Holiday participation, whilst widespread in modern Western societies, is not universal. Evidence points to the existence of a 'tourist class', the number of holidays taken varying directly with socicreconomic status. Studies of tourist motivation, such as those by Dann (1977), Crompton (1979) and Krippendorf (1984), have suggested that holidays provide necessary breaks from the stresses and rigours of everyday li,fe. Yet it is precisely those who are likely to gain most from the benefits a holiday ca~ bring who are least able to afford one., Contemporary researchers into poverty such as Townsend (1979) and Mack and Lansley (1985), have included an enforced lack of holiday-taking as a symbol of relative deprivation in post-industrial society. This study contributes to the understanding of the diversity of touristic experience by exploring the meaning and significance of the holiday for a particular sub-group of Haukeland's (1990) category C non-travellers: disadvantaged families with young children. Historical studies of sport and leisure-related activities indicate how, since the early 20th Century, successive governments of differing political ideologies have intervened with market forces in an attempt to make opportunities to participate in sport available to all. This contrasts sharply with holiday-taking where the State does not currently recognise participation in holiday-taking as a universal need. Research into the voluntary sector in Britain, such as that carried out by the Wolfenden Committee (1978), has highlighted inconsistencies in provision of services where charitable bodies are the sole, or major, suppliers. However, voluntary organisations such as the Family Holiday Association (FHA) remain virtually the sole source of financial assistance enabling low-income groups to participate in holiday-taking. The initial stage of this study was a content analysis of letters written to the FHA by a sample of families on their return from a recent holiday. Topics generated by both this analysis and the survey of literature were subsequently explored further by means of in-depth, tape-recorded interviews held with five social workers and members of 10 disadvantaged families. A number of meanings were attached to the holiday, many of them focusing on the importance of 'change' or an escape from routine. A holiday was a positive experience away from home, which resulted in the strengthening of family ties and improvements in physical and, particularly, mental well-being. New experiences could be enjoyed which gave purpose to an otherwise meaningless lifestyle. Unlike Urry's (1990) 'gazers', this study group found, in the British seaside resort, the excitement and spectacle lacking in their own, everyday lives. The study discovered a geographical disparity in requests for, and allocation of, assisted holidays, alongside a supply of funds that was both irregular and ad hoc. Such findings confirm those of, for example, the Wolfenden Committee (1978), Johnson (1981) and Gratton and Taylor (1987) that voluntary provision is often irregular, not always providing services at point of need. It is argued, finally, that if 'Tourism for All', like 'Sport for All', is to be implemented on any meaningful scale, the informal, voluntary, public and commercial sectors need to be unified as providers of a 'mixed economy' of welfare. In this way, voluntary bodies such as the FHA, would be financially-supported by the government but would retain their critical role of identifying real needs and influencing policy. By taking account of the historical development of policy in the field of sport and leisure, future research might usefully explore the most effective ways of extending participation in holiday taking.

Social tourism aims to allow traveling to those who are disabled or disadvantaged for any reason. That means especially the young people, seniors, families with children and persons with handicaps or disabilities. Diploma thesis "Social Marketing of tourism in Italy," provides an overview of Italian organizations and their products in mentioned area. Thesis is divided into the three parts. The first part describes basic principles of social tourism. The second part contains detailed analysis of the market situation of social tourism in Italy, including the marketing mix and SWOT analysis. The last part contains an assessment of current situation and proposal of recommendations that would enable wider application of the policy of social tourism in Italy.

