It has been 10 years since SNG was introduced to Taiwan mass media now, it is more indispensable for the news resources. The new technology, however, originally designed as a transmission tool, has been being used as a breadcasting unit, which causes lots of comment. Due to lack of powerful control and effective supervision, mistakes are always made, so we must look for solution from them. My research is based on ET News Station to discuss whether the new technology has any influence on news definition, news-finding ways and sending procedure or not. By the way of risiting advanced administrators and working staff by Q&A sheets, problems can be found and the keys to them should be set up as a reference for the future staff. The outcome as follows: 1. The use of SNG can be viewed as a change for news resources. More remarkably, SNG, a transmission tool, has been turned into a news producing unit. Besides, it becomes more independent and speedy in News broadcasting. 2. The change of news broadcasting tool definitely the process of dealing with TV news. The change also gives much pressure on TV news staff, which causes the trouble that the professional education training can¡¦t follow up the change. 3. The producing process of news broadcasting has changed by following the new technology. With the quick development of Internet, mass media administrators don¡¦t build up rules to exert SNG properly. 4. TV news media didn¡¦t adjust its organization management while using the new technology. So it is hard to judge whether TV station can play a good role for our society or not. 5. It is expected that the amendment of TV news organization can avoid unnormal competition. It also can apply with the market need. But the media staff still care much about the influence on whether the watching rate is high or not.

L’objectif de la thèse est de fabriquer des structures catalytiques washcoatées de taille centimétrique pour différentes réactions catalytiques comme le vaporeformage et le pré-reformage, le SNG (Substitute Natural Gas) et le MTP (Methanol to Propylene). L’étude de l’utilisation de ces structures alternatives aux catalyseurs extrudés conventionnels utilisés dans l’industrie est la conséquence des contraintes opératoires (gradients de pression et de température) et leur influence sur les coûts opératoires (endommagement des matériaux, désactivation des catalyseurs, perte de charge dans les réacteurs, etc.). Le dépôt des catalyseurs sur les architectures céramiques et métalliques a été possible grâce à l’étude minutieuse du comportement des solides catalytiques en suspension dans un milieu liquide. Le contrôle de paramètres comme la chimie de surface et la rhéologie a été nécessaire pour acquérir une maîtrise nécessaire afin d’obtenir des pièces catalytiques avec un dépôt homogène, stable mécaniquement et non fissuré. / L’objectif de la thèse est de fabriquer des structures catalytiques washcoatées de taille centimétrique pour différentes réactions catalytiques comme le vaporeformage et le pré-reformage, le SNG (Substitute Natural Gas) et le MTP (Methanol to Propylene). L’étude de l’utilisation de ces structures alternatives aux catalyseurs extrudés conventionnels utilisés dans l’industrie est la conséquence des contraintes opératoires (gradients de pression et de température) et leur influence sur les coûts opératoires (endommagement des matériaux, désactivation des catalyseurs, perte de charge dans les réacteurs, etc.). Le dépôt des catalyseurs sur les architectures céramiques et métalliques a été possible grâce à l’étude minutieuse du comportement des solides catalytiques en suspension dans un milieu liquide. Le contrôle de paramètres comme la chimie de surface et la rhéologie a été nécessaire pour acquérir une maîtrise nécessaire afin d’obtenir des pièces catalytiques avec un dépôt homogène, stable mécaniquement et non fissuré.

