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The aim of this thesis is to explore the social legacies of slavery in the Guéra region, in central Chad. The topic of the legacy of slavery in the Sahel is receiving increasing attention from both local and global civil society, as well as from scholars. This thesis aims to contribute to these debates, connecting post-slavery issues with the new models of governance developed in the Sahel since the 1990s, and the increasing competition for resources through mobilising ethnic categories. It argues that as the recognition of citizenship rights tends to be related to specific identities, slave ancestry becomes a political tool that is used in different ways. Based on nine months of fieldwork in Guéra, the thesis explores the complex interactions between a group that is widely seen as slave descendants, Yalnas, meaning “the sons of the people” in Chadian Arabic, and their neighbours. Until it came under French rule in 1911 the Guéra region acted as an effective “reservoir” of slaves for the neighbouring Wadai sultanate, whose warriors regularly took captives from among the scattered groups of local farmers. After the colonial regime's abolition of slavery, the opportunities for former slaves and the social dynamics related to this were different from those in areas inhabited by former slave-holders. In this context, the ethnonym Yalnas initially facilitated the integration of former slaves locally, whereas today it used to criticize the rights of its members, to the point that people called Yalnas are trying to get rid of this label. The thesis analyses the narratives of the past of both the Yalnas and other local groups. It brings together the stories recounted by elders and archival sources with contemporary political tensions, to explore the ongoing importance of the presumed past of the Yalnas as slaves. In Guéra, it was relatively easy for slave-descendants to be accepted among other local groups and intermarry with them. However, Yalnas' integration has been built on contradictions that make their status ambiguous. This ambiguity is central to current contestations over land and citizenship. Since the reforms of the 1990s, a range of new local associations have formed in Guéra. These are used by local leaders to consolidate support and distribute resources on an ethnic basis. In this context, the past of the Yalnas as former slaves has been used as an argument to exclude them from the opportunities created by these associations. In these struggles, narratives about the past are used by all groups as political tools and are critical to secure citizenship rights. A focus on the label Yalnas and its changing uses over time provides important insights about the connection between slavery, identity and citizenship in a former slave.

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This essay will examine the social organization in the archipelago of Tonga. To accomplish this purpose, archaic societies and structures such as ancient Egypt and Hawaii will be examined to obtain a closer understanding of the building blocks which constitute a chiefdom or kingdom. Since Patrick V. Kirch (2010) recently redefined the Hawaiian archipelago as a kingdom this essay will examine if the same can be done with the chiefdom of Tonga since it have similarities to the Hawaiian social organization.To do this the essay will examine and describe both the geographical organization of the states and the social organization. Social organization in this essay will be defined as an archaic state organization that requires several levels of administration to rule the society. / Kandidatuppsats

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What kinds of social organisations (SOs) are more likely to succeed in promoting policy change? How and why can some SOs promote policy change in China? This thesis argues that the emerging tendency of social marketisation - social entrepreneurship and government purchase of services from SOs - can empower social organisations to facilitate policy change from the government. Based on three survey databases, this research shows that when social organisations become social enterprises or obtained government contracts for purchasing services, their likelihoods of success in promoting policy change increased and their influence on government policy making improved, after controlling for other resource and institutional factors. This research subsequently draws upon two in-depth case studies on Nonprofit Incubator (NPI) and China Foundation Centre (CFC) to demonstrate how social organisations can use entrepreneurial and marketised strategies to promote the emergence and spread of five new government policies in China. The underlying mechanism of their successes is the formation of social organisation chains (SOCs), which consist of infrastructure, financial, support, and operational organisations. The formation of SOCs created positive social change. Positive social change facilitated policy change. This study further applies the perspective of SOCs to examine how the three local states (Beijing, Shanghai, and Shenzhen) re-regulate the social organisation sector, and reveals a wider applicability of SOCs at the city level. Finally, this thesis has discussed the relations between social marketisation and other significant theoretical and practical issues. The contribution of this thesis is that it finds a positive relationship between social marketisation and policy change in China, and reveals the process and the underlying mechanism.

Feasting and shared drinking are long suspected to have been practiced in Anatolian settlements during the Early Bronze Age (EBA). New drinking vessels of metal and ceramic seem meant for drinking together with others. Platters and bowls seem intended to display food and vessel handling. No study has examined these practices in detail. This is largely because of a lack of evidence for the production of special beverages, for instance wine, beer, or mead. The Early Bronze Age is a period of intensifying personal distinction. It is characterised by developments in metallurgy, craft production, long-distance exchange, and at some sites, monumental architecture. Yet how EBA Anatolian communities were organised is unclear. A lack of writing and a limited number of seals suggest that there was no central administration within settlements. This contrasts with contemporaneous sites in southeastern Turkey and in Mesopotamia, whose metallurgy, craft production, architecture, and other developments were overseen by temple and palace complexes. This thesis uses feasting and drinking as a way to examine the social complexity of EBA Anatolian sites. It compiles evidence for these activities in both north-central and western Anatolia. It analyses the incidence of different drinking and pouring shapes across sites, and qualitatively assesses vessel features and the contexts in which they are found. This thesis also evaluates the role of drinking and feasting within settlements. It assesses the settings where drinking and feasting was practiced, together with other indices from each site. Two theoretical models are used to evaluate these activities. One details how the use of objects facilitate social relationships. Another specifies how communities may be organised. Both models provide a wide spectrum for assessing the drinking, feasting, and organisational evidence from sites. These models allow for variation: in how drink and food are used to form social relationships, and also in social complexity. The approach is able to distinguish between different organisational and social strategies across sites and regions. This detail is key for beginning to understand Anatolia's unique development during the period.

