Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / In temperate New South Wales, most fish species in the family Labridae have not previously been investigated with available knowledge restricted primarily to photographic identification guides providing brief notes on species distribution, habitat preferences and identification. This information is inadequate for assessing the impact of labrid harvesting on rocky reef systems and for making informed management decisions for the protection of these fishes. Therefore, this study aimed to fill some of the significant gaps in the understanding of labrid assemblages associated with rocky reefs of temperate eastern Australia. This was accomplished by concentrating primarily on three species - Ophthalmolepis lineolatus, Notolabrus gymnogenis and Pictilabrus laticlavius - which are abundant and co-occur in shallow waters (less than 20 m depth) on the central coast of New South Wales. The methods used in this study included SCUBA surveys of labrid assemblages; in situ observations of labrid behaviour on SCUBA; and acquisition of labrid specimens for the extraction of intestines, gonads and otoliths, and for measurements of fish weight and length. <br /> Labrids were found to be the most species rich family in the study region and were the most abundant of all non-planktivorous fishes. Overall, a higher number of labrid species and a higher number of labrid individuals occurred in sponge garden habitat (15-22 m depth) compared to fringe (3-7 m) and barrens (8-15 m), owing to greater densities of O. lineolatus, Austrolabrus gymnogenis and Eupetrichthyes angustipes. The common labrids, N. gymnogenis, Achoerodus viridis and P. laticlavius, occurred at higher densities in fringe habitat due mostly to a higher representation of juveniles in this habitat. The effect of habitat on labrid assemblages was subject to small-scale variation between sites (separated by hundreds of metres) and experienced temporal changes due primarily to a substantial increase in the abundance of recruits coinciding with late summer and autumn (April-May). Behavioural observations revealed that the three focal species differed substantially in their spatial structure. O. lineolatus were found to be temporary reef residents using home ranges in excess of 2500 m2 for periods of up to 1 year before permanently emigrating outside these temporary home ranges. In contrast, N. gymnogenis exhibit strong site fidelity to reef patches of less than 600 m2 in which they remain for periods in excess of 2 years. Reef patches are shared by up to at least 10 juvenile and female individuals and a single, highly territorial male in a mating system suggestive of resource defence polygyny. An understanding of the spatial structure of P. laticlavius was constrained by its cryptic behaviour, but behavioural observations suggest this species is home ranging and establishes temporary territories for the purpose of feeding and/or reproduction. Intensive ethological observations allowed for the description and quantifying of several major behaviours in which all species typically engaged including encounters and interactions with other fishes, lying, use of shelter, side-swiping, bending, gaping, cleaning by clingfishes (Gobiesocidae) and colour change. The occurrence of these behaviours often demonstrated substantial differences among species (e.g. lying, shelter and bending) and/or experienced shifts with ontogeny (e.g. interactions and area usage). These trends generally remained consistent at different times of the day and periods of the year, and at both locations. Dietary analyses revealed O. lineolatus, N. gymnogenis and P. laticlavius are generalist carnivores feeding on a variety of benthic invertebrates including polychaetes, amphipods, decapods, gastropods, bivalves, polyplacophorans, echinoderms and cirripedes. Differences in the volumetric contribution of prey items in the guts of each species showed that food resources are partitioned among species and observations of foraging behaviour demonstrated a partitioning of microhabitats used for feeding. Ontogenetic shifts in diet and feeding microhabitats demonstrate that food resources are further partitioned within a species. However, overall morphological and behavioural similarities within a species results in greater competition occurring among individuals of the same species than among individuals of different species. This was reflected in higher rates of intra-specific interactions compared with interactions between labrid individuals of different species. Observations of feeding episodes revealed the bite rates of all species were typically unaffected by the time of day and period of year in which sampling occurred, but a location effect occurred for O. lineolatus and P. laticlavius. A reduction in bite rate with ontogeny occurred for N. gymnogenis. The population structure of the three species suggests each exhibits the typical labrid reproductive strategy of protogynous hermaphroditism. O. lineolatus and N. gymnogenis are both monandrous species, but the occurrence of some P. laticlavius males at small sizes and young ages suggests this species may be diandrous. Similarities occurred between O. lineolatus and N. gymnogenis in the size/age at which individuals sexually matured (c.a. 180 mm, 2 years) and changed sex (c.a. 280 mm, 4.6 years), but these events occurred at substantially smaller sizes (95 and 138 mm, respectively) and younger ages (les than 0.9 and 1.9 years, respectively) in P. laticlavius. Sectioned otoliths were used to determine that the longevity of O. lineolatus, N. gymnogenis and P. laticlavius was at least 13.4, 9.6 and 4.8 years, respectively. Ages were validated using marginal increment analysis. Timing of reproduction in each species was asynchronous with peaks in the reproductive activity occurring in late summer to early autumn (February-March) for O. lineolatus, mid winter (July) for N. gymnogenis and mid spring to early summer (October-December) in P. laticlavius.