Dans le contexte de la transition énergétique, les grandes technologies de stockage d’énergie à grande échelle sont considérées comme l’une des options qui peut faciliter une pénétration élevée des sources d’énergie renouvelables. La thèse est concentrée sur l’évaluation de la mise en œuvre le Power-to-Gas sur le marché énergétique roumain, qui a enregistré une croissance significative des énergies renouvelables et les enjeux auxquels devra faire face. Après avoir établi l’approche générale, les deux voies techniques du Power-to-Gas, l’Hydrogène et SNG, sont techniquement dimensionnés et économiquement évalués du point de vue des investisseurs dans deux scénarios temporels (2015 et 2030), afin d’évaluer la situation économique actuelle et les prix appliqués pour atteindre une rentabilité positive. Les résultats indiquent que des facteurs de grande capacité sont nécessaires afin de compenser les coûts d’investissement élevés, mais même dans cette situation un prix élevé est nécessaire pour la faisabilité économique, 68,1 Euro / MWh pour la voie Hydrogène et 112 Euro/MWh pour Power-to Gas SNG. Le marché d’équilibrage est également étudié comme un marché à haute valeur ajoutée dans le contexte français, avec des résultats indiquant une amélioration de 4% de la NPV, mais soulignant également les limites dans le cadre de l’analyse. Un avantage significatif, en termes d’impact GWP et utilisation de l’énergie fossile, a été identifié dans l’évaluation du cycle de vie de base de plusieurs scénarios d’alimentation au gaz, qui a également révélé l’importance de la source d’électricité utilisée pour la compression d’hydrogène. / In the energy transition context, large scale energy storage technologies are considered as one of the options that can facilitate a high penetration of renewable energy sources. The Thesis focuses on evaluating the implementation of Power-to-Gas in the Romanian energy market that recorded a significant growth in the share of renewables and will potentially face the related issues. After establishing a general approach, the two technical pathways of Power-to-Gas, Hydrogen and SNG, are technically sized and economically evaluated from an investor’s point of view in two temporal scenarios (2015 and 2030), in order to assess the current economic feasibility and the required price premiums that have to be put in place in order to reach a positive business case. Results indicate that high capacity factors are needed to compensate for the high capital costs, but even in this situation price premiums are required for economic feasibility, 68.1 Euro/MWh for the Hydrogen pathway and 112 Euro/MWh for Power-to-Gas SNG. The balancing market is also investigated as a high-value market in the French context, with results indicating a 4% improvement in NPV, but also highlighting the limitations of the proposed analysis framework. A significant benefit in terms of GWP impact and fossil energy use has been identified in. the basic life cycle assessment of multiple Power-to-Gas scenarios that also revealed the importance of the source of electricity used for hydrogen compression.

SNG衛星製播作業利用衛星傳輸訊號，克服時間空間障礙，為電視新聞產製過程帶來革命性的轉變。以SNG進行即時新聞傳輸的作法即為俗稱之現場連線，過去文獻關於SNG現場連線對電視新聞影響之探討包括主管決策面的轉變、新聞內容層次的轉變，電視新聞產製流程的轉變、編輯台地位的轉變及記者個人角色的轉變等等。 本文由新聞專業性的角度切入，探討SNG現場連線後，電視新聞記者在專業性上的轉變為何，研究結果發現電視新聞記者認為SNG現場連線後，最受衝擊的首為新聞專業能力應予提升，其次為新聞專業自主與新聞專業知識在SNG現場連線出現後，更為電視新聞記者強調，最不受重視的則為新聞記者社會責任的提升。在媒介組織對SNG的後勤支援方面，研究發現新聞專業性與記者對媒介組織後勤支援的要求成正比，專業性程度愈高的電視新聞記者，愈期待媒介組織在SNG現場連線時能給予相關的配套措施。

Fossil fuels dominate the world energy supply today and the transport sector is no exception. Renewable alternatives must therefore be introduced to replace fossil fuels and their emissions, without sacrificing our standard of living. There is a good potential for biofuels but process improvements are essential, to ensure efficient use of a limited amount of biomass and better compete with fossil alternatives. The general aim of this research is therefore to investigate how to improve efficiency in biofuel production by process development and co-generation of heat and electricity. The work has been divided into three parts; power cycles in biofuel production, methane production via pyrolysis and biofuels from renewable electricity. The studies of bio-based methanol plants showed that steam power generation has a key role in the large-scale biofuel production process. However, a large portion of the steam from the recovered reaction heat is needed in the fuel production process. One measure to