The effect of cattle grazing on the abundance and distribution of vegetation, burrowing crabs (Uca rapax, Uca pugnax, and Sesarma cinereum), marsh periwinkles (Littoraria irrorata), horn snails (Cerithidea pliculosa), and salt marsh snails (Melampus bidentatus) was evaluated over four seasons (summer 2000, fall 2000, winter 2001, and spring 2001) in grazed and ungrazed treatments. A Galveston Island salt marsh adjacent to Snake Island Cove was sampled at five elevations, from the water's edge to the high tidal flats. Data were analyzed for statistical differences using a two-way ANOVA in SAS. Cattle grazing may affect the vegetation and macroinvertebrate communities in salt marshes through trampling and herbivory. Vegetation resources available to other herbivores are decreased by the direct consumption of plant material by cattle. Spartina alterniflora and Salicornia virginica heights were significantly greater in ungrazed treatments than grazed for every season in the edge, upper, and middle elevation zones. Total aerial vegetative cover was also reduced significantly in grazed treatments, with the greatest impact in the edge and upper marsh. In the ungrazed treatments, S. alterniflora stem density was significantly greater in edge elevations, while both S. virginica percent cover and stem density in the edge elevation was greater. Burrowing crab populations were greater in the upper marsh and edge habitat of ungrazed treatments, while significantly greater in most of the middle marsh habitats of the grazed treatment. Size of burrowing crabs was generally significantly greater in ungrazed treatments. Cerithidea pliculosa size decreased in grazed treatments, but population had an overall increase in grazed treatments. Littoraria irrorata had very few differences between treatments, although few specimens were found. Melampus bidentatus populations were too small to evaluate thoroughly. Macroinvertebrate populations could be used to assess the overall health of grazed salt marshes.

Venomous animals have evolved a vast array of peptide toxins for prey capture and defense. Nature has evolved the venoms into a huge library of active molecules with high selectivity and affinity, which could be explored as therapeutics or serve as a template for drug design. The individual components of venom i.e. toxins are used in ion channel and receptor studies, drug discovery, and formulation of insecticides. ‘Venominformatics is a systematic bioinformatics approach in which classified, consolidated and cleaned venom data are stored into repositories and integrated with advanced bioinformatics tools and computational biology for the analysis of structure and function of toxins.’ Conus peptides (conopeptides), the main components of Conus venom, represent a unique arsenal of neuropharmacologically active molecules that have been evolutionarily tailored to afford unprecedented and exquisite selectivity for a wide variety of ion-channel subtypes and neuronal receptors. Ziconotide (ω-conotoxin MVIIa from Conus magus (Magician's cone snail)), is proven as an intrathecally administered N-type calcium channel antagonist for the treatment of chronic pain (U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research) attesting to the pharmaceutical importance of Conus peptides. From the point of view of protein sequence and structure analysis, conopeptides can serve as attractive systems for the studies in sequence comparison, pattern extraction, structure–function correlations, protein–protein interactions and evolutionary analysis. Despite their importance and extensive experimental investigations on them, they have been hardly explored through in silico methods. The present thesis is perhaps the first attempt at deploying a multi-pronged bioinformatics approaches for studies in the burgeoning field of conopeptides. In the process of sequence-structure-function studies of conopeptides, we have created several sequence patterns of different conopeptide families and these have been accepted for inclusion in international databases such as PROSITE, the first pattern database to have been developed (http://www.expasy.org/prosite) and INTERPRO (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro). More importantly, we have carried out extensive literature survey on the peptides for which we have defined the patterns to create PROSITE compatible documentation files (PDOC6004, PDOC60025 and PDOC60027). We have also created a series of sequence patterns and associated documentation filesof pharmaceutically promising peptides from plants and venomous animals (including O-conotoxin and P-conotoxin superfamily members) with knottin scaffold. Knottins provide appealing scaffolds for protein engineering and drug design due to their small size, high structural stability, strong sequence tolerance and easy access to chemical synthesis. The sequence patterns and associated documentation files created by us should be useful in protein family