xiv, 107 p. : ill., maps. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / In Oregon, watershed councils are a prime example of community-based natural resource management. Since the early 1990's the state has promoted local place-based ecosystem management for the restoration of fish habitat, water quality, and the protection of water resources. In this new paradigm, watershed management in Oregon incorporates ecosystem and adaptive management, a concept that involves acting, monitoring, and evaluating current and past programs. Since their early beginnings, watershed councils have recognized the integrated nature ofthe socio-economic and biophysical environment. However, the management practices of watershed councils in Oregon have focused on the bio-physical environment and bio-physical monitoring and evaluation. Socio-economic indicators may provide information that will allow watershed councils to plan for watershed management in a more holistic framework for strategic decision-making and collaborative management through an integration of the socio-economic and bio-physical elements of the watershed. / Committee in charge: Dr. Michael Hibbard, Chair; Dr. Cassandra Moseley; Dr. Jon A. Souder

As mudanças na eficiência relativa de setores produtivos ao longo do tempo direcionam a reorganização de atividades econômicas entre países desenvolvidos e emergentes. Essas mudanças resultam de dois movimentos complementares. Primeiro, o desenvolvimento setorial autônomo, decorrente da combinação de acumulação de capital físico e humano, eficiência transacional e curva de aprendizagem. O segundo movimento refere-se a choques exógenos, produzidos por inovações tecnológicas ou por intervenções autônomas do setor público. Tais intervenções, que alteram de forma planejada a dinâmica das trajetórias setoriais, são denominadas de política industrial. Por sua importância para o crescimento e desenvolvimento econômico, constituem o objeto de análise deste trabalho. A análise de investimentos em infraestrutura como instrumento de política industrial é desenvolvida em três etapas. Na primeira etapa propomos a estruturação de um modelo de organização epistemológica em política industrial a partir das relações instrumentoobjetivo. Com base na sistematização das principais linhas de pesquisa, utilizamos este modelo para estabelecer a vinculação normativa entre investimentos em infraestrutura e instrumentos de política industrial. Em complemento, o modelo permite posicionar a metodologia de pesquisa por meio da combinação entre modelos teóricos positivos e testes econométricos. Na segunda etapa desenvolvemos o vínculo teórico, fundamentado em um arcabouço hipotético-dedutivo, para estabelecer as condições nas quais investimentos em infraestrutura influenciam as trajetórias de crescimento e de comércio exterior de diferentes setores. Este arcabouço combina duas categorias de modelos. Seguindo a metodologia de Aschauer (1989), utilizamos variações de modelos de crescimento de Solow (1956), considerando investimentos em infraestrutura tanto como acúmulo de capital quanto como choque tecnológico, para avaliar seus impactos sobre dinâmicas setoriais. Combinamos esses modelos com os de Frankel e Romer (1999) para avaliar esses investimentos sob a ótica teórica do comércio internacional, desta forma criando o vínculo entre investimentos em infraestrutura e competitividade setorial. A terceira etapa estabelece o vínculo empírico entre investimentos em infraestrutura e objetivos da política industrial, testando as predições teóricas por meio de diferentes especificações de modelos de dados em painel aplicados a uma amostra de 85 países no período de 1960 a 2005. No plano do crescimento econômico, a produção per capita em diferentes setores é regredida em relação a investimentos em infraestrutura, mediante o uso de variáveis de controle tradicionais. No plano do comércio internacional, a variável dependente é a participação setorial na balança comercial; no plano tecnológico, a variável dependente é a produtividade do trabalho; e no plano social, a variável dependente é a equidade na distribuição de renda. Os testes empíricos indicam que investimentos em infraestrutura produzem um impacto positivo e estatisticamente relevante no crescimento de longo prazo do produto interno per capita, especialmente em economias em desenvolvimento. Avaliando setorialmente os resultados, esses investimentos geram aceleração expressiva e robusta no setor de serviços e menor aceleração no setor industrial. No setor agrícola, investimentos em infraestrutura auxiliam na sustentação do padrão histórico de crescimento. No plano tecnológico, investimentos em infraestrutura apresentaram efeitos expressivos sobre a produtividade marginal do trabalho na indústria, efeitos menores sobre a produtividade marginal do trabalho no setor de serviços, não indicando efeitos sobre a produtividade marginal do setor agrícola. Dentre os segmentos que compõem o setor de infraestrutura, verificamos que as telecomunicações atuam mais fortemente como instrumento indutor de crescimento econômico, indicando que esse segmento representa um instrumento de política