How we come to know about social phenomena is an important sociological question and a central focus of this thesis. How knowledge is organised and produced and becomes part of ruling relations is empirically interrogated through an institutional ethnography. I do this in the context of explicating the construction of a public history concerning Aboriginal Australian child separations over the 20th century, and in particular as it arose in the 1990s as a social problem. Particular attention is given to knowledge construction practices around the Australian National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal Children from Their Families (1996-1997) and the related Bringing Them Home Oral History Project (1998-2002). The once separated children have come to be known as The Stolen Generation(s) in public discourse and have been represented as sharing a common experience as well as reasons for the separations. Against the master narrative of common experience and discussion of the reasons for it, this thesis raises the problematic that knowledge is grounded in particular times and places, and also that many people who are differently related and who have experiences which contain many differences as well as similarities end up being represented as though saying the same thing. Through an institutional ethnography grounded in explicating the social organising activities which produced the Bringing Them Home Oral History Project, I examine how institutional relations coordinate the multiplicity and variability of people’s experiences through a textually-mediated project with a focused concern regarding the knowing subject, ideology, accounts, texts and analytical mapping. Through this I show how ruling relations are implicated in constructing what is known about the Aboriginal child separation histories, and more generally how experience, memory, the telling of a life and the making of public history are embedded in social organising practices.

Te Papa-o-Rotu Marae is a Māori community settlement located in the Waikato region of New Zealand. Its hapu (sub-tribe) community was one of 33 hapu that formed the Tainui confederation claiming compensation from the Crown for land confiscated in the nineteenth century. The claim was settled in 1995 and it was within this context that research for this study was conducted at the marae from August 1997 to December 1999. This ethnographic study examines the way that the community at Te Papa-o-Rotu Marae managed its affairs through its two management bodies, the Marae Committee and the Trustees. It is argued in this thesis that the marae's mode of management is in transition from an informal to formal mode, and from an inward to outward looking focus. Bureaucratic administration, it is argued, has been the major catalyst for the transition and has been introduced into marae operations through an accumulation of state legislation affecting Māori land and communities. Furthermore, some aspects of bureaucratic administration have been legitimated and appropriated by the iwi authority, which has passed this on to the Marae Committee. The community have been complicit in the adoption of bureaucratic administration by accommodating the requirements of both the state and the iwi authority. However, a persistent question was whether the marae could maintain its own rangatiratanga (authority, self-determination, control) and separate identity in the face of increasing pressure to conform to a bureaucratic management style. The community managed the marae communally by way of hui (gatherings) and meetings, which were observed using a combined methodological approach of Kaupapa Māori research and ethnography, as described in Chapter 2. The philosophy of kotahitanga (solidarity) underpinned the social organisation of the Tainui tribal confederation, so understanding the place of the marae in its wider socio-political environment has helped in comprehending the nature of the pressure on the community to increase its scale of operations and is explained in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 introduces the accumulation of influences that have brought about a change of managerial style from informal to formal organising. The practical effect of these influences are demonstrated in the management structure and administrative systems that the community used. These are described phenomenologically in Chapters 5 and 6 respectively. The management plan, compiled since 1995, had a strong emphasis on management structural review and participation in tribal development initiatives and is discussed in Chapter 7. The implementation of a collaborative development project between the iwi authority and Marae Committee is described in Chapter 8. The final chapter reflects on the impact of bureaucratic administration on marae management as well as the dynamism of the community and how the rangatiratanga of the marae has thus far been maintained.

<p>In the Swedish elderly-care sector the institutions are of different character and the kind of care and food-supply they offer vary in scope and intensity. The aim of this study was to analyse how food and meals were handled and provided to the elderly living within those situations and in this context, how food was expressed as a substance or/and in symbols. This study focus on the social organisation that embraces the diet of the elderly and shapes the provisions of their meals, on the norms, values and behaviours of the different social identities in the organisation. The empirical work included in-depth interviews and participant observations in four different residential care homes, including various hierarchical levels, i.e. politicians and different personnel, in the organisation of food-supply to the elderly. In each care home different types of care and food-supply were studied, i.e. elderly having their meals in 24hour care, partime day care and those who ate in the restaurants. Generally, provision of meals was routine and meals were planned, prepared and served with little or no attention to what substanse and symbol it brought to the elderly. The elderly had limited possibilities to influence their own meals and those with the largest need of care, being the most fragile and sick had the least influence. The views of politicians and different personnel indicated that they considered themself powerless, which resulted in a "freedom of responsibility". It was obvious that there existed a clear discrepancy between how the informants considered the provision of food and meals should be organised and carried out, in comparison to reality. The current unsatisfactory provision of meals to the elderly is attributed to the marginalisation of specifically three areas: the symbolic value of food, the life and needs of the elderly and the traditional knowledge and experiences of women in their role as housewife and carer of the family.</p>

