The purpose of this thesis was to identify the different patterns of food consumption across space and time at Liangchengzhen, a Longshan (ca. 2600-1900 B.C.) site located in Shandong Province, China. The primary hypothesis of the research contended that evidence of increasing social inequality with respect to food consumption would be found from early to late phases at Liangchengzhen. In addition, rice and meat from mammals, especially pigs, were hypothesized as the most likely types of prestigious foods for daily and ritual activities. Fish and marine foods in general were hypothesized to be foods that average households could obtain since Liangchengzhen was close to the sea and would not have as high a value as mammal meat. Pottery was sampled from Early Phase storage/trash and ritual pits as well as Late Phase storage/trash and ritual pits located in Excavation Area One. Pottery types included ding and guan, hypothesized for cooking meat, and yan, hypothesized for steaming vegetables and grains. Lipid residue analysis was performed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GCMS) to quantify the amount of C15 and C17 alkane peaks in the pottery and compare these quantities to the amount of C15 and C17 alkane peaks in terrestrial and marine food reference sources. Results indicated that socially valued food consumption transitioned from marine food sources in the early phase ritual pits to rice and pig in the late phase ritual pits. Millet and plant residues were consistently present in storage/trash pits from both early and late phases. Findings also indicated that the use of pottery types for cooking were not limited to one source, i.e., marine, rice, millet and plant residues were found in all pottery types while pig residues were found in ding and yan pottery. Results of the lipid residue analysis provide partial support of increasing social inequality with respect to food consumption from early to late phases at Liangchengzhen, The findings from the lipid residue analysis in this thesis more closely resemble the distribution of integrative, communal consumption pattern in the early phase and a hierarchical consumption pattern during the late phase. Fish, more abundant in the early phase, was almost non-existent by the late phase. Pig and rice, hypothesized as preferred foods, were found only during the late phase, primarily in the ritual pit, H31. Millet and plant were conspicuously present during both phases, but had greater separation from ritual pits during the late phase. However, these findings are surprising since it does not match the material remains of rice and pig found in early phase pits or late phase storage/trash pits from Excavation Area One. It can be concluded that patterns of consumption at Liangchengzhen changed substantially from the early phase to the late phase with regards to food residues found in hypothesized ritual pits. Considering these data with the understanding that food in China has historically been used as a tool to wield influence and power, it can be hypothesized that a social hierarchy may have developed by the late phase that was not present during the early phase. However, participation in the activities held in late phase ritual pits may have been inclusive for all Liangchangzhen residents rather than exclusive for higher status individuals. The current research provides a starting point for further investigation into the foodways at Liangchengzhen. This thesis is the first systematic study of food residues from the interior of Neolithic vessels from ancient China that relates the results of the residue analysis to patterns of food consumption and social change.

As an introduction to the present volume several broad issues related to social complexity, order, and power are discussed briefly in terms of their conceptual utility for South America and the Andes in particular. / Como introducción al presente volumen se discuten brevemente una serie de temas amplios relacionados con la complejidad social, orden y poder en términos de su utilidad conceptual para Sudamérica y, en particular, para los Andes.