industrial. Não foram encontradas evidências de que os segmentos de rodovias e geração de energia elétrica exerçam o mesmo papel do setor de telecomunicações. No plano do comércio internacional, os investimentos em infraestrutura não se mostraram relevantes na identificação de tendências de longo prazo. No plano social, investimentos em infraestrutura apresentaram efeitos relevantes na redução das desigualdades de renda. A composição das três etapas normativa, teórica e empírica, sugere que investimentos em infraestrutura podem produzir resultados relevantes de acordo com os objetivos propostos pela política econômica, materializando-se em importante instrumento a ser considerado no âmbito da administração pública. / The changes in the relative efficiency of economic sectors are drivers of the redistribution of economic activities between developing and developed countries. These changes are the result of two complementary factors. The first factor is the autonomous development of industry efficiency as a result of physical and human capital accumulation, transactional efficiency and learning curve. The second factor accounts for exogenous impacts produced by disruptive technologies and, mainly, by public sector interventions. Those interventions are, in a broad sense, denominated industrial policy and constitute the focus of the research. Such interventions, that change in a planned manner the dynamics of the sectors, are called industrial policy. For their importance for growth and economic development, they constitute the focus of this work. The analysis of investments in infrastructure as a tool of industrial policy is developed in three stages. In the first stage we structure an epistemological model of organization in industrial policy from the instrument-objectives relationships. Based on the systematization of the main fields of research, we use this model to establish the normative link between investments in infrastructure and industrial policy instruments. In addition, the model allows positioning the research methodology through the combination of positive models and generalizable empirical tests. In the second stage we develop the theoretical link, based on a hypothetical-deductive framework in order to establish the conditions under which investments in infrastructure affect the growth and foreign trade trajectories in different sectors. This framework combines two categories of models. Following the methodology of Aschauer (1989), we use variations of models of growth of Solow (1956), considering investments in infrastructure as much as accumulation of capital and technological shocks to assess its impacts on sectors dynamics. Further, we combine this effort with models by Frankel and Romer (1999) to evaluate these investments from the perspective of international trade theory, thus creating the link between investments in infrastructure and sector competitiveness. The third stage provides the empirical link between investments in infrastructure and industrial policy objectives, testing the theoretical predictions by using different specifications of data panel models applied to a sample of 85 countries covering period from 1960 to 2005. In terms of economic growth, the per capita production in different sectors is regressed against investments in infrastructure, using traditional control variables. In terms of international trade, the dependent variable used in the model is the participation of each sector in trade balance of a country. On the technological framework, the dependent variable is labor productivity and finally, the social objectives are tested using the fairness in the income distribution as the dependent variable. The empirical tests suggest that the infrastructure projects have a positive and statistically significant impact on long-term growth of GDP per capita, what is especially relevant for developing economies. Evaluating the results for different sectors, these investments generate significant and robust acceleration in the services sector and smaller acceleration in the industrial sector. In agriculture, investments in infrastructure help support the historical growth pattern. Considering technology, investment in infrastructure had significant effects on the marginal productivity of labor in industry, weaker effects on the labor marginal productivity in the service sector and indicated no effects on the labor marginal productivity of the agricultural sector. Among the components of the infrastructure sector, telecommunications act more strongly as an inducer of economic growth, indicating that this is an instrument of industrial policy. In terms of international trade, investments in infrastructure were not relevant to identify long run trends. In the social framework, investment in infrastructure had relevant effects in reducing income inequalities. The composition of the three stages - normative, theoretical and empirical, suggests that investments in infrastructure can produce relevant results, according to the objectives proposed by the economic policy. Investments in infrastructure can also be materialized in an important public policy instrument.

