Abstract Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a disease that has trebled in incidence over the last 25 years, affecting both adults and increasingly children. The rapid increase of the disease mirrors the gradients of social position and income distribution, and parallels the accelerated environmental changes witnessed with the rise of neoliberal capitalism. This research situates neoliberal capitalism as a collection of political and economic policies that form an ideology suited to protect discrete elite interests. The current ideology has permeated all social aspects of society, including education and healthcare. Therefore, it is argued that the practice of healthcare and the education of healthcare students are shaped by the sociopolitical environment in which they exist. Ten best-selling postsecondary textbooks in pathology, pathophysiology, and disease processes were selected for content analysis to determine if the interpretation of type 2 diabetes in pathophysiology textbooks reflects neoliberal thinking. The data were interpreted within the tradition of critical discourse analysis and theoretically enriched using Foucault’s descriptions of governmentality, biopolitics, and discursive formations. The results indicate that notions consistent with neoliberal capitalism permeate pathology textbooks in the understandings of type 2 diabetes. Consistent with how neoliberal thought embodies and explicates social conditions, type 2 diabetes is described in a way that stresses iii self-responsibility and culpability for falling ill. The texts also impart the importance of biomedical industry interventions for the treatment of the sick and the surveillance of the healthy. Finally, in a way that substantiates the degradation of the environment and retrenchment of social welfare policies, the textbooks fail to make any reference to the ecological factors that contribute to type 2 diabetes, including urbanisation and the propagation of food deserts, environmental toxins, income inequality, the steepening of the social gradient, and the deleterious effects of globalisation on human nutrition.

Justificativa: Internações por Condições Sensíveis à Atenção Primária (ICSAP) são utilizadas como medida da efetividade da atenção à saúde e menores taxas estão associadas ao maior acesso à Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS). Poucos estudos utilizam instrumentos que medem a qualidade da APS e seu efeito nas taxas de internações. Esse estudo buscou identificar fatores individuais, contextuais e dos atributos da APS, medidos nas Equipes de Saúde da Família (ESF), associados com a variação das ICSAP. Métodos: Estudo ecológico das taxas de ICSAP e sua associação com as variáveis preditoras na população de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, entre 2010 e 2013, analisadas por um modelo multinível. Resultados: Do total de 447.500 internações, excluídos os partos, 85.211 foram ICSAP, correspondendo a 19% do total de Internações. Dessas, 50,8% ocorreram em mulheres, 33% em menores de 18 anos, 32% em adultos e 35% em maiores de 60 anos. As taxas padronizadas anuais de ICSAP entre 2010 e 2013, foram maior nos homens (114,5/10.000) que nas mulheres (107,1/10.000). A vulnerabilidade socioeconômica da população está fortemente associada com o comportamento das taxas de internação. O aumento de 10% na população de alto risco ampliou em 4 ICSAP por 10.000 mulheres e em 3 ICSAP por 10.000 homens. Enquanto um aumento de 10% na população de baixo risco, uma redução de 6 ICSAP em mulheres e 5 nos homens, em cada Unidade Básica de Saúde. Nas análises realizadas na população adulta e idosa, para os grupos de doenças agudas e crônicas mais prevalentes nessa faixa etária, o aumento de uma unidade a mais no escore de qualidade da APS, reduz a taxa de ICSAP em 4% ao ano nas mulheres idosas com doenças crônicas. Conclusão: A utilização das ICSAP como medida da efetividade da APS/SF deve ter seu escopo ampliado, incluindo, além das características individuais e dos serviços, as socioeconômicas. Os melhores escores de qualidade da APS tem efeito significativo na redução das taxas de internações por condições crônicas, em mulheres idosas, ao longo dos anos. Como a vulnerabilidade socioeconômica esteve fortemente relacionada ao comportamento das taxas de ICSAP, esses achados reforçam a importância da APS na redução das iniquidades, ao atender uma população idosa e vulnerável, em um contexto de grandes desigualdades, como é o caso dessa metrópole brasileira. / Introduction. Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions (ACSC) have been used as a measure of the effectiveness of Primary Health Care (PHC). Few studies have, however, analysed changes in the rates of these hospitalizations using instruments that measure the quality of PHC and its effect on admission rates. This study aimed to identify individual factors, with the variation of ACSC. Methods. Ecological study of ACSC rates and their association with the predictor variables in the population of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, between 2010 and 2013, analyzed by a multilevel model. Results. Of the total 447,500 admissions, excluding births, 85,211 were ICSAP, corresponding to 19% of total admissions. Of these, 50.8% occurred in women, 33% under 18, 32% in adults and 35% over 60 years. The annual standardized rates ACSC between 2010 and 2013 were higher in men (114.5 /10,000) than in women (107.1/10,000). The socio-economic vulnerability of the population is strongly associated with the trends of hospitalization rates. The 10% increase in high-risk population expanded by 4 and 3 ACSC per 10,000 women and men, respectively. While an increase of 10% in low-risk population, a reduction of 6 and 5 ACSC per 10.000 in women and men in each Basic Health Unit. In the analyzes in adults and the elderly, for most prevalent acute and chronic diseases in this age group, the increase of one more unit in the APS quality score, reduces ICSAP rate of 4% per year in older women with chronic diseases. Conclusion. The PHC best quality scores have significant effect in reducing hospitalization rates for chronic conditions in elderly women over the years. As the socioeconomic vulnerability was strongly related to the behavior of ACSC rates, these findings reinforce the importance of PHC in reducing inequities, particularly in large inequalities contexts, as in the case of a Brazilian metropolis. And reinforce the need to expand the assessment of the scope to use ACSC as a mesure of effectiveness of PHC, considering the individual, services and socio-economic characteristics.

