Les reïnes epoxi són monòmers àmpliament utilitzats degut a les bones propietats que s'obtenen una vegada que el material està curat. El procés d'entrecreuament d'aquests monòmers presenta alguns problemes. Durant el procés de curat té lloc una disminució del volum o contracció que dóna lloc a l'aparició de porus i esquerdes i per tant un empitjorament de les propietats mecàniques i de la capacitat de recobriment. Altres problemes associats a aquests materials és la fragilitat i la no degradabilitat, sent aquest últim un greu inconvenient des del punt de vista medioambiental.L'objectiu d'aquest treball ha estat disminuir la fragilitat i la contracció de materials termoestables i augmentar la seva degradabilitat. Per aconseguir-ho les reïnes epoxi s'han copolimeritzat amb lactones, ja que està descrit que la reacció entre epòxids i lactones dóna com a intermedis els espiroortoesters, que són compostos expandibles al polimeritzar, a la vegada que permeten augmentar la proporció de grups esters a la xarxa que poden ser degradats térmica o químicament. S'han utilitzat com a catalitzadors catiònics els triflats de lantànid, ja que en un treball anterior van demostrar la seva capacitat de polimeritzar reïnes epoxi a temperatures moderades obtenint materials amb bones propietats mecàniques.Els resultats més destacats de la tesi són:- S'ha pogut, mitjançant FTIR/ATR, seguir l'evolució de les quatre reaccions que tenen lloc durant la polimerització de reïnes epoxi amb lactones de cinc membres: l'homopolimeritzacio de l'epòxid, la copolimerització de l'epòxid amb la lactona obtenit-se els espiroortoesters (SOE), la copolimerització de l'epòxid amb el SOE format i l'homopolimerització del SOE. A més, s'ha pogut confirmar que el procés d'iniciació té lloc a través de la formació de dues espècies actives. - La copolimerització de reïnes epoxi amb lactones ha permès augmentar la degradabilitat d'aquests sistemes degut a un increment de grups esters a la xarxa. - La copolimerització de DGEBA amb lactones ha permès reduir la contracció després de la gelificació i per tant s'ha disminuït la formació de porus i esquerdes.- La utilització de diferents triflats de lantànid ha permès veure que a l'augmentar l'acidesa de Lewis del catió augmenta la constant de velocitat del procés global. / The curing of thermosetting materials is generally accompanied by shrinkage because covalent bonds form between chains and increase the density of the materials. This shrinkage leads to internal stress in the material, reduces adhesion to the substrate, and produces microvoids and microcracks, which reduce the durability of the material to worse the properties.Shrinkage during curing could be reduced or eliminated using monomers that polymerize without contraction or even with expansion. Ring-opening polymerization leads to less shrinkage than that produced by polycondensation or polyaddition, because not only small molecules are not eliminated in the polymerization, but for every bond that changes from a van der Waals distance to a covalent distance there is another bond that changes front a covalent to a van der Waals distance. Thus, the ring-opening polymerization of bicyclic monomers [(spiroorthoesters (SOE)] is a good strategy for obtaining non-shrinkable resins that can be applied in adhesives, coatings or composites.The classical synthetic procedure for obtaining SOEs is to react lactones with epoxides in the presence of a Lewis acid as a catalyst. In this way, cationic crosslinking of mixtures of epoxy resins with lactones could take place with little shrinkage because SOE groups are formed during this process.The cationic catalysts were lanthanide triflates because in previous studies, we have demonstrated that lanthanide triflates are Lewis acid that can completely cure diglycidylic and cycloaliphatic epoxy resins.The results of this study have been:- Using FTIR/ATR, we have shown that there were four elemental reactive processes during the copolimerization of epoxy groups and lactones of five members: homopolymerization of epoxy groups, formation of SOE by reaction of epoxy groups and lactones, copolimerization of SOE and epoxy groups and homopolimerization of SOE. The initiation process takes place through two active species.- The copolimerization of epoxy groups and lactones led to increase ester groups in the polymeric networks and this led to increase its degradability.- The addition of lactones to the curing of epoxy groups reduced the contraction after gelation, and this led to lower internal stress. - When Lewis acidity of lanthanide cation is increased, the catalyst becomes more active and the curing process accelerates.

