In December 2004, at the SoDIS® (Software Development Impact Statements) symposium in Auckland, an industry certification as a method of credentialing teachers and analysis of SoDIS was mooted. SoDIS, a process of ethics-based risk assessment and analysis of downstream risk to project and software stakeholders, including the public, is currently in the process of progressing from prototype to commercial product. Certification was proposed to ensure the integrity of the process and the quality of service to stakeholders.Certification sponsored by industry, commercial organisation, or professional association (collectively referred to as industry certification, or certification) has been a form of credentialing for over half a century. Industry certification was adopted by the IT industry when Novell, Inc. began testing and certifying IT industry and IT network professionals in 1986 (Cosgrove, 2004; Novell, 1996). Global certification testing centres were established in 1990 by Drake International (now Thomson Prometric) (Foster, 2005).During the 1990s, industry certification became a veritable juggernaut: a "multi-billion dollar business" (Cosgrove, 2004, p. 486), an industry that has arisen in its own right (Adelman, 2000) and driven by several dynamics (Hitchcock, 2005). In 2000 there were over 300 discrete IT certifications with approximately 1.6 million individuals holding approximately 2.4 million IT certifications (Aldelman, 2000). The total number of available certifications is impossible to quantify (Knapp & Gallery, 2003). Many academic institutions both at tertiary and secondary level are integrating industry certification, especially IT certification, into their curricula.Is industry certification, however, a pedagogically robust form of credentialing? Does it have value to its stakeholders? Is it an appropriate form of credentialing for the SoDIS process? This research, using both Phenomenography and Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) as a joint methodology, focuses on the experiences of actors with the phenomenon of industry certification and extracts both the essence of the understanding and perceptions of the value and validity of industry certification, and the essence of industry certification itself.Due to the vast amount of literature found describing industry actors' perceptions of and experiences within the phenomenon, the research is predominantly literature-based. Further data was collected from interviews with a small, purposive sample of industry certification holders and employers, with the research further informed by my own experiences within the domain which is the focus of the research. The methodology paradigm is interpretive: the research aims to interpret the social construction that is the phenomenon of industry certification.While this research does not attempt to single out specific industry certifications to determine their value or pedagogical robustness, the findings suggest that, in general, well designed and well administered certifications with integrity and rigour of assessment processes, are indeed pedagogically sound, with significant value. The research identifies both benefit and criticism elements of typical certifications, along with elements of the various certification programmes categorised into standard (typical), and more rigorous (less typical) certification programmes.The research develops and presents a paradigm for building an appropriate vendor specific or vendor neutral certification programme that is pedagogically sound with value for its stakeholders. The contrasts and complementary aspects of industry certification and academic qualifications are highlighted. It is therefore concluded, and supported by data from the interviews, that such a credential is indeed appropriate for teachers and analysts of SoDIS.

SODIS (Solar Water Disinfection) é uma tecnologia simples para tratamento de água no pontode- uso, sendo uma alternativa importante para disponibilizar água em situações de emergência ou onde não há acesso à água potável. A ação concomitante entre a temperatura e a radiação ultra violeta do sol provoca a morte dos microorganismos presentes na água. Este estudo avaliou a eficiência de inativação de coliformes totais e Escherichia coli pela técnica SODIS para as águas de chuva (coletada em telhado), de poço freático e de manancial superficial (reservatório), sob as condições climáticas de verão de Porto Alegre, RS. Foram ainda, realizados ensaios para verificar se ocorreu o recrescimento dos microorganismos após 24 e 48 horas do término da exposição ao sol. Também foram determinadas as constantes de decaimento das bactérias utilizando a Lei de Chick para representar o declínio dos microorganismos. Os ensaios de SODIS foram realizados em batelada, utilizando garrafas PET transparentes de 1,5 L, expostas ao sol por um