This thesis is concerned with childrearing approach as one of the prime sites of the reproduction of social inequality. It adopts Bourdieu’s concept of habitus as a way of explaining how social structures are reproduced through childrearing approach, and it draws on Annette Lareau’s definition of the ‘concerted cultivation’ and ‘accomplishment of natural growth’ childrearing approaches (Lareau 2003). During the latter half of the 2000s, UK and Scottish government policy placed increasing emphasis on the importance of parenting and the early years of a child’s life as factors likely to have an impact on health, education and employment outcomes. Between 2005 and 2008 - the timeframe considered by this thesis - a number of policy initiatives emerged which were intended to support ‘better parenting’. Critics of these policy initiatives argue that what was presented as a model of good parenting was in essence a model of middle class parenting which misunderstood and devalued other parenting approaches. Lareau’s typology of childrearing approach is used as a means of situating the UK parenting policy discourse within a broader theoretical context and assessing critically the extent to which this policy discourse reflects childrearing approaches in Scotland. During this period, the policy areas of parenting and neighbourhood began increasingly to overlap in the UK, both through area-based family interventions such as Sure Start and through the central role given to parents in the drive towards community empowerment, greater collective efficacy and reduced anti-social behaviour. The analysis uses data from the ‘Growing up in Scotland’ (GUS) survey to ask whether ‘concerted cultivation’ and the ‘accomplishment of natural growth’ can be observed in the childrearing approaches of Scottish mothers; it assesses whether beliefs about collective efficacy and measures of neighbourhood deprivation are associated with childrearing approach; it explores whether mothers change their childrearing approach over time and considers what factors might influence changes in childrearing approach. Finally, the thesis examines links between a mother’s childrearing approach and her child’s behavioural development at entry to primary school. This thesis builds on previous research on childrearing approach by testing Lareau’s concepts on a quantitative sample of mothers in a different geographical locale and by exploring changes in childrearing approach longitudinally. The analysis presented considers childrearing approach both at the individual and aggregate level. A narrative analysis technique is used to construct biographies for four mothers using the quantitative data in GUS. The constructed biographies inform a discussion of the ways in which childrearing may be experienced and made sense of by the individual. Latent Class Analysis is then used to explore whether patterns of childrearing practice can be discerned in the GUS sample. A typology of four childrearing approaches is presented: two approaches correspond to Lareau’s typology and two further groups are observed: working mothers and socially isolated mothers. The analysis finds that social class differences do not fully explain childrearing approach in the GUS sample. Neighbourhood measures are not found to be associated with childrearing approach when socio-economic factors are controlled for. Changes in socio-economic status are associated with changes in childrearing approach; mothers who experience fewer changes in socio-economic position tend to be those who adopt a childrearing approach similar to ‘concerted cultivation’. The children of these mothers are more likely to display pro-social behaviours at entry to primary school than the children of other childrearing approaches; the children of mothers who adopt a childrearing approach akin to ‘the accomplishment of natural growth’ are more likely to display conduct problems at entry to primary school. The discussion concludes that family policy between 2005 and 2008 did not fully reflect the variety of childrearing approaches in Scotland, and that mothers whose circumstances and childrearing approach diverged from the policy model may not have been adequately supported.

Traditional, participatory music is a powerful medium through which people express and shape their ideas about identity, mobility, social relations, and belonging, and through which people are in turn shaped. The everyday cultural practices of playing, sharing, and dancing to traditional music, as well as discussions about the nature of traditional music and production of events involving traditional music, all work to construct the region called Appalachia. Through this dissertation, I seek to answer some simple questions that have complicated answers involving place, identity, power, and social relations, with economic, social, and emotional ramifications: Who gets to be an Appalachian musician? How is this accomplished? Who gets to decide? Using a social constructionist theoretical base and drawing on such literatures as cultural geography, music geography, musicology and ethnomusicology, Appalachian studies, and critical regionalism, I employ ethnographic techniques, including participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and discourse analysis to understand the workings of old time music and the self-understanding of musicians that play and sing traditional music in eastern Kentucky, a core area of Appalachia. This dissertation shows that vernacular roots music in eastern Kentucky is both an inclusive and a contested phenomenon. In describing and analyzing the spaces for music in Appalachia, the old-time community in eastern Kentucky, the dynamics of festival hiring negotiations, and interviews with white and African American musicians, both male and female, I show how Appalachian space is produced simultaneously on many different scales. This construction is a dialectical process, articulating between the power expressed on a micro scale between individuals and the power used by individuals and institutions to define the region through representation. This dissertation demonstrates two main processes: how Appalachian space is negotiated and produced through interactions at jam sessions and other events, and how the musicians perform community in these interstitial moments. Contributions of this dissertation include attention to micro scale interactions and embodiment as a key component of spatial production, participant observation as a research method in music geography, and increased understanding of the performance of race and gender in cultural and spatial production.