A presente pesquisa analisa a produção do território de conservação sob as influências de diversos atores localizados a diferentes escalas de poder e gestão. A partir da abordagem de Territorialização – Desterritorialização – Reterritorialização, analisa-se a passagem de Chimanimani como uma área comunitária, formada por várias comunidades, cuja identidade encontra-se sacralizada nos diversos locais sagrados da área, para um território de conservação, que implicou na (re)estruturação do espaço para atender ao ecoturismo e a conservação. As transformações que ocorreram e que estão ocorrendo em Chimanimani são parte de um processo global, iniciado nos finais da década de 80 com a introdução dos Programas de Reabilitação Econômica. Estas transformações submeteram o local ao global e deslocaram a comanda da área para outras escalas de poder e gestão. As transformações pelas quais Chimanimani foi passando implicaram numa transição da agricultura como a base de sobrevivência para o ecoturismo. A dependência ao ecoturismo como a atividade que melhor compatibiliza a exploração dos recursos naturais numa área de conservação parece não encontrar um enquadramento na dinâmica da atividade turística em Moçambique, que tem como preferência o turismo de “sol e praia”. Como dinamizar o turismo em áreas de conservação é um desafio para a realidade moçambicana, cujas condições dificultam o desenvolvimento do ecoturismo em áreas distantes da região costeira. Dentro desse dilema, propõe-se o Turismo Social como uma possibilidade para o desenvolvimento do turismo nas áreas de conservação. / This research analyses the production of the conservation territory under influences of various actors located at different scales of power and management. From the approaches Territorialization – Desterritorialization – Reterritorialization, we analyze the transition of Chimanimani as a community area, formed by several communities, whose identity is enshrined in the various sacred sites of area, to a conservation area, which resulted in (re)structuring space to answer conservation and ecotourism. Transformations that occurred and are occurring in Chimanimani are part of an overall process, begun in the late 80’s with the introduction o Economic Rehabilitation Programs. These changes submitted the place to the global and moved the command of the area for other scales of power and management. These transformations which Chimanimani are involved implicated a transition of the agriculture as the survival base for the ecotourism. The dependence on ecotourism as the activity that better reconcile the exploration of natural resources in an area of conservation does not seem to find a framework in the dynamics of tourism in Mozambique, which is preferably tourism “Sun and sand”. How to boost tourism in conservation areas is a challenge for the Mozambican reality, whose conditions make it difficult to ecotourism development in remote areas far from the coastal region. In this dilemma, it is proposed Social Tourism as a possibility for the development of tourism in conservation areas.

A presente pesquisa analisa a produção do território de conservação sob as influências de diversos atores localizados a diferentes escalas de poder e gestão. A partir da abordagem de Territorialização – Desterritorialização – Reterritorialização, analisa-se a passagem de Chimanimani como uma área comunitária, formada por várias comunidades, cuja identidade encontra-se sacralizada nos diversos locais sagrados da área, para um território de conservação, que implicou na (re)estruturação do espaço para atender ao ecoturismo e a conservação. As transformações que ocorreram e que estão ocorrendo em Chimanimani são parte de um processo global, iniciado nos finais da década de 80 com a introdução dos Programas de Reabilitação Econômica. Estas transformações submeteram o local ao global e deslocaram a comanda da área para outras escalas de poder e gestão. As transformações pelas quais Chimanimani foi passando implicaram numa transição da agricultura como a base de sobrevivência para o ecoturismo. A dependência ao ecoturismo como a atividade que melhor compatibiliza a exploração dos recursos naturais numa área de conservação parece não encontrar um enquadramento na dinâmica da atividade turística em Moçambique, que tem como preferência o turismo de “sol e praia”. Como dinamizar o turismo em áreas de conservação é um desafio para a realidade moçambicana, cujas condições dificultam o desenvolvimento do ecoturismo em áreas distantes da região costeira. Dentro desse dilema, propõe-se o Turismo Social como uma possibilidade para o desenvolvimento do turismo nas áreas de conservação. / This research analyses the production of the conservation territory under influences of various actors located at different scales of power and management. From the approaches Territorialization – Desterritorialization – Reterritorialization, we analyze the transition of Chimanimani as a community area, formed by several communities, whose identity is enshrined in the various sacred sites of area, to a conservation area, which resulted in (re)structuring space to answer conservation and ecotourism. Transformations that occurred and are occurring in Chimanimani are part of an overall process, begun in the late 80’s with the introduction o Economic Rehabilitation Programs. These changes submitted the place to the global and moved the command of the area for other scales of power and management. These transformations which Chimanimani are involved implicated a transition of the agriculture as the survival base for the ecotourism. The dependence on ecotourism as the activity that better reconcile the exploration of natural resources in an area of conservation does not seem to find a framework in the dynamics of tourism in Mozambique, which is preferably tourism “Sun and sand”. How to boost tourism in conservation areas is a challenge for the Mozambican reality, whose conditions make it difficult to ecotourism development in remote areas far from the coastal region. In this dilemma, it is proposed Social Tourism as a possibility for the development of tourism in conservation areas.