classification and functional annotation. Even though patterns might be useful at the family level, they may not always be adequate at the superfamily level due to hypervariability of mature toxins. In order to overcome this problem, we have demonstrated the applicationos of multi-class support vector machines (MC-SVMs) for the successful in silico classification of the mature conotoxins into their superfamilies. TheI- and J-conotoxin-superfamily members were analyzed in greater detail. On the basis of in silico analysis, we have divided the 28 entries previously grouped as I-conotoxin superfamily in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot (release 49.0) into I1 and I2 superfamilies inview of their having two different types of signal peptides and exhibiting distinct functions. A comparative study of the theoretically modeled structure of ViTx from Conus virgo, a typical member of I2-conotoxin superfamily, reveals the crucial role of C-terminal region of ViTx in blocking therapeutically important voltage-gated potassium channels. Putative complexes created by us of very recently characterized J-superfamily conotoxin p11-4a with Kv1.6 suggest that the peptide interacts with negatively charged extracellular loops and pore-mouth of the potassium channel and blocks the channel by covering the pore as a lid, akin to previously proposed blocking mechanism of kM-conotoxin RIIIK from Conus radiatus to Tsha1 potassium channel. This finding provides a pointer to experimental work to validate the observations made here. Based on differences in the number and distribution of the positively charged residues in other conopeptides from the J-superfamily, we hypothesize different selectivity profile against subtypes of the potassium channels for these conopeptides. Furthermore, the present thesis reports the application of order-statistic filters and hydrophobicity profiles for predicting the location of membrane-spanning helices. The Proposed method is in particular effective for the class of helical membrane proteins, namely the therapeutically important voltage-gated ion channels, which are natural targets of several conotoxins. Our suggested ab initio approach is comparatively better than other spatial filters, confirming to the efficacy of including the concept of order or ranking information for prediction of TM helicdes. Such approaches should be of value for improved prediction performance including in large-scale applications. In addition, anlaysis has been carried out of the role of context in the relationship between form and function for the true PDB hits of some nonCys-rich PROSITE patterns. We have found specific examples of true hits of some PROSITE patterns displaying structural plasticity by assuming significantly different local conformation, depending upon the context. The work was carried out as a part of the research interest in our group in studying structural and other features of protein sequence patterns. The Contributions of the candidate to venominormatics include, creation of protein sequence patterns and information highlighting the importance of the patterns as gleaned from the lteratures for family classification: profile HMM and MC-SVMs for conotoxin superfamily classification; in silico characterization of I1 and I2 conotoxin superfamilies; studies of interaction with Kv1 channels of typical members of I2 and 3 conotoxin superfamilies and development of improved methods for detecting membrane-spanning helices. Chapter I starts with a brief account of venominformatics; bioinformatics for venoms and toxins. Chapter 2 presents a regular expression based classification of Conus peptides. Chapter 3 revisits the 28 entries previously grouped as I-conotoxin superfamily in UniProt Swiss-Prot knowledgebase (release 49.0) having four disulfide bonds with Cys arrangement C-C-CC-CC-C-C and they inhibit or modify ion channels of nerve cells. Chapter 4 describes pseudo-amino acid composition and MC-SVMs approach for conotoxin superfamily classification. Chapter 5 describes in silico detection of binding mode with Kv1.6 channel of J-superfamily conotoxin p114a from bermivorouos cone snail, Conus planorbis. Chapter 6 presents a comparative sequence-structure-function analysis of naturally occurring Cys-rich peptides having the Knottin or inhibitor cystine knot(ICK) scaffold, from different plants and venomous animals based on information available in the knottin database(http://knottin.cbs.cnrs.fr/). Chapter 7 describes the application of order-statistic filters and hydrophobicity profiles for detecting membrane-spanning helices. Chapter 8 describes the role of context in the relationship between form and function for the true PDB hits of some non Cys-rich PROSITE patterns. Chapter 9 summaries the important findings of the present studies on naturally occurring bioactive Cys-rich peptides with emphasis on Conus peptides and their interactions with respective target such as voltage-gated ion channels.