increase steam power generation, evaluated in this thesis, is to lower the steam demand by humidification of the gasification agent. Pinch analysis indicated synergies from gas turbine integration and our studies concluded that the electrical efficiency for natural gas fired gas turbines amounts to 56-58%, in the same range as for large combined cycle plants. The use of the off-gas from the biofuel production is also a potential integration option but difficult for modern high-efficient gas turbines. Furthermore, gasification with oxygen and extensive syngas cleaning might be too energy-consuming for efficient power generation. Methane production via pyrolysis showed improved efficiency compared with the competing route via gasification. The total biomass to methane efficiency, including additional biomass to fulfil the power demand, was calculated to 73-74%. The process benefits from lower thermal losses and less reaction heat when syngas is avoided as an intermediate step and can handle high-alkali fuels such as annual crops. Several synergies were discovered when integrating conventional biofuel production with addition of hydrogen. Introducing hydrogen would also greatly increase the biofuel production potential for regions with limited biomass resources. It was also concluded that methane produced from electrolysis of water could be economically feasible if the product was priced in parity with petrol. / <p>QC 20121127</p>

The project¡§M-Taiwan¡¨which is now developed in a 5 year - 500 billion NT public construction plan, is a WiMAX based policy of national information and communication development. The research, basing on well-constructed PWLAN in the future, discusses the possibility of ¡§real time news transmission¡§, which put into place by the alternative way of SNG date transmission, the wireless network transmission, and evaluates the plan according to finance modules. The research is founded on documents collecting, interviews with experts, finance module evaluation. The research presents a business mode providing in time news transmission service by wireless network, and names it as WNG (Wireless News Gathering). The goal is to provide the same transmission quality as current SNG, but lower cost and simple process. The plan is to operate a company, offering rental or sales of WNG cars, for replacing the SNG car. And the company applies WVPN from WISP in order to supply transmission service of voice & image and guarantees the security. The first target market is for public media. For common people use is the second. The company is positioned as a wireless network based industry, offering in time data connection. The finance evaluation appears that, under discount rate 3.95%, the project will gain a net present value of 65,463,081 during 7 years operation in a common market. The Internal rate of return is 73%, which is much higher than 18%, the remuneration rate of common new creation industries. The innovative project is with high profit and fast cost recovery. Followed by sensitivity analysis, we know that the project is affected the most by sales income and operation cost, and is affected the least by capital expense. Thus, in order to avoid the price competitions after the competitors come into the industry, at the beginning the company may increase the investment of capital, to raise the barrier of the induction, and to defer the competition. Increasing the sales volume and lowering the risk of cost variation is the key point for industry survival. The company shall be aggressive in marketing or exploring the applying in all aspects in order to improve sales volume, and shall have good internal control to down cost and then promote profit. We find that the wireless network is full of possibilities and imagination as the M-Taiwan project indicated. The appliance service is wide of the range. The research is only one of the applicable models. Following researches may be going toward to killing class appliance and the industries across integration services.

The diploma thesis includes proposals suitable for usage of the technologies for clearing the biogas into a quality of substitute natural gas (SNG). The most suitable technology is chosen for the clearing the biogas out of the septic tanks of the laboratory for biologically decomposable waste treatment at Institute of process and environmental engineering. There is a calculation , a proposal and a realisation of the experimental unit for clearing the biogas performed.