In the Swedish elderly-care sector the institutions are of different character and the kind of care and food-supply they offer vary in scope and intensity. The aim of this study was to analyse how food and meals were handled and provided to the elderly living within those situations and in this context, how food was expressed as a substance or/and in symbols. This study focus on the social organisation that embraces the diet of the elderly and shapes the provisions of their meals, on the norms, values and behaviours of the different social identities in the organisation. The empirical work included in-depth interviews and participant observations in four different residential care homes, including various hierarchical levels, i.e. politicians and different personnel, in the organisation of food-supply to the elderly. In each care home different types of care and food-supply were studied, i.e. elderly having their meals in 24hour care, partime day care and those who ate in the restaurants. Generally, provision of meals was routine and meals were planned, prepared and served with little or no attention to what substanse and symbol it brought to the elderly. The elderly had limited possibilities to influence their own meals and those with the largest need of care, being the most fragile and sick had the least influence. The views of politicians and different personnel indicated that they considered themself powerless, which resulted in a "freedom of responsibility". It was obvious that there existed a clear discrepancy between how the informants considered the provision of food and meals should be organised and carried out, in comparison to reality. The current unsatisfactory provision of meals to the elderly is attributed to the marginalisation of specifically three areas: the symbolic value of food, the life and needs of the elderly and the traditional knowledge and experiences of women in their role as housewife and carer of the family.

<p>The study explores different aspects of how a social organization is created and maintained in the space between the institution and the individual. Based on fieldwork, participant observation and individual interviews in the housing estate of Hageby, Norrköping, this ethnographic study examines how and why the organization “Ditt Nya Hageby” was created, as well as the unanimity between the purpose of the organization and the engagement of the members. Two projects within the organization are especially examined, along with the roles of the two members behind them. </p><p>The study presents three perspectives from which “Ditt Nya Hageby” can be viewed. The first perspective presents an organizational viewpoint where the complex of problems concerning the creation and the maintenance of “Ditt Nya Hageby” are explored. The second perspective presents two projects that are being run within the organization. The members behind the two projects also play an important part in this perspective. The third perspective presents the practical work carried out in one of the two projects presented in the second perspective. This perspective also incorporates different views on the organization from people who are not involved as members of “Ditt Nya Hageby”. </p><p>The study concludes that “Ditt Nya Hageby” in fact is a result of different, and sometimes incompatible, needs. In the larger context it is shown that “Ditt Nya Hageby” is a further step towards a society consisting of individual institutionalism.</p>

Cette thèse est l’ethnographie d’un apprentissage. Elle décrit, par le texte et le dessin, le quotidien d’une promotion de vingt-cinq étudiants au cours des deux années charnières de leur cursus de quatre ans dans une université d’art privée de Kyōto. Ce processus est envisagé à partir de trois aspects principaux et par rapprochements progressifs : son lieu et les savoirs qui s’y fabriquent ; les fours et les collectifs qu’ils engendrent ; les matériaux et les perceptions qu’ils transforment.À rebours d’un modèle traditionnel de transmission d’un maître à ses disciples et au-delà de l’opposition classique entre imitation et création, le récit détaillé des séquences de cours – du tournage à l’émaillage –, de la préparation d’expositions, de l’organisation de la vie collective, des journées et des nuits passées sur le campus ou encore des cuissons ratées ou réussies, rend compte d’un enseignement qui ne vise pas à former des experts, ni à révéler des artistes. Faisant tous les jours l’expérience, souvent douloureuse, de la complexité des transformations de l’argile, se questionnant sans cesse sur la justesse de ce qui est ressenti et sur la possibilité de le partager à d’autres, les étudiants n’apprennent pas tant à savoir qu’à reconnaître leur ignorance, qu’à expérimenter à partir de ce qu’ils ne peuvent contrôler. L’apprentissage apparaît alors comme un travail de composition, une recherche permanente d’équilibre entre des entités instables et fragiles – humains, dispositifs technologiques et matériaux –, une manière de reconfigurer les relations dans une société inquiète d’elle-même. / This thesis is the ethnography of a learning process. It describes, through both text and drawings, the daily life of a twenty-five-student cohort in an art university in Kyōto, focusing on two pivotal years of their four-year long curriculum. This process is tackled from three main standpoints and following a progressive close-up movement, going from the description of the place and the knowledge that is crafted within it, to that of the kilns and the collectives they produce, and finally the materials and the perceptions they transform.The detailed account of learning sessions – from throwing to glazing –, of the preparation of exhibitions, of the organisation of collective life, of days and nights spent on site, of firing successful or failed, reveals the workings of a teaching process whose purpose is neither to produce experts nor to discover artists. As a result it enables us both to challenge traditional modes of transmission from master to disciple and to go beyond the classical opposition between imitation and creation.Experiencing on a daily basis, often painfully so, how complex it is to transform clay, questioning ceaselessly the accuracy of their sensations as well as the possibility to share them with others, students are not so much involved in a process of acquiring knowledge than in one of recognising their ignorance and experimenting on the basis of what they cannot control. Learning appears therefore as a work of composition, an open-ended search for balance between instable and fragile entities – humans, technological devices or materials. Learning thus emerges as a way of reconfiguring relations in a society preoccupied with itself.