The effect of cattle grazing on the abundance and distribution of vegetation, burrowing crabs (Uca rapax, Uca pugnax, and Sesarma cinereum), marsh periwinkles (Littoraria irrorata), horn snails (Cerithidea pliculosa), and salt marsh snails (Melampus bidentatus) was evaluated over four seasons (summer 2000, fall 2000, winter 2001, and spring 2001) in grazed and ungrazed treatments. A Galveston Island salt marsh adjacent to Snake Island Cove was sampled at five elevations, from the water's edge to the high tidal flats. Data were analyzed for statistical differences using a two-way ANOVA in SAS. Cattle grazing may affect the vegetation and macroinvertebrate communities in salt marshes through trampling and herbivory. Vegetation resources available to other herbivores are decreased by the direct consumption of plant material by cattle. Spartina alterniflora and Salicornia virginica heights were significantly greater in ungrazed treatments than grazed for every season in the edge, upper, and middle elevation zones. Total aerial vegetative cover was also reduced significantly in grazed treatments, with the greatest impact in the edge and upper marsh. In the ungrazed treatments, S. alterniflora stem density was significantly greater in edge elevations, while both S. virginica percent cover and stem density in the edge elevation was greater. Burrowing crab populations were greater in the upper marsh and edge habitat of ungrazed treatments, while significantly greater in most of the middle marsh habitats of the grazed treatment. Size of burrowing crabs was generally significantly greater in ungrazed treatments. Cerithidea pliculosa size decreased in grazed treatments, but population had an overall increase in grazed treatments. Littoraria irrorata had very few differences between treatments, although few specimens were found. Melampus bidentatus populations were too small to evaluate thoroughly. Macroinvertebrate populations could be used to assess the overall health of grazed salt marshes.

En parallèle à son rôle dans l’initiation de la cascade métastatique, la transition épithéliomésenchymateuse est capable de faciliter la transformation néoplasique par le biais de mécanismes encore indéfinis. Nous avons démontré que, comme SNAIL1 et SNAIL2, l’expression de SNAIL3 est réactivée de façon aberrante dans les cancers humains, en particulier dans les carcinomes mammaires, établissant un lien entre l’ensemble des membres de la famille SNAIL et la tumorigénèse. Expérimentalement, les trois protéines SNAIL induisent une EMT avec des efficacités différentes. Ce différentiel reflète leur capacité à protéger les cellules de l’anoikis et à favoriser la prolifération dans des conditions de faible adhérence en absence d’altération oncogénique. La réversion partielle du processus d’EMT en réponse à l’expression ectopique des protéines ST14/Matriptase ou de l’E-cadhérine inhibe le potentiel oncogénique des protéines SNAIL. Nous avons donc démontré que la perte de protéines responsables du maintien de l’intégrité de l’épithélium contribue à l’activité pro-tumorale des inducteurs d’EMT / Beyond its role in initiating the metastatic cascade, cell commitment to the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition program has been shown to facilitate neoplastic transformation, the underlying mechanisms yet remaining elusive. We herein demonstrate that likewise SNAI1 and SNAI2, the expression of SNAI3 is aberrantly reactivated in human cancers, mainly in breast carcinomas, linking all members of the SNAIL family to tumorigenesis. Experimentally, the three SNAIL proteins trigger EMT with unequal efficiencies. This differential mirrors their ability to protect cells from anoikis and to sustain proliferation in low-adherent conditions in absence of an oncogenic insult. Partial reversion of the EMT-process, achieved through forced expression of the ST14/Matriptase or E-cadherin proteins, alleviates the SNAIL oncogenic potential. We thus demonstrate that loss of epithelial integrity gatekeepers contributes to the tumor promoting activity of embryonic EMT-inducers

