured after the smoking session increases DBP and SBP; however, acute effect of cigarette decreases DBP and SBP, while both cigarette and WP smoking increase HR. The reduction of most Pulmonary Function Test (PFT) values could be due to the long duration of smoking, younger age of smoking the first WP and quantity of smoking. It differs between cigarette and WP, and between chronic and acute effect of smoking. Moreover, pictorial graphic warnings are more influencing on the behavior of waterpipe smokers than textual warning. On the other hand, low dependent and highly motivated to quit cigarette smokers appeared to be more hypothetically susceptible to shocking pictorial warnings. Motivation to quit cigarette smoking was affected by sensitivity to warnings, but not to the presence of all chronic respiratory symptoms. Thus, our study provides further reasons to the policymakers in Lebanon to incorporate more tobacco labeling policies in order to help in reducing the widespread of waterpipe and cigarette tobacco smoking and in increasing the awareness concerning the health symptoms effect of smoking. / Doctorat en Sciences de la santé Publique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Fifteen nonsmoking and fifteen smoking females 19 to 36 years of age were evaluated on measures of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), jitter, shimmer, and speaking fundamental frequency (F0). The results indicated that: 1) there is a significant difference between female smokers and nonsmokers on measures of SNR, mean, and maximum F0 and, 2) there is no significant difference between female smokers and nonsmokers on measures of jitter, shimmer and minimum F0 . The SNR was found to be a powerful tool which is capable of distinguishing subtle vocal characteristics between the subject groups. It would appear that cigarette smoking may have an impact on the voice before distinct laryngeal pathologies are present.