A partir do arcabouço teórico da Teoria do Capital Humano, analisam-se os indicadores socioeconômicos e as diferenças entre os empregados especializados e os não-especializados da cultura da cana-de-açúcar no estado de São Paulo. A Teoria do Capital Humano estuda e analisa a capacidade de as habilidades e de os conhecimentos adquiridos e estocados pelos indivíduos proporcionarem renda e produção. A partir dos dados da PNAD, para os anos entre 2002 e 2007, são analisadas e comparadas algumas variáveis, como idade, escolaridade, rendimentos, grau de formalização e posição na ocupação (permanente ou temporário), para os dois grupos de empregados (especializados e não-especializados). Os rendimentos apresentados pela amostra da PNAD ainda são comparados aos valores das Convenções Coletivas de Trabalho e ao salário mínimo real. Também são apresentadas informações coletadas com representantes de cinco usinas de açúcar e álcool, no que tange à qualificação profissional de empregados do corte manual, visando à recolocação no corte mecânico. Além disso, são estimadas três equações de rendimentos, para avaliar os efeitos da especialização sobre os rendimentos dos indivíduos, além de outras variáveis relacionadas às características pessoais dos empregados, como educação, idade, sexo, condição na família e situação do domicílio e às suas características de trabalho, como formalização, número de horas semanais trabalhadas e posição na ocupação. Assim, com base nos dados da PNAD e nos resultados apresentados neste trabalho, observa-se a influência da especialização sobre os rendimentos dos empregados que atuam na cultura da cana-de-açúcar, dado que, nos três modelos estimados, os empregados especializados ganhavam 22,2%, 21,7%, 21,7% a mais que os não-especializados. Da mesma forma, quanto maiores os níveis de escolaridade dos indivíduos, maiores são os seus salários. Ademais, o perfil do empregado da cultura da cana-de-açúcar, com o aumento da mecanização, requer uma escolaridade mais elevada, principalmente devido à maior utilização de novas tecnologias envolvidas na atividade. Embora já se notem algumas iniciativas públicas e privadas visando à requalificação dos empregados envolvidos no corte manual da cana-de-açúcar, ressalta-se que ainda permanecem aquém das necessidades que se apresentam, dado o aumento da mecanização. / Using the theoretical framework of the Human Capital Theory, this paper analyzes the socioeconomic indicators and the differences between specialized and non-specialized workers in the sugarcane cultivation of the state of São Paulo. The Human Capital Theory analyzes the capacity of the acquired and retained knowledge of individuals in provide income and increase labor productivity. This paper will compare and analyze age, level of education, income, employment status, type of employment (full-time or temporary), and position for the two types of workers (specialized and non-specialized) utilizing data from the 2002 to 2007 PNAD (Brazilian Census). The income values from the PNAD are then compared to the values specified in the Collective Labor Conventions and the current minimum wage. It will also aim to present information gathered from representatives of five sugar and alcohol mills about the retraining of workers in the manual harvesting in order for them to be staffed in a mechanized harvesting situation. Furthermore, three income equations are estimated to evaluate the effect of specialization on the individuals income and also the effects of the variables mentioned above. Through PNAD data and the results from this paper, the influence of specialization in relation to income is readily seen. In the three models, specialized workers earned 22.2%, 21.7%, and 21.7% more than their non-specialized counterparts. This shows that with increased levels of education, the level of income also increases. In addition, the profile of a sugarcane cultivation employee now requires an elevated level of education due to the increased use of technology and mechanized harvesting. Although there are public and private initiatives aimed at the retraining of manual harvesting employees, it is insufficient considering the situation the industry faces due to the increase in mechanization.