Klimatförändringar är den enskilt största utmaningen som mänskligheten står inför under 2000-talet. För att ta itu med denna utmaning förutses förnybara energikällor en stor ökning av andelen primärenergi globalt. Den naturliga variabiliteten hos sol och vind kräver att energilagring används tillsammans med dem för en energisystemövergång. Power-to-Gas (PtG) -teknologier erbjuder en attraktiv lösning genom att möjliggöra omvandling av elektrisk energi till vätgas eller metan, vilket möjliggör integration över nätverk och sektorövergripande integration. Denna avhandling undersöker lönsamheten för en PtG-anläggning med enprimär applikation för att producera syntetisk metan (SNG) för injektion av naturgas(NG). En teknik-ekonomisk modell skapades för att simulera anläggningens drift under ett år och extrapolera resultaten för projektets livslängd. Modellen designades baserat på ett pilotprojekt som utvecklades i Frankrike med namnet HYCAUNAIS och har använt partner-samt litteraturdata för bearbetning. På grund av begränsningar i den lokala NG-nätkapaciteten undersöktes era scenarier som inkluderade att lägga till ytterligare investeringar som möjliggör ökad driftstid och intäktsströmmar, inklusive: fast elpris eller day-ahead (DA) marknadsdeltagande; nätuppgradering för ökad NG-nätkapacitet; och CH4 och H2 mobilitet. Elektrolysörers deltagande i frekvensbegränsningsreserven (FCR) ansågs också förökad lönsamhet. Resultaten visade att standardfallsscenariot (inga ytterligare investeringar) med deltagande på DA-elmarknaden var det mest attraktiva när det gäller tre undersökta mål: nettonuvärde (NPV), återbetalningsperiod (PBP) och nivåniserad metankostnad (LCOM). Driftstiden för standardfallet befanns vara cirka 90% av året; produktionen hindrades inte av begränsad nätkapacitet tillräckligt för att anse ytterligare investeringar nödvändiga. Vidare bör deltagande på DA-marknaden bestämmas av en upphörd betalningsvilja (WTP) för el i motsats till marginell vinst (MP). Att använda WTP som avgörande faktor tillät ökade driftstimmar och lägre LCOM. Men i alla undersökta scenarier var inga lönsamma; vilket innebär att marknadsförhållandena fortfarande måste förbättras kraftigt innan PtG kan få fart. En känslighetsanalys gjordes på standardfallsscenariot för att se vilka parametrar som påverkar lönsamheten mest och bör vara i fokus för vidare forskning och utveckling. SNG-taxan visade sig vara den mest inytelserika på NPV, vilket krävde att en tariff på minst 188 e=MWh (120 e=MWh användes för modellering) för att vara lönsam. Elpriset var det näst mest inytelserika och krävde ett genomsnittligt marknadspris på 25 e=MWh för att vara lönsamt. Eftersom PtG-teknik kan ge era externa fördelar som inte realiseras ekonomiskt av investerare, kan intäktsgenerering av dem ge ett sätt att förbättra lönsamheten. Detta inkluderar nätbalansering och exibilitet, avkolning, lägre nätkostnader ochförbättrad energisäkerhet. Sammanfattningsvis måste kapitalkostnaderna för utrustning,elpriser och avgifter i samband med dessa samt taxor för gröna gaser förbättras dramatiskt för att SNG-produktionen ska vara en attraktiv lösning för minskning och avkolning av el. / Climate change is the single largest challenge facing humanity in the 21st century. To tackle this challenge, renewable energies are seeing a large increase in primary energy share globally. The natural variableness of solar and wind requires energy storage to be used in conjuction with them for an energy system transition. Power-to-Gas (PtG) technologies offer an attractive solution by allowing conversion of electrical energy to hydrogen or methane, enabling cross-energy-network and cross-sectoral integration. This thesis investigates profitability of a PtG plant with a primary application of producing synthetic methane (SNG) for natural gas (NG) grid injection. A techno-economical model was created to simulate plant operation over one year and extrapolate the results for the project lifespan. The model was designed based off of a pilot project being developed in France named HYCAUNAIS and used partner as well as literature data for processing. Due to limitations inlocal NG grid capacity, several scenarios were investigated that included adding additional investments that allow increased operational time and revenue streams, including: fixed electrical price or day-ahead (DA) market participation; mesh upgrade for increased NG grid capacity; and CH4 and H2 mobility. Electrolyser participation in the frequency containment reserve (FCR) was also considered for increased profitability. The results determined the standard case scenario (no additional investments) with participation in the DA electricity market was the most attractive in terms of three objectives