nÃo hà / A pesquisa de Kalr Marx orbitou em torno de dois distintos, mas simultÃneos momentos metodolÃgicos: o que à a realidade social e como reproduzi-la idealmente, investigaÃÃo e exposiÃÃo, respectivamente. O processo analÃtico de apreensÃo e reproduÃÃo ideal de seu objeto real de estudo se iniciou no seio da tradiÃÃo filosÃfica hegeliana, atravessa a tradiÃÃo dos socialistas utÃpicos, atà chegar à tradiÃÃo dos economistas clÃssicos. Esse movimento se deu atravÃs de um processo de superaÃÃo: Karl Marx se apropriou destas tradiÃÃes, apreendeu-as em seus fundamentos, condicionamentos e limites, avanÃando criticamente. Neste empreendimento, Marx descobre: 1) que a existÃncia real dos homens determina a consciÃncia; 2) que a produÃÃo dos bens materiais e espirituais foi o primeiro ato histÃrico dos homens e que, como exigÃncia desse processo real, 3) a reproduÃÃo ideal da vida real dos homens deve tomar como ponto de partida a produÃÃo social. Assim, como resultado de sua pesquisa, Karl Marx nos deu uma teoria do ser social: sua gÃnese e seu afastamento das barreiras naturais em direÃÃo à (de) generidade humana. Isto posto, o objetivo geral de nosso estudo à reproduzir idealmente o movimento da produÃÃo social na gÃnese, no desenvolvimento e nas tendÃncias do ser social. Decorrem dele, os seguintes objetivos especÃficos: 1) reproduzir o movimento da produÃÃo social na gÃnese do ser social; 2) revelar a produÃÃo social atravÃs da dissoluÃÃo da valorizaÃÃo do valor no processo de reproduÃÃo do ser social; 3) rastrear, nas tendÃncias do ser social, as possibilidades ontolÃgicas para a produÃÃo do valor supremo com vista à efetivaÃÃo do reino da liberdade. A partir da perspectiva ontolÃgica marxiana-lukacsiana, iremos proceder com o estudo de nosso objeto, ancorados fundamentalmente nas obras: MARX (1985; 2011), ENGELS (1986), LUKÃCS (2012; 2013), e nos estudos de ROSDOLSKY (2001), RUBIN (1980), RUMIANTISEV (1980), DUSSEL (2012), entre outros. SÃo resultados de nossa pesquisa: 1) a produÃÃo social permitiu a passagem da forma orgÃnica à forma social do ser; 2) na gÃnese do ser social, a produÃÃo social se realizava na forma de valores de uso; 3) com a formaÃÃo da propriedade privada, a reproduÃÃo do ser social se deu atravÃs do processo de valorizaÃÃo do valor; 4) a agudizaÃÃo das contradiÃÃes do processo de valorizaÃÃo do valor pÃs em movimento a valorizaÃÃo do valor e a desvalorizaÃÃo da produÃÃo social; 5) ao mesmo tempo, tem criado condiÃÃes objetivas necessÃrias para uma possÃvel produÃÃo social de valor supremo; 6) embora a produÃÃo social crie as condiÃÃes objetivas para a emancipaÃÃo humana, ela, enquanto coroamento da humanidade, serà uma escolha dos homens, em Ãltima instÃncia

The aim of this study is to uncover and discuss the spaces appropriated by graffiti writers and to reveal out the possible resistances involved in the act throughout the writers&amp / #8217 / motivations, characteristics, spaces they produce and all over process they are entering into together with the specifications of graffiti in Turkey. It demands to unfold the possibilities sheltered in everyday practices looking through graffiti and subsequently revealing out possibilities in graffiti looking through everyday life. It sees the urban space as a social product, which is incomplete without the tactics of the inhabitants and redefined as a result of appropriation. It looks through the history of graffiti, graffiti writers, their motivations and descriptions, working mechanism of the act, spaces chosen and their overall relations to power placed upon urban space in regard to its predescribed theoretical framework reaching out an integrated explanation on play/game theory and resistance it describes. It claims graffiti as a game of the juveniles acting in urban space as their playground.