The transfer of technology to developing countries constitutes one of the major debates in the literature on development economics. The present empirical investigation is intended to contribute to the large existing literature on technological transfer. Its major contribution lies in demonstrating rigorously that the integration of foreign technologies is greatly affected by the socio-economic conditions of the recipient countries. The present study attempts to identify the main socioeconomic characteristics involved in assimilating transferred technlogy. It first provides a quantifiable measure of the rate of technological absorption. Then, in presenting the selection of indicators, the general procedures followed in choosing the sample of countries are summarized and the principles guiding the choice of variables are examined. The model is based on multiple regression analysis, which is discussed in some detail. Another statistical method is used to explore the interdependence of the economic and social indicators, which provides more exact knowledge about their various interactions and lays the groundwork for the problem at hand. Three main indicators are identified that explain a significant-. sixty one percent of the total variance of the dependent variable. These main indicators are the rate of education, trade policies and the availability of certain consumer products. It is found that these variables express different and important dimensions of the third world economy. In general, the results reveal that the rate of technology integration varies greatly with the level of socio economic development. The findings of the investigation are analysed using new and efficient methods of diagnostic techniques, and are also seen within their theoretical perspectives. The analysis of results is concluded with a discussion of intangible factors that cannot as yet be quantified; factors such as political and managerial quality and yet can be expected to have significant effects on the rate of technological integration.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:43:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NaterciaJDS_DISSERT.pdf: 1217270 bytes, checksum: 95d4d16fe1ea352637b81584acc08a8b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-08 / The International Labor Organization (OIT) estimates that there are around 118 million children subjected to child labor around the world. In Brazil, there are 3.5 million workers aged between 5 and 17. This exploitation practice constitutes a serious social problem, including of Public Health, since these workers are exposed to a wide range of risks, such as those related to health, physical integrity and even to life, which may cause them to become sick adults and/or interrupt their lives prematurely. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the relationship between the frequency of child labor in the age group of 10 to 13 years and some socio-economic indicators. It is a quantitative research in an ecological study whose levels of analysis are the Brazilian municipalities grouped in 161 regions, defined from socioeconomic criteria. The dependent variable of this study was the prevalence of child labor in the age group of 10 to 13 years. The independent variables were selected after a correlation between the 2010 Census of child labor in the age group of 10 to 13 years and secondary data had been conducted, adopting two main independent variables: funds from the Family Allowance Program (PBF) per 1,000 inhabitants and Funds from the Child Labor Eradication Program (PETI) per a thousand inhabitants. Initially, it was conducted a descriptive analysis of the variables of the study, then, a bivariate analysis, and the correlation matrix was built. At last, the Multiple Linear Regression stratified analysis was performed. The results of this survey indicate that public policies , like the Bolsa Familia Program Features per 1000 inhabitants and Resources Program for the Eradication of Child Labour to be allocated to municipalities with HDI < 0.697 represent a decrease in the rate of child labor ; These programs have the resources to be invested in municipalities with HDI > = 0.697 have no effect on the rate of child labor. Other adjustment variables showed significance, among these the municipal Human Development Index (IDH), years of schooling at 18 years of age, illiteracy at 15 years of age or more, employees without employment contract at 18 years of age and the Gini Index. It is understood that the child labor issue is complex. The problem is associated, although not restricted to, poverty, the social exclusion and inequality that exist in Brazil, but other factors of cultural and economic nature, as well as of organization of production, also account for its aggravation. Fighting