Ma thèse s’intéresse à l’influence des comportements culturels sur la diversité génétique neutre des populations humaines, en particulier les populations d’Asie intérieure. Notamment, ces travaux explorent comment certains comportements affectent l’histoire démographique des populations, en agissant sur l’intensité des migrations et de la dérive génétique. Pour ce faire, j’ai étudié des données génétiques, au regard de données ethnologiques, collectées dans des populations habitant actuellement en Asie intérieure, qui diffèrent, entre autres, par leur organisation sociale. La première partie de cette thèse cherche à retracer l’histoire du peuplement de l’Asie intérieure, de l’âge du Bronze jusqu’à nos jours à partir données génomiques d’ADN moderne et ancien. Les résultats montrent que les populations actuelles forment deux groupes génétiques distincts correspondant à deux groupes linguistiques (Turco-Mongol et Indo-Iranien) et reflétant des composantes ancestrales contrastées. En étudiant la diversité génétique de marqueurs uniparentaux, j’ai montré des différences génétiques sexe-spécifiques telles qu’une différenciation des populations réduite pour l’ADN mitochondrial par rapport à celle du chromosome Y. Cette homogénéité génétique des populations pourrait être causée par de la patrilocalité, une règle de résidence commune à toutes les populations étudiées et entrainant principalement des migrations féminines entre populations. D’autre part, j’ai observé des différences de diversité génétique entre les groupes d’Asie intérieure pour le chromosome Y, que j’ai interprété à la lumière des différences de règles de filiation suivies par ces deux groupes : l’un des groupes est patrilinéaire, c’est-à-dire que la filiation sociale est héritée du père ; l’autre groupe est cognatique, et la transmission est indifférenciée entre les parents. La patrilinéarité conduirait à la formation de noyaux d’hommes apparentés par la lignée masculine dans la population et donc partageant le même chromosome Y, ce qui réduirait la diversité génétique du chromosome Y des populations patrilinéaires, comparées aux cognatiques. La diversité mitochondriale est, par contre, similaire entre patrilinéaires et cognatiques, illustrant le fait que seule la diversité génétique masculine est affectée par la patrilinéarité. Enfin, pour étudier le processus d’ethnogénèse, j’ai calculé l’âge génétique des groupes ethniques patrilinéaires et j’ai montré que cet âge biologique est plus ancien que les âges historiques, suggérant que l’ethnie, du moins chez les Turco-Mongols d’Asie intérieure, est une construction en partie sociale, plutôt qu’une entité entièrement biologique. Dans la troisième partie, je me suis intéressée aux mécanismes d’évitement de la consanguinité, que j’ai estimée au moyen de données génomiques. J’ai notamment testé l’hypothèse selon laquelle des unions exogames, entre conjoints nés dans des villages différents, permettraient de réduire la consanguinité. Malgré une importante variabilité du taux d’exogamie entre populations et entre groupes linguistiques dans notre jeu de données, je n’ai trouvé aucune différence significative de consanguinité. A l’échelle des individus, j’ai pu mettre en évidence le fait que certains descendants de couples exogames sont néanmoins consanguins. Cette situation est particulièrement répandue pour des conjoints nés à moins de 40 km l’un de l’autre, à tel point que leurs descendants sont statistiquement plus consanguins que les descendants de couples endogames. Ces résultats illustrent que, chez l’Homme, des comportements culturels d’alliance peuvent s’opposer aux attendus de la biologie évolutive. Ainsi, mes travaux illustrent plusieurs cas de figure, à des échelles géographiques et temporelles différentes, où des comportements culturels ont modifié et laissé une signature génétique particulière sur la diversité des populations humaines d’Asie intérieure. / My PhD thesis is about the influence of cultural behaviours on the neutral genetic diversity of human populations from Inner Asia. Notably, I investigated how specific behaviours may affect the demographic history of populations, by acting on the intensity of migration and genetic drift. To do so, I combined genetic and ethnological data, collected in present-day Inner Asian populations that belong to two major cultural and linguistic groups and have different social organisations.The first part of this work aims at understanding how Inner Asia was peopled, from the Bronze Age to nowadays. This was done in the framework of an international collaboration, through the study of both ancient and modern genomic data. The results obtained showed that modern populations are divided in two distinct genetic groups, mirroring the two cultural groups, and exhibiting contrasted ancestral components. I was then interested in exploring the influence of cultural behaviours on the sex-specific genetic structure of present-day populations from Inner Asia. By studying the genetic diversity of uniparental markers, namely mitochondrial DNA and the Y chromosome, I was able to characterize sex-specific genetic differences, such as a reduced population differentiation for mitochondrial DNA as compared to the Y chromosome. This maternal genetic homogeneity between populations may be explained by patrilocality, a residence rule shared by all the studied populations and generating mostly female migrations between populations. On the other hand, I showed there were some significant differences in genetic diversity between the two cultural groups for the Y chromosome. This observation may be related to the different filiation rules of these two groups. Indeed, one is patrilineal: the social filiation is inherited from the father, while the other is cognatic: the transmission is undifferentiated between the parents. It could then be that patrilineality leads to the formation of cores of related men within the population, who share the same Y chromosome. This population structuration would result in a reduced genetic diversity for the Y chromosome in patrilineal populations, compared to cognatics. As expected, the mitochondrial diversity is comparable between patrilineal and cognatic group, comforting the idea that patrilineality affects only the male genetic diversity. Finally, to investigate the ethnogenesis process, I calculated the genetic age of patrilineal ethnic groups from STR markers of the Y chromosome. I showed that this biological age is older than the one from historical sources, which suggests that, at least for Turko-Mongolic from Inner Asia, the ethnic group is partly a social construct, rather than an actual biological entity. In the third part, I focused on whether dispersal can be an inbreeding avoidance mechanisms by dispersal. Notably, I tested the hypothesis that exogamous unions, between spouses born in different villages, would lead to less inbreeding than endogamous unions. Despite a strong variation of the exogamous rate between the populations of the studied dataset, no significant difference was found for inbreeding, which was estimated from a genome-wide dataset. At the individual scale, I showed that some of the descendants of exogamous unions are inbred. This is especially true for spouses born less than 40 km away, in which case their descendants are statistically more inbred than those from endogamous unions. This shows that, in human populations, specific matrimonial behaviours, driven by culture, may contradict the results expected by evolutionary biology.In conclusion, my work shows several cases, at different time and geographic scales, where cultural behaviours left a footprint into the genetic diversity of Inner Asian populations.

