This thesis explores how the mining of bauxite and diamonds enabled the coexistence of regime stability and social insecurity in Guinea under the regimes of Presidents Sékou Touré (1958- 1984) and Lansana Conté (1984-2008). Expanding on Soares de Oliviera’s (2007) analytical framework of the ‘successful failed state’ and the ‘social contract’ as developed by Nugent (2010), this thesis examines how the Republic of Guinea, despite decades of political repression and the mismanagement of its mineral resources, has so far not fallen victim to the extreme consequences of the so-called ‘resource curse’. The thesis shows that Touré and Conté avoided large-scale armed conflict by using mineral resources to strengthen their regimes, which in turn facilitated the emergence of different forms of ‘social contracts’. Despite the coercive nature of both regimes, the presence of mineral resources also opened up a space for bargaining amongst actors involved in the sector including the state, local communities and private mining companies. As a result, a variety of ‘social contracts’ emerged in Guinea. Whilst artisanal mining became a key source of income for the rural population, industrial mining catered to the revenue needs of the regime in power. The thesis focuses specifically on bauxite and diamond mining in Guinea and how they contributed to the coexistence of regime stability and social insecurity in Guinea. While some studies have been undertaken on bauxite, there have not been detailed studies of the role of diamond mining in Guinea’s post independence political history. The thesis makes an original contribution in comparing and contrasting the contribution of bauxite and diamond mining to larger political dynamics. The thesis offers a clearer understanding of issues that contribute to regime stability and how the presence of mineral resources facilitates the emergence of different ‘social contracts’.

Os manuais diagnósticos de psiquiatria e as classificações internacionais de doenças vêm apontando o transtorno de conduta como um dos principais distúrbios que afetam crianças e adolescentes que vivem em meio urbano pobre. Esse trabalho investiga como a emergência e o avanço dessa categoria diagnóstica vem de encontro às transformações engendradas no cenário cultural pelo capitalismo, como a falta de empregos, aumento dos índices de violência e o constante sentimento de insegurança social. Busca se conhecer como essa categoria diagnóstica surge como uma forma de estigma e controle na sociedade contemporânea dos jovens diagnosticados, pois este transtorno é apontado como uma das explicações para causa da violência praticada por jovens. Esse estudo se deu no contexto de um ambulatório de saúde mental, num bairro pobre da cidade do Rio de janeiro, com adolescentes diagnosticados com o transtorno de conduta. Como metodologia, foi utilizada a análise do discurso dos profissionais de um ambulatório público de saúde em relação aos jovens diagnosticados. Foi feita também análise das condutas terapêuticas dos profissionais dirigidas aos jovens. Este trabalho aponta para farta prescrição de medicamentos no tratamento desses jovens diagnosticados no cotidiano, apesar das poucas evidências científicas de sua eficácia. / The diagnostics manuals of psychiatry and the international classifications of disorders are showing the derangement of the behavior like one of the most commons disorders that affect children and teenagers who live in a poor and urban environment. This work investigate how the emergency and the development of this area emerge form the transformations on the cultural scenario by the capitalism, like the lack of jobs, increase of the violence and the constant feeling of social insecurity. Search to know how this category appear like a shape of stigma and control in the contemporaneous society of those list young people, because this derangement are point like one of the explanations for the violence that those kids commit. This work was done in a context of a mental health ambulatory, on a poor neighborhood, in Rio e Janeiro, with teenagers who were diagnostic with those disorders. As methodology, were used the review of the discourse of the professionals who work in a public health ambulatory in relation to the young people who were diagnostic. At the same time we done the review of the therapeutic conduct of the professionals thought those teenagers. This work shows the extreme use of medications in the treatment of those young people, spite a few scientific evidence being really prove.

Os manuais diagnósticos de psiquiatria e as classificações internacionais de doenças vêm apontando o transtorno de conduta como um dos principais distúrbios que afetam crianças e adolescentes que vivem em meio urbano pobre. Esse trabalho investiga como a emergência e o avanço dessa categoria diagnóstica vem de encontro às transformações engendradas no cenário cultural pelo capitalismo, como a falta de empregos, aumento dos índices de violência e o constante sentimento de insegurança social. Busca se conhecer como essa categoria diagnóstica surge como uma forma de estigma e controle na sociedade contemporânea dos jovens diagnosticados, pois este transtorno é apontado como uma das explicações para causa da violência praticada por jovens. Esse estudo se deu no contexto de um ambulatório de saúde mental, num bairro pobre da cidade do Rio de janeiro, com adolescentes diagnosticados com o transtorno de conduta. Como metodologia, foi utilizada a análise do discurso dos profissionais de um ambulatório público de saúde em relação aos jovens diagnosticados. Foi feita também análise das condutas terapêuticas dos profissionais dirigidas aos jovens. Este trabalho aponta para farta prescrição de medicamentos no tratamento desses jovens diagnosticados no cotidiano, apesar das poucas evidências científicas de sua eficácia. / The diagnostics manuals of psychiatry and the international classifications of disorders are showing the derangement of the behavior like one of the most commons disorders that affect children and teenagers who live in a poor and urban environment. This work investigate how the emergency and the development of this area emerge form the transformations on the cultural scenario by the capitalism, like the lack of jobs, increase of the violence and the constant feeling of social insecurity. Search to know how this category appear like a shape of stigma and control in the contemporaneous society of those list young people, because this derangement are point like one of the explanations for the violence that those kids commit. This work was done in a context of a mental health ambulatory, on a poor neighborhood, in Rio e Janeiro, with teenagers who were diagnostic with those disorders. As methodology, were used the review of the discourse of the professionals who work in a public health ambulatory in relation to the young people who were diagnostic. At the same time we done the review of the therapeutic conduct of the professionals thought those teenagers. This work shows the extreme use of medications in the treatment of those young people, spite a few scientific evidence being really prove.