período de 6 h. O mesmo número de garrafas era mantido à sombra pelo mesmo período, como controle. As temperaturas do ar e da água e a radiação ultravioleta foram monitoradas ao longo dos ensaios. Os valores médios de remoção de concentrações de E. coli no SODIS nas amostras das águas analisadas variaram entre 98,8 a maior do que 99,99%; para coliformes totais as reduções médias nas amostras variaram entre 90,00 – 99,99%. Não houve recrescimento de microorganismos após 24 e 48 horas seguindo-se ao término da exposição solar. As constantes de decaimento para coliformes totais e E. coli foram, respectivamente, 0,2979 h-1 e 0,9397 h-1, confirmando as observações de que E. coli é mais sensível a desinfecção. Os coeficientes de determinação para a equação da Lei de Chick foram de 0,938 (E. coli) e 0,877 (coliformes totais). Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que as águas de chuva e de poço freático tratadas com SODIS atingiram os padrões microbiológicos recomendados pela Organização Mundial da Saúde, o que não ocorreu com as amostras de água do reservatório superficial estudado. / SODIS (Solar Water Disinfection) is a simple techhnology for point-of-use drinking water treatment, and can be used during emergencies or in sites without running water. The joint action of high temperature and ultraviolet radiation causes the die-off of microrganisms. This study evaluated the removal of total coliforms and Escherichia coli using SODIS to disinfect water from rain (collected in roofs), from well and from surface water (reservoir) under the climate conditions of Porto Alegre, RS. Essays were also conducted to see if bacteria regrowth occurred after 24 and 48 h after the end of the SODIS test. In addition, bacterial decay coefficients were calculated using the Chick´s Law as model. SODIS essays were performed in batch reactors using 1.5 L transparent PET bottles exposed to the sunlight for 6 h.The same number of bottles were kept in the shadow, as a control. Air and water temperatures and ultraviolet radiation were monitored hourly. E. coli mean removals in samples from the three sources of water varied between 98,8% to greater than 99,99%. The mean reductions for total coliforms varied between 90.0% to 99.99%. Microorganism regrowth was not observed after 24 and 48 h. Decay coefficients for coliforms and E. coli were, respectively, 0.2979 h-1 e 0.9397 h-1, confirming the observation that E. coli is more sensitive than total coliforms to SODIS. Coefficients of determination for Chick´s Law equation were 0.938 (E. coli) and 0.877 (total coliform). The results from this research indicate that water from rain and well , but not reservoir, achieved the World´s Health Organization drinking water guidelines for drinking water with low risk of disease acquisition.

SODIS (Solar Water Disinfection) é uma tecnologia simples para tratamento de água no pontode- uso, sendo uma alternativa importante para disponibilizar água em situações de emergência ou onde não há acesso à água potável. A ação concomitante entre a temperatura e a radiação ultra violeta do sol provoca a morte dos microorganismos presentes na água. Este estudo avaliou a eficiência de inativação de coliformes totais e Escherichia coli pela técnica SODIS para as águas de chuva (coletada em telhado), de poço freático e de manancial superficial (reservatório), sob as condições climáticas de verão de Porto Alegre, RS. Foram ainda, realizados ensaios para verificar se ocorreu o recrescimento dos microorganismos após 24 e 48 horas do término da exposição ao sol. Também foram determinadas as constantes de decaimento das bactérias utilizando a Lei de Chick para representar o declínio dos microorganismos. Os ensaios de SODIS foram realizados em batelada, utilizando garrafas PET transparentes de 1,5 L, expostas ao sol por um período de 6 h. O mesmo número de garrafas era mantido à sombra pelo mesmo período, como controle. As temperaturas do ar e da água e a radiação ultravioleta foram monitoradas ao longo dos ensaios. Os valores médios de remoção de concentrações de E. coli no SODIS nas amostras das águas analisadas variaram entre 98,8 a maior do que 99,99%; para coliformes totais as reduções médias nas amostras variaram entre 90,00 – 99,99%. Não houve recrescimento de microorganismos após 24 e 48 horas seguindo-se ao término da exposição solar. As constantes de decaimento para coliformes totais e E. coli foram, respectivamente, 0,2979 h-1 e 0,9397 h-1, confirmando as observações de que E. coli é mais sensível a desinfecção. Os coeficientes de determinação para a equação da Lei de Chick foram de 0,938 (E. coli) e 0,877 (coliformes totais). Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que as águas de chuva e de poço freático tratadas com SODIS atingiram os padrões microbiológicos recomendados pela Organização Mundial da Saúde, o que não ocorreu com as amostras de água do reservatório superficial estudado. / SODIS (Solar Water Disinfection) is a simple techhnology for point-of-use drinking water treatment, and can be used during emergencies or in sites without running water. The joint action of high temperature and ultraviolet radiation causes the die-off of microrganisms. This study evaluated the removal of total coliforms and Escherichia coli using SODIS to disinfect water from rain (collected in roofs), from well and from surface water (reservoir) under the climate conditions of Porto Alegre, RS. Essays were also conducted to see if bacteria regrowth occurred after 24 and 48 h after the end of the SODIS test. In addition, bacterial decay coefficients were calculated using the Chick´s Law as model. SODIS essays were performed in batch reactors using 1.5 L transparent PET bottles exposed to the sunlight for 6 h.The same number of bottles were kept in the shadow, as a control. Air and water temperatures and ultraviolet radiation were monitored hourly. E. coli mean removals in samples from the three sources of water varied between 98,8% to greater than 99,99%. The mean reductions for total coliforms varied between 90.0% to 99.99%. Microorganism regrowth was not observed after 24 and 48 h. Decay coefficients for coliforms and E. coli were, respectively, 0.2979 h-1 e 0.9397 h-1, confirming the observation that E. coli is more sensitive than total coliforms to SODIS. Coefficients of determination for Chick´s Law equation were 0.938 (E. coli) and 0.877 (total coliform). The results from this research indicate that water from rain and well , but not reservoir, achieved the World´s Health Organization drinking water guidelines for drinking water with low risk of disease acquisition.

Orientador: Jose Euclides Stipp Paterniani / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T17:15:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_MarceloJacominiMoreirada_D.pdf: 4911036 bytes, checksum: 621ab01f5e1f061dd69cb5599e64882b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: presente trabalho estudou a melhoria da qualidade de esgoto sanitário tratado com a utilização de pré-filtração em pedregulho, filtração lenta com e sem carvão ativado, cloração, radiação ultravioleta (UV) e radiação solar em fluxo contínuo (SODIS). A unidade piloto constituía um pré-filtro de pedregulho em camadas com fluxo ascendente cujo efluente é destinado a dois filtros lentos com meio filtrante composto de areia com 40cm de espessura (num dos filtros foi inserida, uma camada de 10cm de espessura de carvão vegetal ativado granulado) e 3 camadas de mantas sintéticas não tecidas instaladas no topo da camada de areia seguindo de desinfecção foi realizada em três sistemas paralelos: cloração com hipoclorito de sódio; radiação UV com reator do tipo tubular e lâmpada bactericida submersa; radiação SODIS em fluxo contínuo. O pré-filtro de pedregulho apresentou eficiência de remoção de sólidos em suspensão, atenuou ainda, os picos de concentração de sólidos em suspensão e turbidez no efluente, garantido ao afluente dos filtros lentos menor variabilidade das suas características qualitativas. Os filtros lentos, com e sem carvão granulado, tiveram comportamentos semelhantes com relação a evolução da perda de carga e os resultados mostraram que a utilização do carvão ativado proporciona melhor remoção das impurezas, avaliadas pelos parâmetros adotados. A desinfecção com radiação UV atingiu eficiência próxima a cloração sendo um processo alternativo com menor risco de formação de produtos carcinogênicos, como os trialometanos. A radiação solar (SODIS) não atingiu valores adequados, uma vez que a temperatura no efluente não chegou à 50ºC, e apresentou problemas relativos à proliferação de algas. Concluiu-se que a utilização de tais tecnologias, além de serem de custo baixo e de simples operação e manutenção, conferem ao efluente melhores características físicas e biológicas, de tal modo que se pode adequar o efluente para o reúso em atividades de irrigação e o lançamento em corpos d'água / Abstract: The current work demonstrates the viability of domestic wastewater quality improvement by the slow filtration preceded roughing filtration and disinfection by ultraviolet and solar radiation. The pilot plant is constituided of two slow sand filters with 40 cm sand layer thickness and 3 layers of synthetic non woven fabrics installed in the top of the sand layer. Besides, in one of the filters there was inserted 10 cm thickness of granulated vegetal coal. The roughing filter presented efficiency of 22.5% in suspended solids removal, and 22.8% in turbidity removal. The slow filter with granulated coal s, had similar behaviors with the slow sand filter with only sand, regard to evolution of the head loss, so the initial average value was 6.2cm and 7.1cm, respectively. The average of the filtration