child labor involves a wide intersectoral articulation, shared and integrated with several public policies, among them health, sports, culture, agriculture, labor and human rights, with a view to guaranteeing the integrality of the rights of children and adolescents in situation of labor and of their respective families / A Organiza??o Internacional do Trabalho (OIT) estima que haja cerca de 118 milh?es de crian?as em todo o mundo submetidas ao trabalho infantil. No Brasil, h? 3,5 milh?es de trabalhadores entre 5 e 17 anos. Esse exerc?cio de explora??o constitui um grave problema da sociedade, inclusive de Sa?de P?blica, j? que esses trabalhadores est?o expostos a uma gama de riscos, quais sejam ? sa?de, ? integridade f?sica e at? ? vida, podendo torn?-los adultos doentes e/ou interrompendo precocemente suas vidas. Diante do exposto, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar a rela??o entre a frequ?ncia de trabalho infantil na faixa et?ria de 10 a 13 anos e alguns indicadores socioecon?micos. Trata-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa em um desenho ecol?gico cujos n?veis de an?lise s?o os munic?pios brasileiros agrupados em 161 regi?es, definidas a partir de crit?rios socioecon?micos. A vari?vel dependente deste estudo foi a preval?ncia de trabalho infantil na faixa et?ria de 10 a 13 anos. As vari?veis independentes foram selecionadas ap?s realizada uma correla??o entre o Censo de 2010 do trabalho infantil na faixa et?ria de 10 a 13 anos e dados secund?rios, adotando duas vari?veis independentes principais: recursos do Programa Bolsa Fam?lia (PBF) por 1000 habitantes e Recursos do Programa de Erradica??o do Trabalho Infantil (PETI) por mil habitantes. Foi realizada inicialmente uma an?lise descritiva das vari?veis do estudo, posteriormente, uma an?lise bivariada, e constru?da a matriz de correla??o. Por fim, foi feita a an?lise de Regress?o Liner M?ltipla. Foram constru?dos dois modelos de Regress?o. O primeiro modelo, no qual os recursos do PBF ? a variav?l independente principal, explica 57,8% de toda a varia??o do trabalho infantil e a equa??o final permite inferir que a cada 100 reais de recursos do PBF alocados produz uma diminui??o de 1,4% na taxa de trabalho infantil na faixa et?ria de 10 a 13. No segundo, no qual os recursos do PETI explicam 58,8% de todo o modelo, constatou-se que a cada R$ 100 reais investidos, a taxa de trabalho infantil diminui em 2,16%. Outras vari?veis de ajuste mostraram signific?ncia, entre elas o IDH municipal, anos de Estudos aos 18 anos, analfabetismo em 15 anos ou mais, empregados sem carteira com 18 anos e o ?ndice de Gini. Compreende-se que a quest?o do trabalho infantil ? complexa. O problema est? associado, embora n?o esteja restrito ? pobreza, ? desigualdade e ? exclus?o social existentes no Brasil, mas h? outros fatores de natureza cultural, econ?mica e de organiza??o da produ??o, respondem tamb?m pelo seu agravamento. Para enfretamento do trabalho infantil necessita de uma ampla articula??o intersetorial compartilhada e integrada com diversas pol?ticas p?blicas entre elas sa?de, esporte, cultura, agricultura, trabalho e direitos humanos, tendo, como horizonte, a garantia da integralidade dos direitos de crian?as e adolescentes em situa??o de trabalho e de suas respectivas fam?lias

A partir do arcabouço teórico da Teoria do Capital Humano, analisam-se os indicadores socioeconômicos e as diferenças entre os empregados especializados e os não-especializados da cultura da cana-de-açúcar no estado de São Paulo. A Teoria do Capital Humano estuda e analisa a capacidade de as habilidades e de os conhecimentos adquiridos e estocados pelos indivíduos proporcionarem renda e produção. A partir dos dados da PNAD, para os anos entre 2002 e 2007, são analisadas e comparadas algumas variáveis, como idade, escolaridade, rendimentos, grau de formalização e posição na ocupação (permanente ou temporário), para os dois grupos de empregados (especializados e não-especializados). Os rendimentos apresentados pela amostra da PNAD ainda são comparados aos valores das Convenções Coletivas de Trabalho e ao salário mínimo real. Também são apresentadas informações coletadas com representantes de cinco usinas de açúcar e álcool, no que tange à qualificação profissional de empregados do corte manual, visando à recolocação no corte mecânico. Além disso, são estimadas três equações de rendimentos, para avaliar os efeitos da especialização sobre os rendimentos dos indivíduos, além de outras variáveis relacionadas às características pessoais dos empregados, como educação, idade, sexo, condição na família e situação do domicílio e às suas características de trabalho, como formalização, número de horas semanais trabalhadas e posição na ocupação. Assim, com base nos dados da PNAD e nos resultados