La loi du 04 mars 2002 relative aux droits des malades et à la qualité et à la qualité du système de santé et la loi HPST (Hôpital, Patients, Santé et Territoires) de 2009 qui accorde un cadre légal à l’éducation thérapeutique ont promu l’autonomie du patient en favorisant sa participation aux décisions médicales. L’autogestion de la maladie chronique voulue par les pouvoirs publics en fournissant ces outils juridiques pour améliorer la qualité de soins, a suscité notre intérêt pour programme d’éducation thérapeutique destiné à des patients insuffisants rénaux en pré-dialyse. L’un des objectifs est de favoriser la liberté des patients à choisir une méthode de dialyse. Dans notre travail de thèse, nous avons voulu montrer comment les déterminants sociaux des décisions médicales et ceux liés aux choix d’une méthode de dialyse sont construits. Si en France, les patients semblent davantage se tourner vers une prise en charge à l’hôpital, dans certains pays, c’est le pluralisme médical qui est de mise. L’exercice de l’auto-analyse a montré le poids de l’économique, de la culture, de la famille dans les choix de santé.Par ailleurs, la place de l’éducation thérapeutique dans le processus décisionnel n’est pas figée : l’éducation thérapeutique peut être complémentaire à la pratique médicale, être un outil d’aide à la décision pour certains patients insuffisants rénaux ou être utilisée par les médecins pour favoriser l’observance décisionnelle des patients. Nous avons montré que les patients et les médecins se basent sur plusieurs facteurs qui peuvent influencer la nature de la délibération.Cette étude a montré que le choix est réseauté et que les décisions sont construites car elles sont basées sur des interactions et des stratégies médicales. Ces déterminants permettent également de comprendre comment la confiance est construite dans le processus décisionnel. Tantôt distribuée, tantôt déplacée, la confiance est explicative du type d’information que le patient priorise. Le choix réseauté du patient amène finalement à la relativisation du modèle de décision médicale partagée qui semble de plus en plus avoir un caractère normatif dans la relation entre professionnels de santé et patients. / The law of March 04th, 2002 on the rights of patients and the quality of the health system and the law HPST (Hôpital, Patients, Santé et Territoires) of 2009 that grants legal framework for patients’ education, have promoted the patient’s autonomy by encouraging his participation in medical decisions. Self-management of chronic illness as favoured by public authorities in providing the legal tools to improve the quality of care has aroused our interest in patient education programs for patients with renal failure in pre-dialysis. One of the objectives of this program is to allow patients free choice when deciding on the method of dialysis.Our thesis aims to underline how the social determinants at work in medical decisions and those involved in the choice of a dialysis method are constructed.In France, patients seem to favor hospital patient care, but in some countries, medical pluralism is more frequent. The exercise of self-analysis has revealed the significant part played by economy, culture and family in health choices.Moreover, the part played by patient education in the decision-making process is neither fixed nor pre-determined: patient education can complement medical practice, can be a decision support tool for some kidney patients or be used by doctors to promote patient decision-making compliance.We have shown that patients and physicians rely on several factors that may influence the nature of the discussion.This study reveals that the choice is networked and that the decisions that are made are the outcome of several interactions and medical strategies. These determinants also help to understand how trust develops and leads to decision-making.Sometimes distributed, sometimes shifted, trust accounts for the type of information prioritized by the patient. The networked choice of the patient finally puts the shared decision-making model into perspective as it increasingly seems to have a normative character in the relationship between health professionals and patients.