run was of 40days. The results showed that the use of granulated coal better provides removal of the water impurities. The disinfections systems are installed after the filters. The efficiencies of removal in the slow filter with sand and blanket and of the slow filter I only contend sand coal and weaveeed blanket had not been, respectively: 28% and 36% for solids in suspension, 33% and 43% for turbidez, 26% and 39% for apparent color, 57% and 74% for total coliformes and 70% and 73% for E.coli. The chlorination has done with pump whose applies 2mg_-1 NaOHCl. The UV reactor has tubular layout. The SODIS reactor has continuous flow, TDH = 4hours. The use of such technologies was concluded that, beyond being of cost low e of simple operation and maintenance, confers to effluent the better physical and biological characteristics, being possible still to increase this efficiency with the use of granulated coal. The use of any insumo chemical is still standed out not during the treatment of the effluent one, becoming the applicable process in communities whose infrastructure is precarious. The evaluated system if still gives to adjust the water for reúso in activities that do not demand potable quality / Doutorado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Doutor em Engenharia Civil

Orientador: Jose Euclides Stipp Paterniani / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T19:14:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dedini_Denise_M.pdf: 3982873 bytes, checksum: 127e10ee6b1c23954d0179d570c4b2fe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo / Abstract / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Orientador: Rodrigo Máximo Sánchez-Román / Resumo: As atividades humanas no geral são extremamente dependentes da água. Entretanto, a utilização deste indispensável recurso na geração de energia, abastecimento humano, lazer, indústria e na agricultura, quando realizada de maneira inadequada, pode comprometer sua qualidade. Assim, faz-se necessário incorporar na irrigação a prática do reúso, utilizando, por exemplo, água residuária tratada (ART). Desta forma, os objetivos deste trabalho foram: avaliar a viabilidade do uso de água residuária tratada por dois sistemas distintos, tanque séptico + SODIS + 125 mg L-1 H2O2 (ARTS) e alagados construídos (ARTAC), através da irrigação por gotejamento nas culturas alface, beterraba e rabanete, em termos de produção, contaminação por Escherichia coli, e eficiência do uso da água (EUA); calcular o percentual de macronutrientes fornecido pela ARTS e ARTAC; e verificar a uniformidade do sistema de irrigação operando com elas. As hortaliças foram cultivadas a campo com cinco composições da lâmina de irrigação 0, 25, 50, 75 e 100% de ARTS e ARTAC. Durante a condução do experimento foram realizadas análises físicas, química e microbiológicas na ART. Após a colheita foram realizadas análises biométricas, de produtividade e microbiológicas nas amostras de hortaliças, como também a uniformidade do sistema de irrigação. A irrigação com ARTS e ARTAC proporcionou melhor rendimento de todas as hortaliças se comparado ao plantio convencional (0% ART). Os dois sistemas avaliados e as quatro composições... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Human activities in general are extremely dependent on water. However, the use of this indispensable resource in power generation, supply, industry and agriculture, when improperly performed, may compromise its quality. Thus, it is necessary to incorporate the practice of reuse in irrigation, using for example, treated wastewater (TW). Thus, the objectives of this work were: to evaluate the feasibility of using wastewater treated by two distinct systems, septic tank + SODIS + 125 mg L-1 H2O2 (TWST) and constructed wetlands (WTCW), through drip irrigation in lettuce, beet and radish crops in terms of yield, Escherichia coli contamination, and water use efficiency (WUE); calculate the percentage of macronutrients provided by TWST and WTCW; and verify the uniformity of the irrigation system operating with TWST and WTCW. The vegetables were field grown with five irrigation depth compositions 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% TWST and WTCW. During the conduction of the experiment, physical, chemical and microbiological analyzes were performed at TW. After harvesting, biometric, yield and microbiological analyzes were performed on the vegetable samples, as well as the uniformity of the irrigation system. Irrigation with TWST and WTCW provided better yield of all vegetables compared to conventional planting (0% TW). Both evaluated systems and the four irrigation depth compositions (with TW) made it possible to produce vegetables free of E. coli contamination, classifying them as suitable for r... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

No description available.