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Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Thema Beteiligungsmanagement und der damit verbundenen Steuerung öffentlicher Unternehmen auf kommunaler Ebene. Der Ausgangspunkt der Untersuchung ist die Erkenntnis, dass eine Kommune keine absolute Kontrolle über ihre öffentlichen Unternehmen ausüben kann und sollte. Stattdessen wird angenommen, dass im Zuge einer effizienten Steuerung eine Fokussierung auf relevante Themen, Bereiche und Aktivitäten der öffentlichen Unternehmen erfolgt. Da die Steuerung öffentlicher Unternehmen aufgrund der Vielzahl involvierter Akteure nur schwierig zu untersuchen ist, steht in der vorliegenden Analyse die speziell für das kommunale Beteiligungsmanagement eingerichtete „Organisationseinheit Beteiligungsmanagement“ im Mittelpunkt. Die Forschungsfrage lautet: Welche Faktoren erklären den Steuerungsfokus einer „Organisationseinheit Beteiligungsmanagement“? Im Zuge einer explorativen Annäherung an die Forschungsfrage werden vier Perspektiven aus der Literatur verschiedener Forschungsgebiete, im Besonderen aber der Agencification-Literatur, hergeleitet: eine strukturelle, eine aufgabenspezifische, eine kulturell-vergangenheitsbezogene sowie eine umweltbezogene Perspektive. Mit Hilfe dieser Perspektiven werden sowohl verwaltungs- als auch unternehmenszentrierte Faktoren erarbeitet, deren Einfluss auf die Wahl des Steuerungsfokus untersucht wird. Das Ergebnis der explorativ-vergleichenden Fallstudie von insgesamt neun kommunalen Organisationseinheiten Beteiligungsmanagement zeigt, dass die untersuchten Faktoren entweder eine Intensivierung bzw. veränderte Verortung oder eine Diversifizierung des Steuerungsfokus erklären. Eine Diversifizierung bedeutet, dass eine Vielzahl verschiedener Fokusse berücksichtigt wird. / This paper deals with the management and control of state-owned enterprises (SOE) on municipal level. Starting point of the research is the insight that municipal actors should not and cannot exercise complete control over the municipality’s SOEs. Instead, in order to guarantee an efficient management and control, it is assumed that municipal actors will focus on crucial issues, specific business fields and certain activities of the SOEs. However, as the control of municipal SOEs is in the hands of multiple actors and stakeholders (e.g. municipal council members, SOE board members, etc.), it is difficult to explore the focal points of municipal SOE management and control in its entirety. For this reason, this paper concentrates solely on the work of the organizational unit within the municipal administration, which is in charge of controlling the SOEs and catering to the informational needs of the decision-makers in the council meetings or on the SOE boards. Hence, the research question is the following: Which factors explain the focal points of the unit “SOE management” within the municipal administration. On the basis of a thorough cross-field literature research (concentrating on international literature on SOEs, the agencification literature, as well as corporate management research), this paper utilizes four different perspectives to answer the research question in an explorative manner: a structural perspective, a task-specific perspective, a cultural-historic perspective, and an environmental perspective. Taking these perspectives as basis, this paper elaborates enterprise-specific as well as administration-specific factors that may influence the focal points of the administrative unit “SOE management”. The results of the conducted explorative case study comparing nine municipal units reveal several outcomes: The explored factors either intensify a certain focus, or they cause a different localization or a diversification of the control focuses.

The resistance of 1941-1944 is one of the more contested and intensively studied periods of Greek history, yet despite the profusion of work that exists in the period, none has discussed in depth the experience of the men who took part in the fighting. This thesis addresses this discrepancy, discussing the experience of Greek resistance fighters and British SOE operatives. The thesis addresses four main questions: Why did men enlist? How were discipline and cohesion retained? How was morale affected by men's experiences and in what ways did they try to address the problems posed? How did men experience combat and construct their personal and gendered identities? These questions are addressed in four separate chapters. The first chapter is concerned with enlistment, and argues that most resisters were driven to enlist either because they lacked any other choice or because of pressure and coercion. Such men were more often than not 'outside the pale': impoverished peasants; outlaws; and marginal intellectuals, who had nothing to lose by joining up. Motives among British irregulars were equally prosaic: boredom; a desire to escape the rigours of military life; or in the case of escaped POW's lack of any other choice. The second chapter discusses discipline. The radical politics of the resistance groups and their egalitarian ideology had a detrimental effect on discipline: guerrillas were hostile to the authority of the officers which they considered to be at odds both with the Resistance's proclamations and their irregular identities. The Resistance tried to address this problem by inventing new structures of command and authority. However, problems persisted and hindered its function throughout this period. The situation was similar in the SOE. Lack of communications, isolation and influences from the Resistance often led to a disregard for discipline, where men turned against each other, embezzled alms and become involved in black market rackets. The third chapter discusses morale. Guerrilla life was wanting in the extreme: deprivation; boredom; and the tedium of everyday chores took a heavy toll. The resistance authorities tried to address this through indoctrination and leisure activities that were used to bolster morale and imbue men with a sense of purpose. At the same time men also turned to what was familiar and appealing to cope with the strain: religion, superstition and drink. In the absence of a relevant support network, British irregulars turned to their immediate environment for support and affection, men formed friendly and intimate relations with the Greeks whose way of life and habits they adopted, thus demonstrating a strong identification with their cause. The fourth chapter focuses on combat and identity. Both Greek and British men saw their participation in the Resistance as a masculinising experience. The effects of hardship and tribulation were acknowledged but at the same time many saw them as necessary and even praiseworthy occurrences that enabled men to mature physically and psychologically and thus to lay claim to idealized heroic masculinities. The personalized nature of guerrilla warfare also enhanced these perceptions, since it enabled them to assert the values of traditional soldiery such as such as personal valour and initiative, rendering combat exhilarating and even pleasurable from many men.