The paper examines the extent to which the prestige value of a retiree’s former occupation increases the likelihood that they will make a transition into volunteering after retirement. Following social production function theory, we assume that when a person retires, the prestige value attached to their former occupation fades. The fact that volunteering has the character of a collective good provides the opportunity to gain social prestige to offset the loss of occupational prestige. However, the extent of the incentive to volunteer will be distributed unequally across occupations: the higher the former occupational prestige value, the higher the perceived loss of prestige after retirement. Thus, doing a job with high prestige value increases the incentive to volunteer in retirement. This assumption is tested, using data taken from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) 1992-2013. The sample contains 1,631 workers and 589 retirees, 278 of whom transitioned into volunteering during the observation window. Based on Kaplan-Meier-Failure-Estimates and complementary log-log hazard models, findings show a positive effect of occupational prestige on the transition into volunteering. Thus, the loss of high occupational prestige can be compensated by the social prestige associated with volunteering. Formal volunteering in retirement follows, albeit to a lesser extent, the logic of the occupational social strata.

This  essay  analyses  J.M Barries  classic   novel  Peter Pan (1911). It was a story  first   produced as a play but later turned into a novel. The purpose of this essay is to analyse how six different characters are portrayed  in  relation  to  the  different  gender  roles  in  the  book. With  help  from these  portrayals  I have  been able  to  analyse   the  social  production  of gender  in  Peter Pan. I also discuss how  Peter Pan can be used  for  educational  purposes,  this  is  done  with  a background  to the  fundamental  values  from  the curriculum  and  the Swedish   Course’ssyllabus. The essay  is  based on Lena  Kårelands  (2015) and  Maria  Nikolajevas (2013) description  of different  gender  roles  in  children’s  literature.  The  result  in  this  analysis   is  that the gender roles in Peter Pan are not that different from what  could  be expected at the time  it  was written,  but  it  can be used  for  educational  purposes  as a point  of departure  when discussing different gender  roles.  It can also  be used  in  subject  integration  in  for  example English   as reading  aloud  to the pupils.

Since 2000, digital technology and other technological advances such as 3D printing have improved non-traditional scientists’ participation in biotechnology and life science research and development. Non-traditional scientists, including amateur scientists, students and graduates from the life sciences, artists, programmers, engineers, and entrepreneurs, have rapidly increased under the Do-It-Yourself biotechnology (DIY bio) movement. These DIY biotechnologists or DIYers increase biotechnology research and life science inventions in society by encouraging open and cooperative development. Biotechnology research and development (R&D), especially in healthcare and agricultural biotechnology, suffers from patent proliferation with fragmented and overlapping rights that cover upstream research resources and research tools which can enable downstream developments. The proliferation of patents and related rights protecting upstream research can be detrimental to progress and citizens’ welfare because they can increase the cost of R&D, interfere with access to upstream research tools, and allow R&D to be concentrated around the issues found in developed nations. Many DIYers depend on self-funding and community resources to experiment with biotechnology. Proprietary research tools and equipment are harder to access. Some of them operate alongside proprietary R&D in a research area by building on off-patent technologies and inventing around patents. Some DIYers have made significant contributions in science that benefit other biotechnology researchers and developers, such as developing and manufacturing open source versions of proprietary research tools and equipment. Nonetheless, they can risk inadvertent patent infringement by working in competitive biotechnology research areas with heavy patent coverage. The presence of patent thickets in biotechnology can also discourage volunteers’ initial participation in open R&D. When third party patents develop around open and cumulative development, the risk of patent infringement increases for downstream development and commercial activities based on upstream open R&D. Alternative knowledge management strategies, such as open source patent licensing, clearinghouses and contract-based compensatory liability regimes, allow open innovation communities to create a protected commons of shared resources. However, these do not resolve problems in biotechnology patent law, such as fragmented and overlapping rights on cumulative technologies and strategic patent use. Government actions can address these problems, such as broadening outdated patent law exceptions, which can discourage unnecessary patenting and reduce the risk of infringement in alternative innovation environments.

