Cette thèse a pour objectif d’explorer la relation entre les caractéristiques socio-culturelles et les politiques de reconstruction post-séisme dans les zones rurales de Azad Jammu et du Cachemire, au Pakistan. L’objet principal est d’examiner les pratiques architecturales traditionnelles : dhajji-dewari et la composition sociale de la communanuté pendant et après la reconstruction. Différents processus sont analysés: comment les aspects socio-culturels des sociétés rurales sont affectés par les politiques de reconstruction? Comment les politiques sont touchées par les aspects socio-culturels des commmunautés? Comment la combinaison des deux influence le processus final?Ce travail de thèse part du constat que 80% des 600 000 bâtiments endommagés ou détruits lors du séisme du 8 octobre 2005 au Cachemire, étaient des maisons rurales provisoires (Katcha). Il s’agit d’examiner jusqu’où le Programme de Reconstruction de Logement Rural (RHRP) qui a concerné quelque 100 000 maisons dhajji, a réduit ou augmenté la vulnérabilité de la zone pour l'avenir. Ce programme a été initié à partir de l’expérience de précédents programmes de reconstruction post-tremblements de terre, qui ont été d’une grande utilité pour les experts. Il restait à analyser les erreurs commises ou répétées par les différents acteurs pendant les phases d’élaboration, de validation, de mise en œuvre, et de suivi des politiques de reconstruction. Les principaux résultats de la thèse couvrent trois thèmes relatifs aux différentes étapes de la reconstruction : la durabilité de la reconstruction ; la réduction de la vulnérabilité de la reconstruction ; les résultats qui n’entrent pas dans les catégories “durabilité” et “vulnérabilité” selon les experts du Cachemire rural. La satisfaction des communautés est l’indicateur principal permettant d’évaluer les principaux résultats. L'étude conclut que la non-prise en compte des aspects socioculturels des communautés pendant la reconstruction peut augmenter la vulnérabilité du scénario de post-reconstruction. Le suivi du programme de reconstruction consiste à évaluer les tendances liées aux maisons en construction. En présentant par des illustrations les détails architecturaux de ces maisons reconstruites, l’écart avec les recommandations est évalué. Après que quelques années, les populations oublient les impacts du séisme et leurs besoins immédiats dictent leurs priorités de décision. Il est suggéré qu'à la fin du programme de reconstruction, la présence des autorités dans la zone reconstruite permette d’assister les populations dans leurs besoins actuels et futurs, et de contrôler le développement des constructions non conformes. / This thesis is aimed at exploring the relation of socio-cultural characteristics and policies with post-quake reconstruction of rural areas of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan. The primary concern of the study is limited to examine the traditional architectural practice ; dhajji-dewari and social composition of the community during and after reconstruction. It is analyzed that how the socio-cultural aspects of rural communities are affected by the policies, how policies are affected by the socio-cultural aspects of the community and how both of these can influence the final product. The thesis was rooted in the fact that 80% of the 600,000 damaged/destroyed buildings during 8th October, 2005 Kashmir earthquake were rural temporary (Katcha) houses. It was hence to be investigated that how far the Rural Housing Reconstruction Program (RHRP) has reduced (or increased) the vulnerability of the area for future. The impact of any policy launched during this program was not limited to few housing units rather more than 0.1 million dhajji houses could be affected through this. The rural Kashmir reconstruction was commenced with the in-hand knowledge of several previous post-quake reconstruction programs and was appreciated widely by experts. It was yet to be explored that which mistakes were committed/repeated by the stakeholders during policy making, delivery, implementation and post implementation phases. Covering the phases of policy making, delivery and implementation, the major findings of the thesis are categorized into three sections ; the sustainability generating aspects of reconstruction, vulnerability enhancing dimensions of reconstruction, and, those outcomes of reconstruction which are not yet categorized under ”sustainability” or ”vulnerability” by the experts focusing particularly rural Kashmir. Community satisfaction is given primary focus to rate different outcomes.The study concludes that ignoring socio-cultural aspects of the community during reconstruction may lead to vulnerability in post-reconstruction scenario. Considering the post implementation phase, the current trends are observed by examining under-construction houses. By pictorially presenting the architectural details of these houses it is examined that deviations from guidelines are in practice. People start forgetting the disaster impacts after few years and their immediate needs drive their decision priorities. It is suggested that after reconstruction program ends up, some authorities must be present in the reconstructed area to guide people for their current requirements and future needs and also to control the spread of non compliant construction.