Au cours de gastrulation chez la Drosophile, deux vagues successives de constriction ont lieux au niveau des cellules ventrales menant à l'invagination du mésoderme. La première vague de constriction est stochastique et entraine la constriction de 40% des cellules mesodermales réparties aléatoirement et est contrôlée par le facteur de transcription Snail. La seconde vague de constriction arrive immédiatement après et implique également la constriction des 60% manquant de cellules mésodermales. Cette seconde vague est contrôlée par le facteur de transcription Twist et requière la présence de la protéine sécrétée Fog. L'invagination complète du mésoderme riquière la redistribution de la protéine moteur Myosine II au niveau de l'apex des cellules en cours de constriction. Il a été montré que la mutation de Snail mène à une perte des deux phases de constriction, mais qu'une indentation sur les cellules du mésoderme permet de rétablir la seconde phase de constriction Twist dépendante. Nous avons cherché à étudier les interaction entre les deux phases de constriction, la protéine sécrétée Fog et le moteur moléculaire Myosine II à l'aide d'une simulation numérique. Nous avons également chercher à étudier la corélation entre l'invagination globale du mésoderme et la phosphorylation de la Bêta-Cathenine qui est impliquée dans l'activation de Twist. Nous avons étudier l'invagination de l'endoderme postérieur qui présente de nombreuses similitude avec l'invagination de l'endoderme et leurs interactions. Enfin également à l'aide d'une simulation numérique, nous avons testé l'hypothèse de l'apparition d'une invagination dans un organisme primitif mécano-sensible ( la gastræ d'HAECKEL ) au contact avec le plancher océanique. / During Drosophila gastrulation, two waves of constriction occur in the apical ventral cells, leading to mesoderm invagination. The first constriction wave is a stochastic process mediated by the constriction of 40% of randomly positioned mesodermal cells and is controlled by the transcription factor Snail.The second constriction wave immediately follows and involves the other 60% of the mesodermal cells. The second wave is controlled by the transcription factor Twist and requires the secreted protein Fog. It is known that Snail mutation lead to the loss of the two constriction phases but a mechanical poking on the mesoderm cells can rescue de second phase of Twist dependent constriction. The interactions between the two constriction phases, la secreted protein Fog and the molecular motor Myosin II with a numerical simulation. The posterior endoderm invagination that presents similarities with mesoderm invagination have been study, as well as the interaction between them. Finally with an other numerical simulation, the hypothesis of an induced invagination on a primitive mechanosensible organism ( the HAECKEL grastrae ) on the contact with the oceanic floor has been tested.

Rapid economic development has occurred during the past few decades in China with the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) area as one of the most progressive areas. The urbanization, industrialization, agricultural and aquaculture activities result in extensive production and application of chemicals. Organohalogen contaminants (OHCs) have been widely used as i.e. pesticides, flame retardants and plasticizers. They are persistent, bioaccumulative and pose a potential threat to ecosystem and human health. However, limited research has been conducted in the YRD with respect to chemicals environmental exposure. The main objective of this thesis is to investigate the contamination level, distribution pattern and sources of OHCs in the YRD. Wildlife from different habitats are used to indicate the environmental pollution situation, and evaluate selected matrices for use in long term biomonitoring to determine the environmental stress the contamination may cause. In addition, a method is developed for dicofol analysis. Moreover, a specific effort is made to introduce statistic power analysis to assist in optimal sampling design. The thesis results show extensive contamination of OHCs in wildlife in the YRD. The occurrences of high concentrations of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are reported in wildlife, in particular in terrestrial species, (i.e. short-tailed mamushi snake and peregrine falcon). Impurities and byproducts of pentachlorophenol products, i.e. polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDEs) and hydroxylated polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (OH-PCDEs) are identified and reported for the first time in eggs from black-crowned night heron and whiskered tern. High concentrations of octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) are determined in these samples. The toxic equivalents (TEQs) of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are at mean levels of 300 and 520 pg TEQ g-1lw (WHO2005 TEQ) in eggs from the two bird species, respectively. This is two orders of magnitude higher than European Union (EU) regulation limit in chicken eggs. Also, a novel pattern of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) with octa- to