investigated: net present value (NPV), payback period (PBP) and levelized cost of methane (LCOM). The operational hours of the standard case was found to be approximately 90% of the year; production was not hindered by limited grid capacity sufficiently to deem additional investments necessary. Further, participation in the DA market should be determined by a cut-off willingness to pay (WTP) for electricity as opposed to marginal profit (MP). Using WTP as the determining factor allowed increased operational hours and lower LCOM. However, in all of the scenarios investigated, none were profitable; meaning that market conditions still need to greatly improve before PtG can gain momentum. A sensitivity analysis was done on the standard case scenario to see which parameters influence profitability the most and should be the focus of further research and development. The SNG tariff was found to be the most influential on NPV, requiring a tariff of at least 188 e=MWh (120 e=MWh was used for modeling) to be profitable. Electricity price was the second most inuential and required an average market price of 25 e=MWh to be profitable. As PtG technologies can provide several external benefits that are not economically realized by investors, monetization of them could provide a means of improving profitability. This includes, grid balancing and exibility, decarbonization, lower grid costs and improved energy security. Inconclusion, capital costs of equipment, electricity prices and fees associated to them, and tariffs for green gases all need to improve dramatically for SNG production tobe an attractive solution for electricity curtailment and decarbonization.

Sverige strävar efter ett mer hållbart samhälle och har som mål att nå netto nollutsläpp av växthusgaser till atmosfären år 2045. Företag som agerar i Sverige måste därmed göra stora omställningar för att målet ska kunna nås. I detta arbete har möjligheten att ersätta SSAB Borlänges fossila bränslebehov i varmvalsningsprocessen med gas från termisk förgasning undersökts. Genom litteraturstudier, behovsanalys, beräkningar och modellering i Excel har fyra fallstudier med olika förgasningskoncept utvärderats. En stor utmaning har varit att finna lösningar för hantering av de stora värmelasterna i varmvalsningsugnarna. I fallstudierna har olika strategier tillämpats för att hantera dessa; gasmotorer, balansering med gasklocka eller uppgradering till SNG som lagras i kryogena behållare. Ett fall med inköp av biobränslebaserad flytande naturgas (bio-SNG) från externa producenter har också utvärderats. Den tekniska genomförbarheten samt den ekonomiska insatsen och vinningen har utvärderats för att hitta det bästa alternativet. Fallet med gasklockan (Fall 1b) visade på bäst ekonomisk prestanda med en internränta på 1,6%, en återbetalningstid på 21 år och tillverkningskostnad på 518 kr/MWh. Detta är sämre än nuvarande lösning som kostar 470 kr/MWh. De känsligaste faktorerna för kostnaden är biomassans och fossila bränslets priser. Även investeringskostnaden har stor inverkan. En stor fördel med nya lösningen är minskningen av SSAB:s användning av fossila bränslen med cirka 850 GWh som ersätts av förnybar gas. / Sweden strives for a more and more sustainable society and aims to reach the net zero emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere by 2045. Companies that operate in Sweden must therefore make major changes to achieve that goal. In this project, the possibility of replacing SSAB Borl¨anges fossil fuel needs in the hot-rolling process with gas from thermal gasification has been investigated. Through literature studies, needs analysis, calculations and modeling in Excel, four case studies with different gasification concepts have been evaluated. One major challenge has been to find solutions for handling the large heat loads in the hot-rolling furnaces. In the case studies, different strategies have been applied to address these; gas engines, balancing with a gasholder or upgrading to SNG that are stored in cryogenic containers. A case of purchasing biofuel-based liquid natural gas (bio-SNG) from external producers has also been evaluated. The technical feasibility as well as the financial stake and profit have been evaluated to find the best option. The case with the gasholder (Case 1b) showed the best economic performance with an IRR of 1.6%, a payback period of 21 years and manufacturing cost of 518 SEK/MWh. This is worse than the current solution, which costs 470 SEK/MWh. The most sensitive factors are the price of biomass and fossil fuels. The investment cost also has a great impact. A major advantage of the new solution is the reduction of SSAB’s use of fossil fuels with about 850 GWh being replaced by renewable gas.