This Master's thesis called "Labour as a Social Determinant and its Influence on the Health of Medical Staff in Selected Hospitals" is divided into two main sections. The first section summarizes current knowledge from both Czech and world literature from the field of social determinants related to health and labour. The second part of this work deals with the aim of the research, data collection and data processing methods as well as with the very evaluation of the output information and a discussion of the results elicited. The theoretical part is divided into four chapters and consists of basic issues related to the aim of this Master's thesis. The first chapter describes social determinants of health from various points of view. One of the chapter's components is a description of a current conception of these determinants. The second chapter deals with the construct of health, its definition and its conception. Last but not least it treats health as a determiner. The third chapter summarizes a social determinant of labour and labour-related terms. The author is further concerned with the importance of work for humans and with labour safety and hygiene. The fourth and last chapter is dedicated to public health of the Czech republic, its history, the system of health care and further focuses on the structure and services of Ostrov hospital and Sokolov hospital. The aim of this Master's thesis is proposed in the empirical part of this work. The aim was to map the influence of labour as a social determinant of the health of medical staff in selected hospitals. Next, constitutive objectives were established. Their purpose was to map the impact of workplace relationships and their influence on the overall health of medical staff as well as the impact of working environment including salary, working hours, work agenda and workplace security on the overall health of medical staff. The following hypotheses were assessed in connection with the objectives of this work: H1: Workplace relations of medical staff affects their overall health. H2: Salary affects the overall health of medical staff. H3: Working hours affects the overall health of medical staff. H4: Work agenda affects the overall health of medical staff. H5: Workplace safety affects the overall health of medical staff. Based on the statistical testing hypotheses 1, 3 and 4 were confirmed. Hypotheses 2 and 5 were not confirmed. The enquiry within the framework of this Master's thesis was conducted using a quantitative research. The interviewing method and the technique of questionnaire were used for data acquirement. The questionnaire was composed from questions regarding the matter of inquiry, questions evaluating subjective health of the respondents, questions related to the occupation of the people addressed. The round of questions was finally targeted at the issue of respondents' health vs. their work. The questionnaire was anonymous. The research distribution was accomplished via Deputy Minister of health care in both hospitals. The research file was formed by a medical staff who work in Sokolov hospital and Ostrov hospital. The resulting data were entered and processed using SPPS program vision 16.0 and 23.0 (Statistical Package for Social Science). The data were further evaluated and processed via graphs and tables in absolute numbers and percentages. After the evaluation of all questions in the questionnaire I reached a conclusion that labour as a social determinant of health has impact on the health of medical staff. I shall also assume that the majority of respondents were quite positive while rating the overall complacence with their jobs. Their complacence appears despite the mental rather than physical demand which undoubtedly goes with medical careers as well as despite their work conditions and workplace relationship which all impact their overall health.

Justificativa: Internações por Condições Sensíveis à Atenção Primária (ICSAP) são utilizadas como medida da efetividade da atenção à saúde e menores taxas estão associadas ao maior acesso à Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS). Poucos estudos utilizam instrumentos que medem a qualidade da APS e seu efeito nas taxas de internações. Esse estudo buscou identificar fatores individuais, contextuais e dos atributos da APS, medidos nas Equipes de Saúde da Família (ESF), associados com a variação das ICSAP. Métodos: Estudo ecológico das taxas de ICSAP e sua associação com as variáveis preditoras na população de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, entre 2010 e 2013, analisadas por um modelo multinível. Resultados: Do total de 447.500 internações, excluídos os partos, 85.211 foram ICSAP, correspondendo a 19% do total de Internações. Dessas, 50,8% ocorreram em mulheres, 33% em menores de 18 anos, 32% em adultos e 35% em maiores de 60 anos. As taxas padronizadas anuais de ICSAP entre 2010 e 2013, foram maior nos homens (114,5/10.000) que nas mulheres (107,1/10.000). A vulnerabilidade socioeconômica da população está fortemente associada com o comportamento das taxas de internação. O aumento de 10% na população de alto risco ampliou em 4 ICSAP por 10.000 mulheres e em 3 ICSAP por 10.000 homens. Enquanto um aumento de 10% na população de baixo risco, uma redução de 6 ICSAP em mulheres e 5 nos homens, em cada Unidade Básica de Saúde. Nas análises realizadas na população adulta e idosa, para os grupos de doenças agudas e crônicas mais prevalentes nessa faixa etária, o aumento de uma unidade a mais no escore de qualidade da APS, reduz a taxa de ICSAP em 4% ao ano nas mulheres idosas com doenças crônicas. Conclusão: A utilização das ICSAP como medida da efetividade da APS/SF deve ter seu escopo ampliado, incluindo, além das características individuais e dos serviços, as socioeconômicas. Os melhores escores de qualidade da APS tem efeito significativo na redução das taxas de internações por condições crônicas, em mulheres idosas, ao longo dos anos. Como a vulnerabilidade socioeconômica esteve fortemente relacionada ao comportamento das taxas de ICSAP, esses achados reforçam a importância da APS na redução das iniquidades, ao atender uma população idosa e vulnerável, em um contexto de grandes desigualdades, como é o caso dessa metrópole brasileira. / Introduction. Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions (ACSC) have been used as a measure of the effectiveness of Primary Health Care (PHC). Few studies have, however, analysed changes in the rates of these hospitalizations using instruments that measure the quality of PHC and its effect on admission rates. This study aimed to identify individual factors, with the variation of ACSC. Methods. Ecological study of ACSC rates and their association with the predictor variables in the population of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, between 2010 and 2013, analyzed by a multilevel model. Results. Of the total 447,500 admissions, excluding births, 85,211 were ICSAP, corresponding to 19% of total admissions. Of these, 50.8% occurred in women, 33% under 18, 32% in adults and 35% over 60 years. The annual standardized rates ACSC between 2010 and 2013 were higher in men (114.5 /10,000) than in women (107.1/10,000). The socio-economic vulnerability of the population is strongly associated with the trends of hospitalization rates. The 10% increase in high-risk population expanded by 4 and 3 ACSC per 10,000 women and men, respectively. While an increase of 10% in low-risk population, a reduction of 6 and 5 ACSC per 10.000 in women and men in each Basic Health Unit. In the analyzes in adults and the elderly, for most prevalent acute and chronic diseases in this age group, the increase of one more unit in the APS quality score, reduces ICSAP rate of 4% per year in older women with chronic diseases. Conclusion. The PHC best quality scores have significant effect in reducing hospitalization rates for chronic conditions in elderly women over the years. As the socioeconomic vulnerability was strongly related to the behavior of ACSC rates, these findings reinforce the importance of PHC in reducing inequities, particularly in large inequalities contexts, as in the case of a Brazilian metropolis. And reinforce the need to expand the assessment of the scope to use ACSC as a mesure of effectiveness of PHC, considering the individual, services and socio-economic characteristics.