apresentados neste trabalho, observa-se a influência da especialização sobre os rendimentos dos empregados que atuam na cultura da cana-de-açúcar, dado que, nos três modelos estimados, os empregados especializados ganhavam 22,2%, 21,7%, 21,7% a mais que os não-especializados. Da mesma forma, quanto maiores os níveis de escolaridade dos indivíduos, maiores são os seus salários. Ademais, o perfil do empregado da cultura da cana-de-açúcar, com o aumento da mecanização, requer uma escolaridade mais elevada, principalmente devido à maior utilização de novas tecnologias envolvidas na atividade. Embora já se notem algumas iniciativas públicas e privadas visando à requalificação dos empregados envolvidos no corte manual da cana-de-açúcar, ressalta-se que ainda permanecem aquém das necessidades que se apresentam, dado o aumento da mecanização. / Using the theoretical framework of the Human Capital Theory, this paper analyzes the socioeconomic indicators and the differences between specialized and non-specialized workers in the sugarcane cultivation of the state of São Paulo. The Human Capital Theory analyzes the capacity of the acquired and retained knowledge of individuals in provide income and increase labor productivity. This paper will compare and analyze age, level of education, income, employment status, type of employment (full-time or temporary), and position for the two types of workers (specialized and non-specialized) utilizing data from the 2002 to 2007 PNAD (Brazilian Census). The income values from the PNAD are then compared to the values specified in the Collective Labor Conventions and the current minimum wage. It will also aim to present information gathered from representatives of five sugar and alcohol mills about the retraining of workers in the manual harvesting in order for them to be staffed in a mechanized harvesting situation. Furthermore, three income equations are estimated to evaluate the effect of specialization on the individuals income and also the effects of the variables mentioned above. Through PNAD data and the results from this paper, the influence of specialization in relation to income is readily seen. In the three models, specialized workers earned 22.2%, 21.7%, and 21.7% more than their non-specialized counterparts. This shows that with increased levels of education, the level of income also increases. In addition, the profile of a sugarcane cultivation employee now requires an elevated level of education due to the increased use of technology and mechanized harvesting. Although there are public and private initiatives aimed at the retraining of manual harvesting employees, it is insufficient considering the situation the industry faces due to the increase in mechanization.

As mudanças na eficiência relativa de setores produtivos ao longo do tempo direcionam a reorganização de atividades econômicas entre países desenvolvidos e emergentes. Essas mudanças resultam de dois movimentos complementares. Primeiro, o desenvolvimento setorial autônomo, decorrente da combinação de acumulação de capital físico e humano, eficiência transacional e curva de aprendizagem. O segundo movimento refere-se a choques exógenos, produzidos por inovações tecnológicas ou por intervenções autônomas do setor público. Tais intervenções, que alteram de forma planejada a dinâmica das trajetórias setoriais, são denominadas de política industrial. Por sua importância para o crescimento e desenvolvimento econômico, constituem o objeto de análise deste trabalho. A análise de investimentos em infraestrutura como instrumento de política industrial é desenvolvida em três etapas. Na primeira etapa propomos a estruturação de um modelo de organização epistemológica em política industrial a partir das relações instrumentoobjetivo. Com base na sistematização das principais linhas de pesquisa, utilizamos este modelo para estabelecer a vinculação normativa entre investimentos em infraestrutura e instrumentos de política industrial. Em complemento, o modelo permite posicionar a metodologia de pesquisa por meio da combinação entre modelos teóricos positivos e testes econométricos. Na segunda etapa desenvolvemos o vínculo teórico, fundamentado em um arcabouço hipotético-dedutivo, para estabelecer as condições nas quais investimentos em infraestrutura influenciam as trajetórias de crescimento e de comércio exterior de diferentes setores. Este arcabouço combina duas categorias de modelos. Seguindo a metodologia de Aschauer (1989), utilizamos variações de modelos de crescimento de Solow (1956), considerando investimentos em infraestrutura tanto como acúmulo de capital quanto como choque tecnológico, para avaliar seus impactos sobre dinâmicas setoriais. Combinamos esses modelos com os de Frankel e Romer (1999) para avaliar esses investimentos sob a ótica