À partir d’une enquête ethnographique et comparative menée dans une station balnéaire landaise et une station de ski savoyarde, cette recherche examine les dimensions spatiales de la vie sociale des personnes qui habitent différents lieux au cours d’une même année pour travailler dans le secteur du tourisme. À l’articulation de la sociologie urbaine et des sociologies de la précarité et de la jeunesse, cette étude analyse les effets socialisateurs d’une relation discontinue à l’espace et au temps, au regard des multiples sphères de l’existence convoquées par cette discontinuité : professionnelle, résidentielle, relationnelle, conjugale, familiale et corporelle. Une approche synchronique montre d’abord comment des individus partageant une relative communauté de positions habitent de manière variable un même espace selon leurs caractéristiques sociales, leur trajectoire d’entrée et leur ancienneté dans le lieu. La comparaison entre ce qui se joue l’été dans une station littorale et l’hiver dans une station montagnarde confirme le poids des effets de lieu sur les modes d’appropriation différenciés de ces espaces et la manière dont se structure la vie sociale locale. Cette recherche permet également d’éclairer les effets sociaux de la précarité et la force socialisatrice des différentes formes d’adaptation secondaires qu’engage la discontinuité spatiale et temporelle. Pour beaucoup d’enquêtés, majoritairement âgés de moins de trente ans et issus des classes moyennes et supérieures, faire les saisons apparaît comme un moyen d’échapper provisoirement, par la mobilité, à la cristallisation d’une forme potentielle de déclassement social. Cette pratique, dans un contexte fortement marqué par la précarisation structurelle de l’emploi, s’inscrit alors dans une logique d’expérimentation associée à la jeunesse et de différemment de l’entrée dans l’âge adulte. En outre, la recherche montre comment l’ancrage local et l’attachement à un lieu de saison particulier, où la vie sociale est régie par l’interconnaissance et des relations de proximité, peuvent offrir différentes ressources face à l’instabilité et l’incertitude. Les formes de compensation symboliques à la précarité dont ces ressources deviennent les supports alimentent chez les enquêtés une forte intériorisation des contraintes sociales et de l’injonction à la mobilité portée par le capitalisme moderne. Une approche diachronique met ensuite en lumière les conditions sociales qui encadrent le parcours de bi-saisonnier mobile. Elle dévoile comment l’entrée dans le monde des saisons puis la stabilisation plus ou moins longue dans l’alternance apparaissent à la fois comme une forme de rupture avec la trajectoire antérieure mais aussi en continuité avec certaines dispositions incorporées dans le cadre familial ou professionnel. Avec l’avancée dans le cycle de vie, les contraintes induites par la vie de bi-saisonnier mobile et les faibles possibilités de projection qu’elles engagent entrent en tension avec les formes de stabilisation résidentielles, conjugales et professionnelles que suppose l’entrée dans la vie adulte. Ces tensions poussent la plupart des individus à rompre avec l’alternance saisonnière après quelques années d’expérience. Cependant, la force socialisatrice du milieu dans lequel ils ont évolué participe chez certains à une reconfiguration du destin social auquel ils étaient objectivement destinés au regard de leur milieu d’origine ou de leur trajectoire scolaire. Cette reconfiguration peut se matérialiser par la sédentarisation dans un lieu touristique investi temporairement au départ. / With the comparative ethnographic studies of a seaside resort in Les Landes and a Savoy ski resort as a starting point, this research examines the spatial dimensions of the social lives of people who inhabit different places within a same year to work in the tourism sector. Joining urban sociology and the sociology of youth and social insecurity, this study analyses the socializing effects of a discontinuous relationship to time and space, in the light of the multiple spheres of existence impacted by this discontinuity: professional, residential, conjugal, relational, domestic and corporeal. A synchronic approach first shows how individuals sharing a relative similarity in their positions inhabit a same space differently depending on social characteristics, their trajectory and their history at the resort. The comparison between what goes on in the summer at the seaside resort and in the winter at the mountain resort confirms the weight of place on the different appropriations of these spaces and the way local social life is structured. This research also sheds light on the social effects of social insecurity and the socializing power of different forms of secondary adaptation that spatial and temporal discontinuity engages. For many subjects, mostly under the age of 30 from middle – upper class backgrounds, being a seasonal worker appears to be a temporary way of escaping the crystallization of a potential social downgrading by staying mobile. This practice, in a context strongly marked by the structural precariousness of employment, fits into an experimentation logic linked to youth as opposed to entering adult life. Furthermore, this research shows how local anchoring and the attachment to a particular seasonal resort, where life is ruled by interconnections and local relationships, offer different resources to cope with instability and incertitude better. The symbolic ways of compensating for social insecurity for which these resources become the backing nourish a strong internalization of social coercion and the injunction to be mobile carried by modern capitalism. A diachronic approach then brings the social conditions that surround the course of a bi-seasonal mobile worker’s life to light. It shows how entering the seasonal working world and the stabilization in this alternating lifestyle seems to be both a break from the trajectory prior to it but also a continuity of certain dispositions previously assimilated in the home or professional spheres. With the advancement of life, the constraints of bi-seasonal mobile life, and the little outlook they entail, come into conflict with residential, domestic, marital and professional forms of stabilization that the characterizes the entrance into adult life. These conflicts eventually lead most individuals to stop the seasonal alternating lifestyle after a few years experience. However the socializing force of the social environment they have evolved in leads to a reconfiguration of their social destiny for some, which they where objectively destined to by their background or their education trajectory. This reconfiguration can materialize in the form of the settlement in a touristic place that had been inhabited temporarily in the first place.