D. Tech. (Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences), Vaal University of Technology. / Cholera is a waterborne disease caused by toxigenic strains of Vibrio cholerae. The spread of cholera in developing countries has largely been imputed to the unavailability of proper water treatment and sanitary infrastructure as well as poor hygiene. In order to prevent the contraction and spread of cholera the use of solar disinfection (SODIS) to treat water in waterborne endemic communities has been recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). SODIS is a water sterilizing method that relies on natural sunlight to improve the microbiological quality of water. During SODIS the culturability of the water contaminating microorganisms is inactivated by the ultraviolet component of solar radiation. The success of SODIS treatment of water in alleviating the risks associated with the contraction of waterborne diseases such as cholera has been attributed to the effectiveness, with which the water is treated, simple application as well as low cost of materials required. Currently SODIS research has been dominated by studies geared towards understanding how the microbial inactivation occurs, enhancement of the disinfection process and health impact assessments. However, little to no research has been directed towards exploring the role played by the immune system following the consumption of the solar irradiated water pathogens such as V. cholerae. SODIS of microorganisms in water results in immunologically important microbial states and components that could induce an immune reaction or response. In view of the role of dendritic cells in shaping an immune response, the effect that solar irradiated V. cholerae in water has on the immunochemistry of the dendritic cells in vitro was investigated. Prior to the stimulation of the dendritic cells with the solar irradiated cultures of V. cholerae, the first objective required an evaluation on the impact that solar irradiation has on the production and secretion of the cholera toxin by V. cholerae in water. The results from this evaluation showed that solar ultraviolet radiation was incapable of inducing the secretion of the cholera toxin. Furthermore, there was extensive DNA degradation in the solar irradiated cultures of V. cholerae. The second objective was to investigate the ability for solar irradiated cultures of V. cholerae in water to induce the phenotypic maturation of immature dendritic cells in vitro. In order to achieve this objective, solar and non-solar irradiated, chemically/ heat inactivated and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) prepared cultures of V. cholerae as well as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cholera toxin-β (CTB) subunit were each used to stimulate immature dendritic cells. After 48 hours of stimulation the dendritic cells were assessed for the expression of CD54, CD80, CD83, CD86, MHC-I and MHC-II on their cell membrane. The results showed an increase in the expression of all the maturation phenotypic markers with CD54, CD86 and MHC-I being the most prominent ones on the surface of the dendritic cells stimulated with solar irradiated cultures of V. cholerae. The third objective was to assess the profile of the cytokines and chemokines secreted by the dendritic cells following their stimulation with solar and non-solar irradiated, chemically/heat inactivated and PBS prepared cultures of V. cholerae as well as LPS and CTB subunit. After 48 hours of dendritic cell stimulation the tissue culture media from each treatment was quantitatively and qualitatively analysed for the presence of interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, IL-15, IL-23, IL-27, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, MIP-1β, MIP-2, Regulated on Activation, Normal T cell Expressed and Secreted (RANTES) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. The analysis revealed that solar irradiated cultures of V. cholerae induced dendritic cells to secrete significant levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in comparison to the unstimulated dendritic cells. Furthermore the profile of the cytokines and chemokines secreted by the dendritic cells in response to the solar irradiated cultures of V. cholerae in water was similar to that required to induce a T- helper (Th) Th2 immune response. The fourth objective was to assess the expression of the toll like receptor (tlr) genes by the dendritic cells following their stimulation with solar and non-solar irradiated, chemically/heat inactivated and PBS prepared cultures of V. cholerae as well as LPS and CTB subunit. After 48 hours of stimulation total RNA was extracted from the dendritic cells and subjected to real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT qPCR) assay for tlr 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12 and 13. The results showed no significant increase or decrease in the expression of most tlr genes in comparison to the unstimulated dendritic cells. This observation is synonyms with dendritic cell maturation. Taken together these findings show that solar irradiated cultures of V. cholerae were able to induce the maturation of immature dendritic cells in vitro. Furthermore dendritic cells stimulated with solar irradiated cultures of V. cholerae produced pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The results from this study suggests that the consumption of SODIS treated could provide immunological benefits.