Introdução: A incorporação das equipes de saúde bucal (ESB) na Estratégia da Saúde da Família (ESF) buscou induzir às práticas inovadoras no cuidado, possibilitando melhor qualidade de vida aos cidadãos e com mais saúde bucal. As experiências relatadas têm demonstrado, de forma geral, um melhor acesso aos serviços, ampliação dos procedimentos coletivos, integração das equipes, principalmente em grandes centros urbanos. Poucos estudos têm demonstrado resultados efetivos na saúde bucal da população. Objetivos: Analisar o perfil epidemiológico de saúde bucal em adolescentes escolares de 12 e de 15 a 19 anos em municípios de pequeno e médio porte populacional do Rio Grande do Sul (RS) avaliando: influência da presença ou não das ESB na ESF em indicadores de saúde bucal; associação de variáveis contextuais e determinantes sociais na variação da prevalência de cárie não tratada e perda dentária entre os anos de 2003 e 2011; a distribuição temporal e espacial da cárie dentária e dos indivíduos livres de cárie por idade e macrorregião do RS. Método: Em 2011 foram selecionados 36 municípios com até 50.000 habitantes que participaram do levantamento epidemiológico em 2003, e destes, 19 municípios com ESB e 17 sem ESB na ESF. Foram realizados exames bucais em 3.531 jovens escolares de 12 e de 15 a 19 anos por quatro cirurgiões dentistas treinados segundo critérios da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS,1997). Dados demográficos, situação socioeconômica, escolaridades dos pais, uso e acesso aos serviços de saúde foram coletados em questionários estruturados. A saúde bucal foi avaliada por indicadores de cárie dentária como média de dentes cariados, perdidos e obturados (CPO-D), prevalência de cárie não tratada, perda dentária, indivíduos livres de cárie e taxas de variação de cárie não tratada e dentes perdidos em oito anos (2003 e 2011). Os indicadores para doença gengival foram a prevalência em pelo menos um sextante com sangramento e prevalência de cálculo dental. Prevalência da dor de dente relatada nos últimos seis meses foi outro indicador avaliado. A presença ou ausência da ESB na ESF do município foi a principal variável explicativa, além de outros fatores relativos ao município como macrorregião, porte, presença e anos de fluoretação das águas, Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDHM), Coeficiente Gini, produto interno bruto (PIB) per capita, taxa de mortalidade infantil, percentual de população rural, taxas de escolaridade, analfabetismo, pobreza, taxa de habitantes por cirurgião dentista, taxa de cobertura da primeira consulta odontológica e do procedimento coletivo de escovação dentária supervisionada. As variáveis de análise relacionadas aos indivíduos foram idade, sexo, escolaridade da mãe, renda familiar, tempo, motivo e local da ultima consulta ao dentista. Inicialmente foi realizada uma análise descritiva de todos os desfechos. Após foram realizadas análises de associação, sendo dois estudos do tipo ecológico e outro com análise do efeito da ESB/ESF e de variáveis individuais em modelo multinível. Os dados foram analisados pelas médias das regressões binomiais negativas e Poisson e também por regressões linear e multivariada. As médias CPO-D e o percentual de livres de cárie foram geoprocessadas por macrorregiões do RS. Resultados: Nos modelos brutos não houve associação das ESB na ESF com os desfechos analisados. Após o ajuste, em modelo multinível, dentes perdidos foi o desfecho associado com a presença das ESB/ESF (RM=0,64 IC95%; 0,43-0,94). No estudo ecológico, a taxa de variação de cárie não tratada aos 12 anos foi significativamente associada com coeficiente Gini (β=0,39; p<0,01). A taxa de variação da perda dentária em oito anos apresentou valores significativos com o coeficiente Gini (β=0,61;p<0,001) e com a taxa de população rural municipal(β=-0,29; p<0,02), comprovando a importância das políticas públicas que buscam a redução das desigualdades sociais. Em 2003 e 2011, respectivamente, as médias de CPO-D foram 3,63 e 1,66 (12 anos) e 7,43 e 3,43 (15-19 anos). Houve aumento de adolescentes livres de cárie de 18,6% para 42,1% (12 anos) e de 7,5% para 22,2% (15-19 anos); houve redução da cárie não tratada de 50,9% para 27,2% (12 anos) e de 56,1% para 32,4% (15-19 anos), diferentemente entre municípios e macrorregiões. Conclusões: A maior parte dos municípios analisados apresentou redução significativa das médias CPO-D, da cárie não tratada e da perda dentária e aumento dos indivíduos livres de cárie nas duas idades em oito anos, mas esta melhoria se distribui desigualmente entre municípios e macrorregiões de saúde. Jovens de áreas não cobertas tiveram quase a metade da perda de dentes do que os adolescentes das áreas cobertas pelas ESB/ESF. Os indicadores de prevalência de doença como cárie não tratada, perda dentária e dor de dente expressaram as realidades contextuais da desigualdade existente nos municípios e condições da vida das familias quanto ao acesso e uso dos serviços. / Introduction: The inclusion of Oral Health Teams (OHTs) in the Family Health Strategy (FHS) led to innovative care practices, thus improving the population’s quality of life because of better oral health. Reports have shown better access to services, increased number of collective procedures, and greater team integration, especially in major urban centers. Few studies have shown effective results related to the population's oral health. Objectives: To analyze the epidemiological profile of the oral health of teenagers aged 12 and between 15 and 19 years old from small and medium-size municipalities (population size) of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil, by evaluating the following aspects: the influence of the presence or absence of OHTs in the FHS on oral health indicators, the association of contextual variables and social determinants in the variation of the prevalence of untreated caries and tooth loss between 2003 and 2011, and the temporal and spatial distribution of dental caries and caries-free individuals by age and regions of the state. Method: In 2011, we selected 36 municipalities with less than 50.000 inhabitants that had participated in the 2003 epidemiological review. Of these, 19 had OHTs in the FHS and 17 did not have OHTs in the FHS. Oral examinations were performed in 3,531 individuals aged 12 and between 15 and 19 years old. The examinations were carried out by four dentists trained according to the criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO, 1997). We used structured questionnaires to collect demographic data, socioeconomic status, parent’s educational level, and access and use of health services. Oral health was evaluated using dental caries indicators such as decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT), prevalence of untreated caries, caries-free individuals, and variation rates of untreated caries and tooth loss in an 8-year period (from 2003 to 2011). The periodontal disease indicators were set as at least one sextant with bleeding and prevalence of dental calculus. Another indicator was the prevalence of toothache in the past six months. The presence or absence of OHTs in the FHS was the main explanatory variable. Other factors related to the municipalities were also detected, such as macro region, population size, presence and time of water fluoridation, municipal human development index (HDI), Gini coefficient, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, childhood mortality rate, proportion of rural population, educational levels, illiteracy, poverty, density of dentists, rate of first dental visit, and rate of supervised collective tooth brushing procedure. The analysis variables related to the individuals were age, gender, mothers' educational level, family income, and time, cause and place of last dental visit. We conducted a descriptive analysis of all possible outcomes. Then, association analyses were performed. Two ecological studies and another study analyzing the effect of OHTs/FHS and individual variables on a multilevel model were conducted. Data were analyzed using negative binomial regression, Poisson regression, and linear and multivariate regressions. Mean rates of DMFT and the percentage of caries-free individuals were geographical processed by state macro regions. Results: Gross models showed no association between the presence of OHTs in the FHS and any possible outcome. After multilevel adjustment, tooth loss was the outcome associated with OHTs in the FHS (RM = 0.64; 95%CI = 0.43-0.94). In the ecological study, the variation rate of untreated caries at 12 years old was significantly associated with the Gini coefficient (β = 0.39; p < 0.01). The variation rate of tooth loss within 8 years showed significant values with the Gini coefficient (β = 0.61; p < 0.001) and the proportion of rural population (β = -0.29; p < 0.02), thus confirming the importance of public policies that aim to reduce social inequality. In 2003 and 2011, respectively, the mean rates of DMFT were 3.63 and 1.66 (12 years old) and 7.43 and 3.43 (15-19 years old). There was an increase from 18.6% to 42.1% (12 years old) and from 7.5% to 22.2% (15-19 years old) of caries-free teenagers. There was a reduction in the number of untreated caries from 50.9% to 27.2% in 12-year-old teenagers and from 56.1% to 32.4% in 15-19-years old teenagers. These rates were different in municipalities and macro regions. Conclusions: Most municipalities had a significant reduction in the mean rates of DMFT, untreated caries, and tooth loss, as well as an increased number of caries-free individuals in both age groups in an 8-year-period. However, such improvement was unevenly distributed among the municipalities and macro regions: young people from areas not covered had nearly half of tooth loss adolescents in the areas covered by the OHT/FHS. The presence of disease prevalence indicators, such as untreated caries, tooth loss, and toothache, demonstrate social inequality in these municipalities and reveal the population’s life conditions regarding the use and access to services.