A presente pesquisa analisa a produção do território de conservação sob as influências de diversos atores localizados a diferentes escalas de poder e gestão. A partir da abordagem de Territorialização – Desterritorialização – Reterritorialização, analisa-se a passagem de Chimanimani como uma área comunitária, formada por várias comunidades, cuja identidade encontra-se sacralizada nos diversos locais sagrados da área, para um território de conservação, que implicou na (re)estruturação do espaço para atender ao ecoturismo e a conservação. As transformações que ocorreram e que estão ocorrendo em Chimanimani são parte de um processo global, iniciado nos finais da década de 80 com a introdução dos Programas de Reabilitação Econômica. Estas transformações submeteram o local ao global e deslocaram a comanda da área para outras escalas de poder e gestão. As transformações pelas quais Chimanimani foi passando implicaram numa transição da agricultura como a base de sobrevivência para o ecoturismo. A dependência ao ecoturismo como a atividade que melhor compatibiliza a exploração dos recursos naturais numa área de conservação parece não encontrar um enquadramento na dinâmica da atividade turística em Moçambique, que tem como preferência o turismo de “sol e praia”. Como dinamizar o turismo em áreas de conservação é um desafio para a realidade moçambicana, cujas condições dificultam o desenvolvimento do ecoturismo em áreas distantes da região costeira. Dentro desse dilema, propõe-se o Turismo Social como uma possibilidade para o desenvolvimento do turismo nas áreas de conservação. / This research analyses the production of the conservation territory under influences of various actors located at different scales of power and management. From the approaches Territorialization – Desterritorialization – Reterritorialization, we analyze the transition of Chimanimani as a community area, formed by several communities, whose identity is enshrined in the various sacred sites of area, to a conservation area, which resulted in (re)structuring space to answer conservation and ecotourism. Transformations that occurred and are occurring in Chimanimani are part of an overall process, begun in the late 80’s with the introduction o Economic Rehabilitation Programs. These changes submitted the place to the global and moved the command of the area for other scales of power and management. These transformations which Chimanimani are involved implicated a transition of the agriculture as the survival base for the ecotourism. The dependence on ecotourism as the activity that better reconcile the exploration of natural resources in an area of conservation does not seem to find a framework in the dynamics of tourism in Mozambique, which is preferably tourism “Sun and sand”. How to boost tourism in conservation areas is a challenge for the Mozambican reality, whose conditions make it difficult to ecotourism development in remote areas far from the coastal region. In this dilemma, it is proposed Social Tourism as a possibility for the development of tourism in conservation areas.

The thesis deals with a new trend in tourism -- senior tourism. The contribution of senior citizens to the tourism industry face the challenge of seasonality and stimulate economic growth, including employment. The senior segment is perspective because of its growing share in the population, improving health condition compared with previous generations, financial resources available and unlimited leisure time. The aim of the thesis is to analyze tour operators offer focused on outgoing packages for seniors in order to assess whether the offer reflects the specific needs and preferences of senior travellers. In addition, the thesis includes segmentation of senior travellers and recommendations for marketing communication towards this specific segment.

As colônias de férias de trabalhadores são uma modalidade de hospedagem voltada para o estrato das camadas sociais de poder aquisitivo que de uma forma geral necessitam de algum subsídio para o custeio da estadia. Comumente são ligadas ao Turismo Social praticados por entidades como associações e sindicatos. No Brasil sua maior concentração geográfica se dá no estado de São Paulo, sobretudo no litoral e nas regiões serranas. A importância do trabalho justifica-se porque as colônias de férias são um meio de democratização do turismo, pois, simplesmente em sua essência barateiam os custos de hospedagem e podem agregar atividades culturais que tornam o lazer mais ativo. Como objeto de estudo da Geografia nos revela importantes debates como as preocupações com a ocupação do território podendo agregar qualidade ambiental, paisagística e geração de empregos aos municípios. Despertam também a necessidade de se pensar em políticas públicas voltadas para o incentivo desse tipo de turismo, não apenas por conta das questões territoriais, mas principalmente por envolverem atores, como as associações e os sindicatos, que são as principais entidades ligadas ao fenômeno e merecem atenção por serem os responsáveis pelos empreendimentos e pela gestão. Neste estudo de caso deparamo-nos com o fenômeno da maior concentração mundial desse meio de hospedagem no município de Praia Grande, litoral do Estado de São Paulo. Exigindo atenção dos governantes e das próprias associações e sindicatos, que por sua vez, podem otimizar com qualidade o turismo e o lazer do trabalhador e de sua família. / Employee holiday resorts are a form of lodging for those on the social scale which would generally benefit from assistance with vacation expenses. They are commonly associated with Social Tourism practiced by entities such as workers associations and unions. In Brazil, the majority of these resorts are located in Sao Paulo, mainly on the coastline and in mountainous regions. The importance of work is substantiated because the holiday resorts are a way to democratize tourism, essentially lowering the cost of lodging and possibly adding cultural activities which allow for a more purposeful leisure time. As a geographical object of study, important debates are revealed such as concern for the use of the land, the ability to aggregate environmental and scenic quality and generate jobs in the surrounding municipalities. The need to contemplate political policy encouraging this type of tourism is also brought up, not only concerning territorial issues but also concerning the involvement of workers associations and unions which are the main entities connected with this phenomenon and deserve attention for being those responsible for management and enterprising. In this study we find that the worlds highest concentration of this type of lodging is located in the Praia Grande municipality on the Sao Paulo state coastline. This phenomenon demands governmental attention, as well as the attention of the workers associations and unions themselves, because they are able optimize the quality of tourism and leisure time for workers and their families.