decaCBs, contributing to as much as 20% of total PCBs therein, are reported in birds. The legacy POPs shows a common characteristic with relatively high level of organochlorine pesticides (i.e. DDT, hexacyclohexanes (HCHs) and Mirex), indicating historic applications. In contrast, rather low concentrations are shown of industrial chemicals such as PCBs and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). A refined and improved analytical method is developed to separate dicofol from its major decomposition compound, 4,4’-dichlorobenzophenone. Hence dicofol is possible to assess as such. Statistic power analysis demonstrates that sampling of sedentary species should be consistently spread over a larger area to monitor temporal trends of contaminants in a robust manner. The results presented in this thesis show high CPs and OCDD concentrations in wildlife. The levels and patterns of OHCs in YRD differ from other well studied areas of the world. This is likely due to the extensive production and use of chemicals in the YRD. The results strongly signal the need of research biomonitoring programs that meet the current situation of the YRD. Such programs will contribute to the management of chemicals and environment in YRD, with the potential to grow into the human health sector, and to expand to China as a whole. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 5: Submitted. Paper 6: Manuscript.</p><p> </p>

Les LBP/BPIs sont des protéines importantes de la réponse antimicrobienne des mammifères, encore mal caractérisées chez les invertébrés. L'objectif de ce projet était d'élucider le rôle des LBP/BPIs dans la réponse immunitaire du gastéropode B. glabrata. Nous avons montré que l'une des LBP/BPI (BgLBP/BPI1) était une protéine majeure de la glande albumène et des masses d'oeufs et possédait les activités attendues des BPIs telle que la capacité de perméabilisation des bactéries.De plus, nous avons découvert une nouvelle activité biocide (anti-oomycète) inconnue jusqu'alors chez les LBP/BPI, et démontré que BgLBP/BPI1 influence à la fois la production d'oeufs et leur protection contre les infections à oomycètes. Nous avons ensuite examiné la diversité et l'évolution des BgLBP/BPIs et montré qu'au moins 5 LBP/BPIs, regroupées en 3 clades phylogénétiques, étaient exprimées chez B. glabrata. Une étude de l'expression de représentants de ces 3 clades a montré qu'ils étaient exprimés dans différents tissus, appuyant l'hypothèse de l'acquisition de spécificités fonctionnelles par les membres de cette famille multigénique. / LBP/BPIs are important immune factors of the mammalian antimicrobial response,poorly characterized in invertebrates. The aim of this work was to elucidate the role of LBP/BPIs in the immune response of the fresh-water snail B. glabrata. Firstly, we showed that one member, BgLBP/BPI1, was highly abundant in the albumen gland and the egg masses. Importantly, in addition to the expected activities of BPIs, such as the induction of bacterial permeability, we discovered a novel biocidal (antioomycete) activity that was unsuspected so far. We demonstrated that BgLBP/BPI1 is a major fitness-related protein, acting on both egg production and offspring protection against oomycete infections. Then, we investigated the sequence diversity and evolution of this LBP/BPI protein family and showed that at least 5 LBP/BPIs were expressed in B. glabrata, belonging to three distinct phylogenetic clades. Expression studies of representatives of the three clades showed that they are expressed in different tissues, differently regulated, and therefore supported the hypothesis of the acquisition of functional specificities by the members of this multigenic family.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:16:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ilza Mendes da Cruz.pdf: 1515835 bytes, checksum: d4e1452354a0f61d6b9f5ad60456dc7c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-29 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / Pablo Neruda, in addition to writing poetry and used to participate of the political life of Chile, used to collect the most different objects collected in many different ways and in different places where he travelled. Many of the objects of his collection were given by friends, others were found in the beach, others were bought. Neruda, by his poetry, managed to materialize the image of what was seeing by observing his objects, in special some shells that were part of his collection of snail (as he said). In this dissertation, we present some aspects related to the confluence between poetry and science. To do