The diploma thesis called ?Employment and Its Impact on the Health? consists of theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part is focused on definition of the basic terms which are related to work and its influence on the health. Then the thesis is engaged in working environment, in occupational load and optimization of conditions of employment. The thesis also deals with social work as a help profession, characterize occupation of social worker and define the terms ?health? and social determinant of health. The practical part includes the evaluation of gained figures and statistical result´s processing. Collecting of primery data was realized by quantitative way, it was chosen the method of questioning, specifically the method of questionnaire. Research agreggate is constituted by social workers from four regions in the Czech Republic (South Bohemian Region, Central Bohemian Region, Vysočina Region and Prague, the Capital City) regardless of age, type of the institution where they are employed and target group they work with. The questionnaires were distributed by electronic way through the Internet or personally by visiting the institution and then they were handed or sent on social workers. On the whole there were 184 questionnaires returned for research, but eight of them couldn´t be used due to incorrect or insufficient completing. Finally there were used 176 questionnaires for result processing. In the diploma thesis there were two targets set. Map the influence of work on the health condition of social workers and find out to which changes of health condition by physical or psychological point at social workers is being gone. Together with the targets there was set following hypothesis: H1: Social workers feel the health problems more by psychological then by physical point. This hypothesis wasn´t on the basis of statistical testing confirmed. From the gained results is possible to come to a conclusion that in spite of the significant psychological difficulty of this profession, the social workers don´t feel psychological problems more than physical problems. The conclusions of the research can´t be generalized because of non-representativeness of research agreggate and region. It is necessary to look at the results with this regard. Statistical testing brought a few interesting findings. For example the link between the target group of clients and evaluation of satisfaction with working conditions, team and general satisfaction with the social worker occupation. The diploma thesis can be used as a insight into issue of the work influence on individual health and then specifically of the influence on social worker occupation to their state of health. Obtained figures can be useful not only for social workers but also for the heads of institutions providing social services. The results of the thesis can create the base or inspiration for other researches which will occupy with this theme.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to explore how primary care registered nurses address unmet social needs in patients. SPECIFIC AIMS Explore how RNs in a safety-net, primary care setting develop an awareness of and address patient's unmet social needs. Describe how information about unmet social needs are integrated into nursing assessment and intervention activities, and are shared with other members of the health care team. Describe the challenges primary care RNs face when addressing unmet social needs. FRAMEWORK Critical caring theory provided the framework for this study. DESIGN This study used a descriptive, qualitative design. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with seventeen nurses working in 11 different safety-net primary care clinics within a hospital-based system. RESULTS Three major themes emerged. Key findings included the importance of the nurse-patient relationship, the establishment of trust, and a caring, nonjudgmental approach to patients with unmet social needs. Nurses used knowledge of unmet needs to coordinate patient care, provide social support, and work collaboratively with care team members to refer patients to resources within the health care system and in the community. CONCLUSION Unmet social needs contribute to adverse health outcomes, and addressing social and medical needs is critical to eliminating health inequities and reducing health care costs. In this study, primary care nurses described relationships with patients that allowed for the sharing of sensitive information, leading the nurse to identify and address unmet social needs that could impact patient health.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-01T19:18:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 120972.pdf: 5507462 bytes, checksum: 0d6a83a52fa423046c4cb904dd9865ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Florianopolis is the capital with greater Municipal Human Development Index (IDHM) of Brazil and its public health system stands for coverage of primary care. Nevertheless, the municipality maintains serious iniquities and the expansion of the occurrence of chronic diseases and external causes, such as the violence of transit. This thesis has tried to develop a model which would aid in the implementation of actions intersetorias necessary to cope with these issues. For both, the author, who is the Director of Health Surveillance of capital, used the experience gained in the implementation of Rede Vida no Trânsito in Florianópolis, which is used as a template for the pacification of traffic in the city and as a pilot-project for the development of knowledge about intersectoral actions. What we observed is that the models used by the Rede Vida no Trânsito, which is the Strategy of Pro- Activity and Partnership and the model of Networks of Organizations, despite assist in the development of intersectoral actions, still lacked an elucidation ethicalmoral that is guided its use and the complementation of theories to reconcile customer technical and policy, assisting in attaining the objectives selected. To overcome these shortcomings, we developed a concept of emancipation as proposed ethical-moral, which could guide the intersectoral actions, and a concept of governance, which stimulate the emancipation. The concept of governance to the emancipation was, then, associated with Science for the Government, by Carlos Matus, aimed at strengthening technopolitical; finally, all of this was reconciled with the strengths observed in the use of the Strategy of Pró-Activity and Partnership and the model of Network Organizations. The result has been a model of governance for the emancipation. This should assist in coping with complex problems such as iniquity, where intersectoral actions are fundamental. / Florianópolis é a capital com maior Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDHM) do Brasil e seu sistema público de saúde destaca-se pela cobertura de atenção primária. Apesar disso, o município mantém graves iniquidades e a expansão da ocorrência de doenças crônicas e causas externas, como a violência do trânsito. Esta dissertação buscou desenvolver um modelo que auxiliasse na implantação de ações intersetorias necessárias ao enfrentamento destas questões. Para tanto, o autor, que é Diretor de Vigilância em Saúde da capital, utilizou a experiência de implantação da Rede Vida no Trânsito em Florianópolis, que é utilizada como modelo para pacificação do trânsito no município e como piloto para o desenvolvimento de conhecimentos acerca de ações intersetoriais. O que se observou é que os modelos utilizados pela Rede Vida no Trânsito, que são a Estratégia de Pró- Atividade e Parceria e o modelo de Redes de Organizações, apesar de auxiliarem no desenvolvimento das ações intersetoriais, ainda careciam de uma elucidação ético-moral que norteasse sua utilização e da complementação de teorias que conciliassem técnica e política, auxiliando na consecução dos objetivos selecionados. Para suprir estas deficiências, desenvolveu-se um conceito de emancipação como proposta ético-moral, que pudesse nortear as ações intersetoriais, e um conceito de governança, que estimulasse a emancipação. O conceito de governança para a emancipação foi, então, associado à Ciência para o Governo, de Carlos Matus, visando ao fortalecimento tecnopolítico; por fim, tudo isto foi conciliado com os pontos fortes observados na utilização da Estratégia de Pró-Atividade e Parceria e do modelo de Organizações em Rede. O resultado apresentado foi um modelo de governança para a emancipação. Este deverá auxiliar no enfrentamento de problemas complexos como a iniquidade, onde ações intersetoriais são fundamentais.