China's SOE restructuring has always been an important challenge in the country's economic reform. However, despite a growing literature dealing with the macro perspective of China's SOE reform and the large national champions in the country, there have been few attempts to focus on the smaller local SOEs and their employees who also endured all these massive economic and social changes. This study, based on interviewing employees of a once successful small SOE in Suzhou China about their dramatic work-life changes, provides another angle to examine China's SOE reform. It also presents the impacts of the reform measures on a company and, more importantly, on its employees, by allowing the employees to make their own interpretation on the SOE reform and the changes. By doing so, it brings recognition to the employees of China's local SOEs who seemed to be ignored in past studies and connects the macroeconomic policies and reform measures in China's transitional period to a more concrete discussion of the actual individuals involved.

中國共產黨自1949年接替大陸之政權，奉行社會主義實行高度集中的計畫經濟體制，整個國民經濟就像一個大型工廠，導致國有企業經營績效一蹶不振。至1970年代後期，大陸體認市場機制之重要性，引進市場經濟，逐步開放國有企業之經營；而遲至1990年代後期，大陸才開始引進公司治理之概念。 就大陸近年來建立之公司治理制度，可看出其概念及具體措施是源自於國外成熟市場之制度。其本質較為偏向英美模型；而組織則採類似德國雙元制之董事會及監事會並存之架構。但由於大陸國有企業受限於國情、政治體制及政府態度之影響，導致大陸國有企業之組織雖已轉型為現代模型之公司，其體質仍存在許多問題。 以大陸國有企業改建為上市公司之股權結構觀之，主要為國有股、法人股及公眾股，各持股比例約佔流通在外股權之30﹪。而其持股比例與公司經營績效之關係，經多位學者研究，就理論而言，法人股之持股比例與公司經營績效呈現正相關；國有股與公眾股之持股比例與公司經營績效呈現負相關。因而主張國有企業改建為上市公司時，政府應減少對公司之持股，並將持股移轉予機構法人始有利於國有企業改建為上市公司之公司治理架構。然實務上，機構法人持股比例與公司經營績效呈現正相關之立論，須配以完善之市場監管制度以產生制衡機制，否則，當機構法人成為控制股東時，將能藉由移轉計價、金字塔結構等內部交易以剝削少數股東之權益。

This paper has considered the history of the Radioeurodistrict (RED) which led to the difficulty of defining the concepts of Eurodistricts and Euroregions. A literature review was undertaken initially, and further information provided by a semi-structured interview with the general secretary of the Strasbourg-Ortenau Eurodistrict (the focus area). In order to understand the objectives to create a Eurodistrict the history of an established Eurégio (Germany-Netherlands) was examined as well as a Euroregion of the Centre-east of Europe (Poland-Czech Republic). The consideration of the history of war and conflict in these European regions further facilitated the understanding of the motivations which are shown to have changed over time. Since the main focus of this paper is the SOE, the motivations to form this Eurodistrict and its specific projects were described. By considering the functioning and administration of these regions, their complexity was examined. The SOE as an EGTC was addressed in relation to the finance and the administration and the role of INTERREG was discussed. The interview greatly enhanced the understanding of the functioning of the SOE. Reasons for the failure of RED radio were surmised and failure of the Eurodistricts examined. Some evidence of failure was provided by newspaper articles from as recent as this year as well as the interviewee who spoke of some of her difficulties. In order to improve future study, weaknesses in the questions asked are addressed and further research ideas put forward.

Mixed economies gradually emerge in many countries. China is no exception. China's traditional planned economy system is limited to state-owned enterprises, which are undergoing reform. In the private sector, the market system has begun to play a dominant role. The coexistence of the planned system and the market system, as well as governmental intervention and regulated policies, constitute China's mixed economy. In this thesis, I try to evaluate Deng Xiaoping's speeches through rhetorical analysis in order to justify China's economic policies. In addition, I illustrate some historical and cultural factors that would affect Chinese ideas towards the market economy.

This paper analyzes the opportunities and challenges Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs) confronted during the economic transition from planned economy to market economy in China. In a string of SOEs reform events, Chinese government is in strong hopes of improving Chinese economic system and SOEs management efficiency by attracting foreign capital inflow. Merger and acquisition are the present global phenomenon. With current successful foreign direct investment (FDI) trends and strategies in China, more and more FDI entered the Chinese market by merging Chinese enterprises and achieved corporate goals. However, it is apparent that the motives of FDI differ from those of Chinese enterprise being merged, therefore the following potential consequences arise with China¡¦s open policy for FDI: what impacts do FDI bring to China? Does FDI in fact reform SOEs? Are SOEs¡¦ efficiency improved, in terms of financial and management, after merged by FDI? Is FDI¡¦s entry to Chinese market without difficulties? The paper intends to answer the above questions.

Mixed economies gradually emerge in many countries. China is no exception. China's traditional planned economy system is limited to state-owned enterprises, which are undergoing reform. In the private sector, the market system has begun to play a dominant role. The coexistence of the planned system and the market system, as well as governmental intervention and regulated policies, constitute China's mixed economy. In this thesis, I try to evaluate Deng Xiaoping's speeches through rhetorical analysis in order to justify China's economic policies. In addition, I illustrate some historical and cultural factors that would affect Chinese ideas towards the market economy.