so, we compare the poetic description of the shells, with description in scientific form. The poetic language differs in relation to the use of words but is no less true / Pablo Neruda, além de escrever poesia e de participar da vida política do Chile, costumava colecionar os mais variados objetos, coletados nas mais diversas formas, em vários lugares por onde viajou, enquanto representante diplomático daquele país. Muitos dos objetos de sua coleção foram recebidos de amigos, outros foram encontrados na praia e outros, ainda, foram comprados. Neruda, através da poesia, esforçou-se em materializar as imagens que estava captando ao observar os seus objetos, em especial algumas conchas que faziam parte de sua coleção de caracóis (como ele mesmo identifica). Nesta dissertação, procuramos apresentar alguns aspectos relacionados à confluência entre poesia e ciência. Para tanto, buscamos comparar a descrição poética das conchas, com descrição na forma científica. A linguagem poética difere em relação à utilização das palavras porém não é menos verdadeira

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:15:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008- Daniela de Oliveira Franco Acuna.pdf: 2634530 bytes, checksum: 5433beffd9a4776e67f732e78762b6bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-19 / The snail, Achatina fulica (Giant African snail), is registered in almost all Brazilian territory, and may act as an intermediate host of parasites of the man. This study aimed to describe the morphology of the nematode larvae found in A. fulica, through light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and to relate the prevalence of infection to the collection places of the snails and to the antropic activity. Sixty snails were collected from April/2006 to April/2007, in the Mesquita City, RJ, transferred to laboratory, kept in terraria, measured and dissected to verify the infection, distribution of the cysts in tissues of the snails. The cysts were collected and the larvae were separated. The material thus obtained was used to LM and SEM. The occurrence of A. fulica in the less conserved area was greater than that in the more conserved area. However, there was not a significant relation between the intensity of infection and the collection places and the antropic activity. Fourteen snails (23%) were infected and the biggest number of cysts/snail verified was 130 and the minor was 1, in snails that with 106 and 55mm of shell length, respectively. A strong correlation was observed between the size of the snail and the number of cysts and there was a greater concentration of these in the pallial cavity, 87%. Of this total, 49% were in the area more vascularized and 38% in the less vascularized area of this cavity. The cysts presented spherical shape, light pink colored and measured 0.97-1.57mm in diameter and with an unique larva involved by an amorphous material. Two hundred twenty two encysted larvae were recovered, 30 larvae were used to the morphological studies. The length of the larvae varied of 2.57-5.8mm, being classified in: small - until 3.5mm; medium - of 3.53-4.5mm and great - above of 4.52mm. The average length of the larvae in the three groups was of 2.85; 3.87 and 5.23mm, respectively, and the total average of 4.2mm. The larvae presented white cuticle, shining, transversally striated and the lateral line extending to the posterior extremity of the body. In the anterior end, it is observed mouth provided with three lips, with amphids and papillae, followed by a muscular oesophagus with average length of 0.61mm, ending in an esophagus bulb. The nervous ring it was observed in the medium third of the oesophagus and the intestine ends in an opening located next to the posterior end. The tail had a length varying of 0.15-0.42mm, is located after this opening may present two types of endings: abrupt or that it sharpens gradually. The difference in the ending of the tail may suggest sexual dimorphism, although not to have been observed reproductive structures. The identification to the specific level was not possible, this pointed to the necessity of continuation of this study. The expressive population density of A.fulica observed in the conserved area less it confirms the influence of the antropic action on the dispersion of this snail. / O molusco Achatina fulica (Caramujo gigante africano) ? registrado em quase todo territ?rio nacional, havendo a possibilidade de atuar como hospedeiro de parasitos do homem. Este estudo objetivou descrever a morfologia dos est?gios larvais de nemat?ides encontrados em A. fulica, atrav?s de microscopia de luz e