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Through a slow developmental process driven by learning and neural maturation, humans can flexibly combine a limited number of sounds into words and then into sequences (i.e., ‘combined utterances’), following syntactical rules. This enables the creation of an infinite number of utterances to convey an unlimited range of information. Whether this capacity is unique to humans or evolved from related species remains uncertain. Comparative research with non-human primates (hereafter: primates) is crucial for understanding this. In contrast to humans, the development of primate repertoires appears to be largely innate and fixed from birth. However, there is some evidence of limited vocal plasticity in certain primate species, with developmental changes linked to acoustic variations and usage learning, likely influenced by social dynamics. A recent study has revealed that adult chimpanzees, one of our closest living relatives, possess an unusual complex vocal repertoire with hundreds of non-random vocal utterances. This lead me question: are these hundreds of vocal utterances innate and present from birth or do they develop through ontogeny? If so, what processes underlie this vocal development, and do they mirror those seen in the development of human language? Therefore, this thesis aims to investigate the ontogeny of vocal sequence acquisition and their potential function in chimpanzees, using a full repertoire approach. To this aim, I conducted 9 months of focal animal sampling on 98 wild chimpanzees (0-55 years old), living in Ivory Coast. I analysed 11,397 vocal utterances from 1,807.3 hours of vocal recordings. First, I found that chimpanzees require about 10 years to reach the adult repertoire, which extends beyond the age when single vocal units emerge. The developmental trajectory of vocal sequence acquisition aligned with key developmental social milestones, supporting social complexity as a driver of vocal complexity. Moreover, neuro-muscular maturation also appears to drive vocal development. Second, I found that the combinatorial flexibility, ordering and re-combinatorial patterns are limited at birth but increase with age. Last, I found that vocal sequences may function to routinely convey combined information about juxtaposed daily life events, a crucial step in the evolution of generalised combinatorial communication. This thesis underscores the importance of studying entire vocal repertoires, including sequences, and their development. It enhances our understanding of chimpanzee communication and suggests likely shared origins and functions of complex communication systems, ultimately contributing to our knowledge of the evolution of human language.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T17:19:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 7 / Nenhuma / A relação homem natureza não é algo novo. Dentre os bens naturais, o homem explorou, desde os primórdios, as benesses do solo, exploração que, na medida em que foi avançando, passou a ser motivo de discórdia social, justificada pelo fato de que, usado o solo como fonte de subsistência, fez surgir a necessidade de acesso a esse. Esse acesso, porém, não ocorreu de forma igualitária, acarretando o desequilíbrio econômico e social da maior parte dos integrantes desta sociedade. Diante do aumento da desigualdade social, gerada pela necessidade cada vez maior de acesso a esse bem de produção e pela possibilidade restrita a alguns privilegiados da perfectibilização deste objetivo, passou a propriedade a ser cada vez mais estudada para que a sua utilização fosse destinada dentro dos anseios sociais. O presente trabalho, portanto, terá como objetivo analisar esse direito fundamental sob o prisma da categoria das expectativas normativas de Luhmann, estudando as possibilidades legais de acesso à propriedade, bem como co / The relation man nature is not something new. Amongst the natural possessions, the human being explored since the beginning, the goods of the ground. This exploration, that it was advancing in the measure, started to be reason of social discord, once being this ground used as subsistence source, there was the access necessity in order to reach out this purpose. This access, however, as it will be analyzed, was not generated in an equal way, causing, for consequence, the economic and social disequilibrium of most of the participants of this society. Considering the increase of this inequality, generated each time more for the necessity of access to this capital possession, and for the restricted possibility to the some privileged ones of this objectives, perfectibilization, beginning the property to always be more and more studied, so that its use was destined inside of the social yearnings. The present study, therefore, will have as objective to analyze this fundamental right under the normatives expectative

In this paper we present the results of two campaigns of survey in the Quebrada Orcón-Pacaybamba in the middle Chancay Valley. We also discuss the preliminary data produced from our fieldwork in terms of the local economy and site distribution for each of the different Preceramic stages on the Central Coast and in the highlands of Perú. We conclude by interpreting the evolution of several economic strategies employed by different groups occupying the Central Coast of Perú until the formation of stratified societies of the Preceramic Period. / En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de dos temporadas de reconocimiento sistemático en la quebrada Orcón-Pacaybamba, ubicada en el valle medio de Chancay. Los datos obtenidos se confrontan con la información conocida con respecto a la economía y distribución de sitios durante el Periodo Precerámico en la costa y sierra central del Perú. Finalmente, a manera de hipótesis, se exponen algunos planteamientos en relación con la evolución de las diversas estrategias económicas desarrolladas desde la llegada del hombre a la costa central del Perú hasta la formación de sociedades estratificadas al final de este periodo.

EditorialThe text doesn't have an abstract / El texto no presenta resumen

EditorialThe text doesn´t have an abstract / El texto no presenta resumen

This contribution treats some of the basic problems related to the origins of social complexity in ancient Perú and to such crucial definitions as domestication and sedentism. The necessity of including the concept of simplicity in discussions of complexity is stressed, as well as that of discerning the relevance and interrelation between simple and complex institutions. Further, the corresponding chronology of Perú also is in need of standardization and more precise definitions. Lastly, the papers included in this volume are discussed briefly. / Este aporte aborda algunos problemas básicos relacionados con el origen de la complejidad social en el Perú antiguo y la complejidad inherente de definiciones centrales como domesticación y sedentarización. Asimismo, enfatiza la necesidad de incluir lo ‘no complejo’ en la discusión de la complejidad, y de enfocar la relevancia respectiva y la interrelación entre ‘lo simple’ y ‘lo complejo’. Más aún, la cronología pertinente usada en el Perú requiere de una uniformización y definiciones más precisas. Por último, se presentan los trabajos incluidos en este número.