Artificial Magnetic Materials (AMMs) are a subgroup of metamaterials which are engineered to provide desirable magnetic properties not seen in natural materials. These artificial structures are designed to provide either negative or enhanced positive (higher than one) relative permeability. AMMs with negative permeability are used to develop Single Negative (SNG), or Double Negative (DNG) metamaterials. AMMs with enhanced positive permeability are used to provide magneto-dielectric materials at microwave frequencies where the natural magnetic materials fail to work efficiently. AMMs are realized by embedding metallic resonators in a host dielectric. These inclusions provide desirable magnetic properties near their resonance frequency. Artificial magnetic materials used as SNG, or DNG have many applications such as: sub-wavelength cavity resonators, sub-wavelength parallel-plate wave guides, sub-wavelength cylindrical and spherical core–shell systems, efficient electrically small dipole antennas, super lenses, THz active devices, sensitivity enhancement near-field probes using double and single negative media, and mutual coupling reduction between antennas. On the other hand, artificial magnetic materials used as magneto-dielectrics have other applications in developing enhanced bandwidth efficient miniaturized antennas, low profile enhanced gain antennas using artificial magnetic superstrates, wide band woodpile Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) structures, EBGs with enhanced in-phase reflection bandwidth used as artificial magnetic ground planes. In this thesis, several advances are added to the existing knowledge of developing artificial magnetic materials, in terms of analytical modeling, applications, realization, and experimental characterization. To realize AMMs with miniaturized unit cells, new inclusions based on fractal Hilbert curves are introduced, and analyzed. Analytical models, numerical full wave simulation, and experimental characterization are used to analyze, and study the new structures. A comprehensive comparison is made between the new inclusions, and perviously developed inclusions in terms of electromagnetic properties. The new inclusions have advantages of miniaturization, and less dispersion when compared to the existing structures in the literature. To realize multi-band AMMs, unit cells with multiple inclusions are proposed, designed, and analyzed. The new unit cells can be designed to give the desired magnetic properties either over distinguished multiple frequency bands, or over a single wide frequency band. Numerical full wave simulation is used to verify the proposed concept, and analytical models are provided for design, and optimization of the new unit cells. Unit cells with different configurations are optimized to get a wideband responce for the effective permeability. Space mapping technique is used to provide a link between analytically optimized structures, and full wave numerical simulation results. Two new methods are proposed for experimental characterization of artificial structures using microstrip, and strip line topologies. Using numerical results, the effect of anisotropy on the accuracy of the extracted parameters are investigated, and a fitting solution is proposed, and verified to address this challenge. New structures based on 2nd , and 3rd order fractal Hilbert curves are fabricated, and characterized using microstrip line, and strip line fixtures. Experimental results are presented, and compared with numerical results. The new experimental methods have advantages of lower cost, easier to fabricate and measure, and smaller sample size when compared to the existing methods in the literature. A new application is proposed for use of magnetic materials to develop wide band artificial magnetic conductors (AMC). Analytical models, and numerical analysis is used to validate the concept. A new ultra wideband AMC is designd, and analysed. The designed AMC is used as the ground plane to develop a low profile high gain ultra wide band antenna. The designed antenna is simulated, and its return loss, and gain is presented over a wide range of frequencies. A comprehensive study is presented on the performance of AMMs for the application of miniaturized antennas. A miniaturized antenna, using fractal Hilbert metamaterials as substrate, is fabricated, and measured. Measurement results are presented, and compared with numerical results. A parametric study is presented on the effect of the constitutive parameters of the artificial substrate on the performance of the miniaturized antenna. In this study, the effect of magnetic loss of AMM on the gain, and efficiency of the antenna, as well as the effect of dispersion of AMM on the bandwidth of the antenna is investigated.