eletr?nica de varredura, e relacionar a preval?ncia de infec??o aos locais de coleta dos moluscos e ? atividade antr?pica. Sessenta moluscos foram coletados de abril de 2006 a abril de 2007, no munic?pio de Mesquita, RJ, transferidos para o laborat?rio, mantidos em terr?rios, medidos e dissecados para verifica??o da infec??o, distribui??o dos cistos pelos tecidos do molusco, coleta dos cistos e obten??o das larvas. Procedeu-se a fixa??o e o processamento para microscopia de luz e eletr?nica de varredura. A ocorr?ncia de A. fulica na ?rea menos conservada foi maior que na ?rea mais conservada. Por?m n?o houve uma rela??o significativa entre a intensidade de infec??o aos locais de coleta e ? atividade antr?pica. Quatorze moluscos (23%) estavam infectados e o maior n?mero de cistos verificado por molusco foi de 130 e o menor de 01, em moluscos que apresentavam 106 e 55mm de comprimento de concha, respectivamente. Foi observada uma forte correla??o entre o tamanho do molusco e o n?mero de cistos encontrados e maior concentra??o destes na cavidade paleal, 87%. Desse total, 49% estavam na ?rea mais vascularizada e 38% na menos vascularizada da cavidade. Os cistos apresentavam formato esf?rico, colora??o rosada e mediam de 0,97 a 1,57mm de di?metro e na maioria das vezes com uma ?nica larva que se encontrava envolvida por um material amorfo. Foram recuperadas 222 larvas encistadas. Destas, 30 foram utilizadas no estudo morfol?gico. O comprimento das larvas variou de 2,57 a 5,8mm, sendo classificados em: pequeno at? 3,5mm; m?dio de 3,53 a 4,5mm e grande - acima de 4,52mm. O comprimento m?dio das larvas nos tr?s grupos foi de 2,85; 3,87 e 5,23mm, respectivamente, e a m?dia total de 4,2mm. As larvas apresentavam cut?cula branca, brilhante e estriada no sentido transversal e linha lateral at? a extremidade posterior do corpo. Na extremidade anterior, observa-se a boca provida de tr?s l?bios, com anf?dios e papilas, seguida por um es?fago musculoso com comprimento m?dio de 0,61mm, terminando em um bulbo esofagiano. O anel nervoso foi observado no ter?o m?dio do es?fago e o intestino termina em uma abertura localizada pr?ximo ? extremidade posterior. A cauda, com comprimento variando de 0,15 a 0,42mm, se forma a partir desta abertura e apresenta dois tipos de termina??es: abrupta ou que afina gradativamente. A diferen?a na termina??o da cauda pode sugerir dimorfismo sexual, apesar de n?o terem sido observados prim?rdios de ?rg?os reprodutores. Com os resultados obtidos n?o foi poss?vel a identifica??o ao n?vel espec?fico, havendo dessa forma a necessidade de continua??o deste estudo. A densidade populacional expressiva de A. fulica observada na ?rea menos conservada confirma a influ?ncia da a??o antr?pica sobre a dispers?o deste molusco.

El mal pronòstic en una neoplàsia epitelial està associada a l'adquisició de característiques mòbils o invasives per part de les cèl·lules canceroses. Aquesta transformació morfològica es denomina transició epiteli-mesènquima (TEM). Snail és un factor de transcripció implicat en aquest procés, responsable de reprimir l'expressió de l'E-cadherina. Aquest treball demostra que Snail té la capacitat de reprimir l'expressió de MUC1 i VDR a través de la seva unió directa a caixes de reconeixement situades en els diferents promotors proximals. A més, la sobreexpressió d'Snail en diverses línies cel·lulars provoca un augment dels nivells d'ARNm de ZEB1 i un increment de l'activitat del seu promotor. L'activitat del promotor mínim d'Snail i els seus nivells d'ARNm depenen de la senyalització d'ERK. Finalment, hem demostrat que Snail i WT1, un regulador positiu de l'expressió de l'E-cadherina, competeixen per unir-se al promotor de l'E-cadherina i regular la seva transcripció. / The poor prognosis in epithelial neoplasia is associated with the acquisition of motile or invasive properties by the cancerous cells. This morphological transformation is often referred to as epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). The Snail transcription factor is involved in this process by repressing the expression of E-cadherin. In this study we demonstrate the capacity of Snail to repress both MUC1 and VDR transcription by direct binding to specific sequences within their proximal promoter. Moreover, Snail overexpression in several cell lines induces ZEB1 mRNA and increases its promoter activity. The activity of the Snail minimal promoter is dependent on the ERK signaling pathway. Finally, we have demonstrated that Snail and WT1, a positive regulator of E-cadherin expression, compete for the binding to the E-cadherin promoter in order to regulate its transcription.