This volume contains reports by six of the Leipzig students who took part in an excursion to southern Ghana in February-March 2002. In addition to reports based on stays in Abetifi, Amedzofe and Ho it includes an article on chiefs and development. / Dieser Band beinhaltet Berichte von sechs Leipziger Studenten, die an einer Exkursion nach Süd-Ghana (von Februar bis März 2002) teilgenommen haben. Zusätzlich zu den Berichten, die auf Aufenthalten in Abetifi, Amedzofe und Ho basieren, enthält der Band einen Artikel zu Chiefs und Entwicklung.

Food is the foundation upon which societies are built. It is a means of survival, a source of wealth and prosperity and can be used as a means of social display. In Iron Age Atlantic Scotland, a wide range of food resources were open to exploitation. Among these, barley is likely to have been an important backbone to the system. Far from being at the mercy of the elements, the Iron Age population of Atlantic Scotland was able to extract surpluses of food from the landscape which could be manipulated for social, political and economic gain. One means through which this could be achieved is feasting, a practice considered significant elsewhere in the Iron Age. With such ideas at its core, this thesis examines the main arenas for consumption events in Iron Age Atlantic Scotland (dwellings) in detail, considering also the underpinnings of the system in terms of food production and accumulation, in particular the barley crop. The distribution of food processing and preparation between a dwelling and its associated ancillary buildings at Old Scatness provides insights into the organisation of life on the settlement.