The study explores the mediating role architecture should play towards the re-integration of degenerate urban spaces, within existing contemporary urban environment. The architecture proposed, in this case a Public Community Information Centre, furthermore intends to find a workable solution, in mediating between society, the city, and the environment that will acknowledge the processes associated with sustainable social production in the quest to eradicate a fragmented, and culturally segregated society. / Dissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Architecture / Unrestricted / 2013-4-17

This study focuses on the mechanisms through which systems of inequality operate in relationship to health and disablement processes. Using quantitative data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 and qualitative data from in-depth interviews with twelve construction workers in the southeastern United States, this study evaluates the relationships among race, class, gender, and occupation in the health of male construction workers. More specifically, this research examines white working-class masculinity in the context of working within the construction industry, and in relationship to health and disability processes. Each chapter in this dissertation focuses on one of three primary research questions. First, how do race, class, gender, and occupation shape the health of construction workers? Second, how does working-class masculinity and occupation affect patterns of disablement among construction workers, and how do they experience these processes? And finally, how do social inequalities shape bodies? This study finds that race, class, gender, and occupation all play multiple roles in the health and disablement processes of workers. These findings also suggest that a re-conceptualization of disability as a process is necessary to best reflect the experiences associated with occupational disability. Finally, these findings point to the body as a social process, with direct ties to the larger social structure and systems of inequality. This study extends our conceptualizations of health, disablement, and the body as processes. In addition, it illuminates the mechanisms through which systems of complex inequalities operate to create health disparities. / Ph. D.

Esta dissertação busca compreender as alterações urbanas e sociais de uma rua da área central da cidade de São Paulo, a partir do cotidiano de seus moradores. A rua Paim, localizada no distrito da Bela Vista, teve recentemente a grande maioria de seus cortiços demolida e substituída por edifícios verticais e voltados para público de maior poder aquisitivo. Tal processo, comumente chamado de \"renovação\", envolve a substituição de antigos moradores e uma valorização imobiliária, contrapondo-se à histórica estigmatização da rua como lugar \"degradado\". Esses dois discursos - \"renovação\" e \"degradação\" - acompanham as formas como novos e antigos moradores percebem o espaço em transformação e revelam definições relacionais do processo em curso. Para a compreensão desse processo, a pesquisa se orientou metodologicamente pela aproximação entre transformações urbanas e habitação e busca retomar o desenvolvimento da região sob uma perspectiva histórica, considerando as diversas intervenções urbanísticas que incidiram sobre esse espaço e as formas habitacionais que prevaleceram na rua. O estudo dessas formas, bem como das representações e práticas de seus moradores, permite a identificação de permanências e descontinuidades no cotidiano da rua, a partir da apropriação e do uso dos que ali vivem. / This work aims to comprehend the social and urban changes of a street located in the central area of São Paulo, from its inhabitant\'s everyday life point of view. Paim Street, part of Bela Vista district, has recently had the majority of its slums demolished and replaced by apartment buildings, aimed for a wealthier public. That process, commonly known as \"urban renewal\", involves the replacement of long-time inhabitants and real estate increasing values, and contrasts with the historic stigmatization of the street as a \"degraded\" place. These two speeches - \"urban renewal\" and \"urban decay\" - are related to the ways new and long-time inhabitants perceive the changing space and reveal relational definitions of the process. In order to understand this process, the research was methodologically oriented by the approach between urban transformations and dwelling, and intends to comprehend the development of the area from a historical perspective, considering the several urban interventions undertaken in that space and the dwelling forms that prevailed in the street. The study of these forms, as well as its inhabitants\' representations and practices, allows the identification of continuities and discontinuities of the street\'s everyday life, seen from the inhabitants\' appropriation and uses.