This thesis is aimed at exploring the relation of socio-cultural characteristics and policies with post-quake reconstruction of rural areas of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan. The primary concern of the study is limited to examine the traditional architectural practice ; dhajji-dewari and social composition of the community during and after reconstruction. It is analyzed that how the socio-cultural aspects of rural communities are affected by the policies, how policies are affected by the socio-cultural aspects of the community and how both of these can influence the final product. The thesis was rooted in the fact that 80% of the 600,000 damaged/destroyed buildings during 8th October, 2005 Kashmir earthquake were rural temporary (Katcha) houses. It was hence to be investigated that how far the Rural Housing Reconstruction Program (RHRP) has reduced (or increased) the vulnerability of the area for future. The impact of any policy launched during this program was not limited to few housing units rather more than 0.1 million dhajji houses could be affected through this. The rural Kashmir reconstruction was commenced with the in-hand knowledge of several previous post-quake reconstruction programs and was appreciated widely by experts. It was yet to be explored that which mistakes were committed/repeated by the stakeholders during policy making, delivery, implementation and post implementation phases. Covering the phases of policy making, delivery and implementation, the major findings of the thesis are categorized into three sections ; the sustainability generating aspects of reconstruction, vulnerability enhancing dimensions of reconstruction, and, those outcomes of reconstruction which are not yet categorized under "sustainability" or "vulnerability" by the experts focusing particularly rural Kashmir. Community satisfaction is given primary focus to rate different outcomes.The study concludes that ignoring socio-cultural aspects of the community during reconstruction may lead to vulnerability in post-reconstruction scenario. Considering the post implementation phase, the current trends are observed by examining under-construction houses. By pictorially presenting the architectural details of these houses it is examined that deviations from guidelines are in practice. People start forgetting the disaster impacts after few years and their immediate needs drive their decision priorities. It is suggested that after reconstruction program ends up, some authorities must be present in the reconstructed area to guide people for their current requirements and future needs and also to control the spread of non compliant construction.

Un problème préoccupant du suivi des patients diabétiques en République Démocratique du Congo (RDC) demeure ceux perdus de vue qui ne cessent d’augmenter. En effet, beaucoup de patients négligent la gestion de leur maladie pour plusieurs raisons, parmi lesquelles les croyances religieuses. En général, les religions promeuvent la vie et consolident sa protection. Certaines croyances religieuses, cependant, confortent des comportements démissionnaires et irresponsables au regard de la santé. La présente recherche vise à comprendre le rôle des connaissances et des facteurs religieux sur l’autogestion du diabète. Une enquête qualitative descriptive par entretiens semi-dirigés a été réalisée à Kinshasa auprès de 23 fidèles diabétiques et ainsi qu’au moyen de trois groupes de discussion impliquant des leaders religieux de ces églises. Cette étude a démontré une connaissance erronée et insuffisante de la maladie et à l’influence des croyances religieuses sur la gestion du diabète. Les participants identifiaient le diabète comme une maladie grave, curable par des prières et par des plantes traditionnelles dictées par Dieu. Ils manifestaient un déni de la maladie, ce qui influençait leurs habitudes de vie (c’est-à-dire leur régime alimentaire et leur activité physique). Se disant détenir le pouvoir de guérison, les chefs religieux pouvaient interrompre le traitement médical et acceptaient que leurs fidèles diabétiques se rendent à l’hôpital uniquement pour vérifier leur taux de glycémie. Notre étude implique que les réseaux d’affiliation religieuse et d’entraide devraient être ciblés par les stratégies de sensibilisation contre la désinformation, afin de réduire les complications et les décès dus au diabète à Kinshasa en particulier et en République Démocratique du Congo en général. / An important problem in the follow-up of diabetic patients in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) remains the lost to follow-up which continues to increase. Many patients neglect the management of their disease for several reasons including religious beliefs. In general, religions promote life and consolidate its protection. Certain religious beliefs, however, reinforce resigning and irresponsible behaviors regarding health. The current research aims to understand the role of knowledge and religious factors in the self-management of diabetes. A descriptive qualitative study by semi-structured interviews was carried out in Kinshasa among 23 diabetic patients and three focus groups of religious leaders from prophetic churches. This study suggests an incorrect and insufficient knowledge of the disease, and the influence of religious beliefs on diabetes management. Participants identified diabetes as a serious disease that was curable by prayers and by traditional plants dictated by God. They displayed a denial of the disease which influenced their lifestyle (i.e., diet and physical activity). Claiming to have the ability to heal, religious leaders could interrupt medical treatment and only allowed their diabetic patients to go to the hospital to check their blood sugar levels. Our study implies that religious affiliation and mutual aid networks should be targeted by advocacy strategies against disinformation to reduce complications and deaths from diabetes in Kinshasa and in the Democratic Republic of Congo.