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / In temperate New South Wales, most fish species in the family Labridae have not previously been investigated with available knowledge restricted primarily to photographic identification guides providing brief notes on species distribution, habitat preferences and identification. This information is inadequate for assessing the impact of labrid harvesting on rocky reef systems and for making informed management decisions for the protection of these fishes. Therefore, this study aimed to fill some of the significant gaps in the understanding of labrid assemblages associated with rocky reefs of temperate eastern Australia. This was accomplished by concentrating primarily on three species - Ophthalmolepis lineolatus, Notolabrus gymnogenis and Pictilabrus laticlavius - which are abundant and co-occur in shallow waters (less than 20 m depth) on the central coast of New South Wales. The methods used in this study included SCUBA surveys of labrid assemblages; in situ observations of labrid behaviour on SCUBA; and acquisition of labrid specimens for the extraction of intestines, gonads and otoliths, and for measurements of fish weight and length. <br /> Labrids were found to be the most species rich family in the study region and were the most abundant of all non-planktivorous fishes. Overall, a higher number of labrid species and a higher number of labrid individuals occurred in sponge garden habitat (15-22 m depth) compared to fringe (3-7 m) and barrens (8-15 m), owing to greater densities of O. lineolatus, Austrolabrus gymnogenis and Eupetrichthyes angustipes. The common labrids, N. gymnogenis, Achoerodus viridis and P. laticlavius, occurred at higher densities in fringe habitat due mostly to a higher representation of juveniles in this habitat. The effect of habitat on labrid assemblages was subject to small-scale variation between sites (separated by hundreds of metres) and experienced temporal changes due primarily to a substantial increase in the abundance of recruits coinciding with late summer and autumn (April-May). Behavioural observations revealed that the three focal species differed substantially in their spatial structure. O. lineolatus were found to be temporary reef residents using home ranges in excess of 2500 m2 for periods of up to 1 year before permanently emigrating outside these temporary home ranges. In contrast, N. gymnogenis exhibit strong site fidelity to reef patches of less than 600 m2 in which they remain for periods in excess of 2 years. Reef patches are shared by up to at least 10 juvenile and female individuals and a single, highly territorial male in a mating system suggestive of resource defence polygyny. An understanding of the spatial structure of P. laticlavius was constrained by its cryptic behaviour, but behavioural observations suggest this species is home ranging and establishes temporary territories for the purpose of feeding and/or reproduction. Intensive ethological observations allowed for the description and quantifying of several major behaviours in which all species typically engaged including encounters and interactions with other fishes, lying, use of shelter, side-swiping, bending, gaping, cleaning by clingfishes (Gobiesocidae) and colour change. The occurrence of these behaviours often demonstrated substantial differences among species (e.g. lying, shelter and bending) and/or experienced shifts with ontogeny (e.g. interactions and area usage). These trends generally remained consistent at different times of the day and periods of the year, and at both locations. Dietary analyses revealed O. lineolatus, N. gymnogenis and P. laticlavius are generalist carnivores feeding on a variety of benthic invertebrates including polychaetes, amphipods, decapods, gastropods, bivalves, polyplacophorans, echinoderms and cirripedes. Differences in the volumetric contribution of prey items in the guts of each species showed that food resources are partitioned among species and observations of foraging behaviour demonstrated a partitioning of microhabitats used for feeding. Ontogenetic shifts in diet and feeding microhabitats demonstrate that food resources are further partitioned within a species. However, overall morphological and behavioural similarities within a species results in greater competition occurring among individuals of the same species than among individuals of different species. This was reflected in higher rates of intra-specific interactions compared with interactions between labrid individuals of different species. Observations of feeding episodes revealed the bite rates of all species were typically unaffected by the time of day and period of year in which sampling occurred, but a location effect occurred for O. lineolatus and P. laticlavius. A reduction in bite rate with ontogeny occurred for N. gymnogenis. The population structure of the three species suggests each exhibits the typical labrid reproductive strategy of protogynous hermaphroditism. O. lineolatus and N. gymnogenis are both monandrous species, but the occurrence of some P. laticlavius males at small sizes and young ages suggests this species may be diandrous. Similarities occurred between O. lineolatus and N. gymnogenis in the size/age at which individuals sexually matured (c.a. 180 mm, 2 years) and changed sex (c.a. 280 mm, 4.6 years), but these events occurred at substantially smaller sizes (95 and 138 mm, respectively) and younger ages (les than 0.9 and 1.9 years, respectively) in P. laticlavius. Sectioned otoliths were used to determine that the longevity of O. lineolatus, N. gymnogenis and P. laticlavius was at least 13.4, 9.6 and 4.8 years, respectively. Ages were validated using marginal increment analysis. Timing of reproduction in each species was asynchronous with peaks in the reproductive activity occurring in late summer to early autumn (February-March) for O. lineolatus, mid winter (July) for N. gymnogenis and mid spring to early summer (October-December) in P. laticlavius.