Introdução: A incorporação das equipes de saúde bucal (ESB) na Estratégia da Saúde da Família (ESF) buscou induzir às práticas inovadoras no cuidado, possibilitando melhor qualidade de vida aos cidadãos e com mais saúde bucal. As experiências relatadas têm demonstrado, de forma geral, um melhor acesso aos serviços, ampliação dos procedimentos coletivos, integração das equipes, principalmente em grandes centros urbanos. Poucos estudos têm demonstrado resultados efetivos na saúde bucal da população. Objetivos: Analisar o perfil epidemiológico de saúde bucal em adolescentes escolares de 12 e de 15 a 19 anos em municípios de pequeno e médio porte populacional do Rio Grande do Sul (RS) avaliando: influência da presença ou não das ESB na ESF em indicadores de saúde bucal; associação de variáveis contextuais e determinantes sociais na variação da prevalência de cárie não tratada e perda dentária entre os anos de 2003 e 2011; a distribuição temporal e espacial da cárie dentária e dos indivíduos livres de cárie por idade e macrorregião do RS. Método: Em 2011 foram selecionados 36 municípios com até 50.000 habitantes que participaram do levantamento epidemiológico em 2003, e destes, 19 municípios com ESB e 17 sem ESB na ESF. Foram realizados exames bucais em 3.531 jovens escolares de 12 e de 15 a 19 anos por quatro cirurgiões dentistas treinados segundo critérios da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS,1997). Dados demográficos, situação socioeconômica, escolaridades dos pais, uso e acesso aos serviços de saúde foram coletados em questionários estruturados. A saúde bucal foi avaliada por indicadores de cárie dentária como média de dentes cariados, perdidos e obturados (CPO-D), prevalência de cárie não tratada, perda dentária, indivíduos livres de cárie e taxas de variação de cárie não tratada e dentes perdidos em oito anos (2003 e 2011). Os indicadores para doença gengival foram a prevalência em pelo menos um sextante com sangramento e prevalência de cálculo dental. Prevalência da dor de dente relatada nos últimos seis meses foi outro indicador avaliado. A presença ou ausência da ESB na ESF do município foi a principal variável explicativa, além de outros fatores relativos ao município como macrorregião, porte, presença e anos de fluoretação das águas, Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDHM), Coeficiente Gini, produto interno bruto (PIB) per capita, taxa de mortalidade infantil, percentual de população rural, taxas de escolaridade, analfabetismo, pobreza, taxa de habitantes por cirurgião dentista, taxa de cobertura da primeira consulta odontológica e do procedimento coletivo de escovação dentária supervisionada. As variáveis de análise relacionadas aos indivíduos foram idade, sexo, escolaridade da mãe, renda familiar, tempo, motivo e local da ultima consulta ao dentista. Inicialmente foi realizada uma análise descritiva de todos os desfechos. Após foram realizadas análises de associação, sendo dois estudos do tipo ecológico e outro com análise do efeito da ESB/ESF e de variáveis individuais em modelo multinível. Os dados foram analisados pelas médias das regressões binomiais negativas e Poisson e também por regressões linear e multivariada. As médias CPO-D e o percentual de livres de cárie foram geoprocessadas por macrorregiões do RS. Resultados: Nos modelos brutos não houve associação das ESB na ESF com os desfechos analisados. Após o ajuste, em modelo multinível, dentes perdidos foi o desfecho associado com a presença das ESB/ESF (RM=0,64 IC95%; 0,43-0,94). No estudo ecológico, a taxa de variação de cárie não tratada aos 12 anos foi significativamente associada com coeficiente Gini (β=0,39; p<0,01). A taxa de variação da perda dentária em oito anos apresentou valores significativos com o coeficiente Gini (β=0,61;p<0,001) e com a taxa de população rural municipal(β=-0,29; p<0,02), comprovando a importância das políticas públicas que buscam a redução das desigualdades sociais. Em 2003 e 2011, respectivamente, as médias de CPO-D foram 3,63 e 1,66 (12 anos) e 7,43 e 3,43 (15-19 anos). Houve aumento de adolescentes livres de cárie de 18,6% para 42,1% (12 anos) e de 7,5% para 22,2% (15-19 anos); houve redução da cárie não tratada de 50,9% para 27,2% (12 anos) e de 56,1% para 32,4% (15-19 anos), diferentemente entre municípios e macrorregiões. Conclusões: A maior parte dos municípios analisados apresentou redução significativa das médias CPO-D, da cárie não tratada e da perda dentária e aumento dos indivíduos livres de cárie nas duas idades em oito anos, mas esta melhoria se distribui desigualmente entre municípios e macrorregiões de saúde. Jovens de áreas não cobertas tiveram quase a metade da perda de dentes do que os adolescentes das áreas cobertas pelas ESB/ESF. Os indicadores de prevalência de doença como cárie não tratada, perda dentária e dor de dente expressaram as realidades contextuais da desigualdade existente nos municípios e condições da vida das familias quanto ao acesso e uso dos serviços. / Introduction: The inclusion of Oral Health Teams (OHTs) in the Family Health Strategy (FHS) led to innovative care practices, thus improving the population’s quality of life because of better oral health. Reports have shown better access to services, increased number of collective procedures, and greater team integration, especially in major urban centers. Few studies have shown effective results related to the population's oral health. Objectives: To analyze the epidemiological profile of the oral health of teenagers aged 12 and between 15 and 19 years old from small and medium-size municipalities (population size) of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil, by evaluating the following aspects: the influence of the presence or absence of OHTs in the FHS on oral health indicators, the association of contextual variables and social determinants in the variation of the prevalence of untreated caries and tooth loss between 2003 and 2011, and the temporal and spatial distribution of dental caries and caries-free individuals by age and regions of the state. Method: In 2011, we selected 36 municipalities with less than 50.000 inhabitants that had participated in the 2003 epidemiological review. Of these, 19 had OHTs in the FHS and 17 did not have OHTs in the FHS. Oral examinations were performed in 3,531 individuals aged 12 and between 15 and 19 years old. The examinations were carried out by four dentists trained according to the criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO, 1997). We used structured questionnaires to collect demographic data, socioeconomic status, parent’s educational level, and access and use of health services. Oral health was evaluated using dental caries indicators such as decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT), prevalence of untreated caries, caries-free individuals, and variation rates of untreated caries and tooth loss in an 8-year period (from 2003 to 2011). The periodontal disease indicators were set as at least one sextant with bleeding and prevalence of dental calculus. Another indicator was the prevalence of toothache in the past six months. The presence or absence of OHTs in the FHS was the main explanatory variable. Other factors related to the municipalities were also detected, such as macro region, population size, presence and time of water fluoridation, municipal human development index (HDI), Gini coefficient, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, childhood mortality rate, proportion of rural population, educational levels, illiteracy, poverty, density of dentists, rate of first dental visit, and rate of supervised collective tooth brushing procedure. The analysis variables related to the individuals were age, gender, mothers' educational level, family income, and time, cause and place of last dental visit. We conducted a descriptive analysis of all possible outcomes. Then, association analyses were performed. Two ecological studies and another study analyzing the effect of OHTs/FHS and individual variables on a multilevel model were conducted. Data were analyzed using negative binomial regression, Poisson regression, and linear and multivariate regressions. Mean rates of DMFT and the percentage of caries-free individuals were geographical processed by state macro regions. Results: Gross models showed no association between the presence of OHTs in the FHS and any possible outcome. After multilevel adjustment, tooth loss was the outcome associated with OHTs in the FHS (RM = 0.64; 95%CI = 0.43-0.94). In the ecological study, the variation rate of untreated caries at 12 years old was significantly associated with the Gini coefficient (β = 0.39; p < 0.01). The variation rate of tooth loss within 8 years showed significant values with the Gini coefficient (β = 0.61; p < 0.001) and the proportion of rural population (β = -0.29; p < 0.02), thus confirming the importance of public policies that aim to reduce social inequality. In 2003 and 2011, respectively, the mean rates of DMFT were 3.63 and 1.66 (12 years old) and 7.43 and 3.43 (15-19 years old). There was an increase from 18.6% to 42.1% (12 years old) and from 7.5% to 22.2% (15-19 years old) of caries-free teenagers. There was a reduction in the number of untreated caries from 50.9% to 27.2% in 12-year-old teenagers and from 56.1% to 32.4% in 15-19-years old teenagers. These rates were different in municipalities and macro regions. Conclusions: Most municipalities had a significant reduction in the mean rates of DMFT, untreated caries, and tooth loss, as well as an increased number of caries-free individuals in both age groups in an 8-year-period. However, such improvement was unevenly distributed among the municipalities and macro regions: young people from areas not covered had nearly half of tooth loss adolescents in the areas covered by the OHT/FHS. The presence of disease prevalence indicators, such as untreated caries, tooth loss, and toothache, demonstrate social inequality in these municipalities and reveal the population’s life conditions regarding the use and access to services.