As colônias de férias de trabalhadores são uma modalidade de hospedagem voltada para o estrato das camadas sociais de poder aquisitivo que de uma forma geral necessitam de algum subsídio para o custeio da estadia. Comumente são ligadas ao Turismo Social praticados por entidades como associações e sindicatos. No Brasil sua maior concentração geográfica se dá no estado de São Paulo, sobretudo no litoral e nas regiões serranas. A importância do trabalho justifica-se porque as colônias de férias são um meio de democratização do turismo, pois, simplesmente em sua essência barateiam os custos de hospedagem e podem agregar atividades culturais que tornam o lazer mais ativo. Como objeto de estudo da Geografia nos revela importantes debates como as preocupações com a ocupação do território podendo agregar qualidade ambiental, paisagística e geração de empregos aos municípios. Despertam também a necessidade de se pensar em políticas públicas voltadas para o incentivo desse tipo de turismo, não apenas por conta das questões territoriais, mas principalmente por envolverem atores, como as associações e os sindicatos, que são as principais entidades ligadas ao fenômeno e merecem atenção por serem os responsáveis pelos empreendimentos e pela gestão. Neste estudo de caso deparamo-nos com o fenômeno da maior concentração mundial desse meio de hospedagem no município de Praia Grande, litoral do Estado de São Paulo. Exigindo atenção dos governantes e das próprias associações e sindicatos, que por sua vez, podem otimizar com qualidade o turismo e o lazer do trabalhador e de sua família. / Employee holiday resorts are a form of lodging for those on the social scale which would generally benefit from assistance with vacation expenses. They are commonly associated with Social Tourism practiced by entities such as workers associations and unions. In Brazil, the majority of these resorts are located in Sao Paulo, mainly on the coastline and in mountainous regions. The importance of work is substantiated because the holiday resorts are a way to democratize tourism, essentially lowering the cost of lodging and possibly adding cultural activities which allow for a more purposeful leisure time. As a geographical object of study, important debates are revealed such as concern for the use of the land, the ability to aggregate environmental and scenic quality and generate jobs in the surrounding municipalities. The need to contemplate political policy encouraging this type of tourism is also brought up, not only concerning territorial issues but also concerning the involvement of workers associations and unions which are the main entities connected with this phenomenon and deserve attention for being those responsible for management and enterprising. In this study we find that the worlds highest concentration of this type of lodging is located in the Praia Grande municipality on the Sao Paulo state coastline. This phenomenon demands governmental attention, as well as the attention of the workers associations and unions themselves, because they are able optimize the quality of tourism and leisure time for workers and their families.

The aim of the thesis is to evaluate the current support for the social tourism in the Czech Republic in terms of its spatial layout and verification of achieving the goals associated with this concept. The theoretical part includes defining the concept of tourism, its typology, management and connection to the regional development. Further attention is given to social tourism, its principles, recent developments, the basic features and examples of its support in European countries. The practical part deals with the support for social tourism in the Czech Republic, both at the regional and national level. It includes an analysis of the National Programme for the Promotion of Tourism 2010--2013 in terms of the distribution of subsidies allocated to the regions, target groups and product types. It also includes a summary of the results of the survey, which was carried out by the grant recipient. The conclusion includes the evaluation of the success of this program and proposes recommendations for its further development. For the evaluation of the current support are used methods such as comparison, analysis of statistical data and field research. During analysis of statistical indicators were used data of Czech Statistical Office, Ministry of Regional Development, regional strategic concepts of tourism development and the data obtained from author's own field research.

This qualitative study looks at host-guest interaction facilitated by the phenomenon of tourism social entrepreneurship through the lens of emotional solidarity. Social entrepreneurship is arguably the social innovation that tourism needs and has become an alternative strategy to develop tourism in host communities with the potential to create positive community change. However, the literature on combining sharing  economy, social or community entrepreneurship and emotional solidarity is scarce. Therefore, this study analyses host-guest interactions facilitated through the socialstart-up socialbnb. Findings from this study indicate that there are at least two crucial criteria forsustainable tourism development and positive community change. First, social entrepreneurship should create and facilitate tourism structures and networks, which avoid the negative impacts of tourism to the residents and instead create social,ecological, and economic benefits for the local community. Perhaps, focusing on theneeds of the local community and creating beneficial host-guest relationships is themost effective way to promote tourism development that is supported by residents.Thus, social entrepreneurship should not only act as a facilitator between guests and the local community but also consider the residents’ attitudes towards tourism development and the actual economic need for tourism in the destination, especially in the Global South.