teórica do comércio internacional, desta forma criando o vínculo entre investimentos em infraestrutura e competitividade setorial. A terceira etapa estabelece o vínculo empírico entre investimentos em infraestrutura e objetivos da política industrial, testando as predições teóricas por meio de diferentes especificações de modelos de dados em painel aplicados a uma amostra de 85 países no período de 1960 a 2005. No plano do crescimento econômico, a produção per capita em diferentes setores é regredida em relação a investimentos em infraestrutura, mediante o uso de variáveis de controle tradicionais. No plano do comércio internacional, a variável dependente é a participação setorial na balança comercial; no plano tecnológico, a variável dependente é a produtividade do trabalho; e no plano social, a variável dependente é a equidade na distribuição de renda. Os testes empíricos indicam que investimentos em infraestrutura produzem um impacto positivo e estatisticamente relevante no crescimento de longo prazo do produto interno per capita, especialmente em economias em desenvolvimento. Avaliando setorialmente os resultados, esses investimentos geram aceleração expressiva e robusta no setor de serviços e menor aceleração no setor industrial. No setor agrícola, investimentos em infraestrutura auxiliam na sustentação do padrão histórico de crescimento. No plano tecnológico, investimentos em infraestrutura apresentaram efeitos expressivos sobre a produtividade marginal do trabalho na indústria, efeitos menores sobre a produtividade marginal do trabalho no setor de serviços, não indicando efeitos sobre a produtividade marginal do setor agrícola. Dentre os segmentos que compõem o setor de infraestrutura, verificamos que as telecomunicações atuam mais fortemente como instrumento indutor de crescimento econômico, indicando que esse segmento representa um instrumento de política industrial. Não foram encontradas evidências de que os segmentos de rodovias e geração de energia elétrica exerçam o mesmo papel do setor de telecomunicações. No plano do comércio internacional, os investimentos em infraestrutura não se mostraram relevantes na identificação de tendências de longo prazo. No plano social, investimentos em infraestrutura apresentaram efeitos relevantes na redução das desigualdades de renda. A composição das três etapas normativa, teórica e empírica, sugere que investimentos em infraestrutura podem produzir resultados relevantes de acordo com os objetivos propostos pela política econômica, materializando-se em importante instrumento a ser considerado no âmbito da administração pública. / The changes in the relative efficiency of economic sectors are drivers of the redistribution of economic activities between developing and developed countries. These changes are the result of two complementary factors. The first factor is the autonomous development of industry efficiency as a result of physical and human capital accumulation, transactional efficiency and learning curve. The second factor accounts for exogenous impacts produced by disruptive technologies and, mainly, by public sector interventions. Those interventions are, in a broad sense, denominated industrial policy and constitute the focus of the research. Such interventions, that change in a planned manner the dynamics of the sectors, are called industrial policy. For their importance for growth and economic development, they constitute the focus of this work. The analysis of investments in infrastructure as a tool of industrial policy is developed in three stages. In the first stage we structure an epistemological model of organization in industrial policy from the instrument-objectives relationships. Based on the systematization of the main fields of research, we use this model to establish the normative link between investments in infrastructure and industrial policy instruments. In addition, the model allows positioning the research methodology through the combination of positive models and generalizable empirical tests. In the second stage we develop the theoretical link, based on a hypothetical-deductive framework in order to establish the conditions under which investments in infrastructure affect the growth and foreign trade trajectories in different sectors. This framework combines two categories of models. Following the methodology of Aschauer (1989), we use variations of models of growth of Solow (1956), considering investments in infrastructure as much as accumulation of capital and technological shocks to assess its impacts on sectors dynamics. Further, we combine this effort with models by Frankel and Romer (1999) to evaluate these investments from the perspective of international trade theory, thus creating the link between investments in infrastructure and sector competitiveness. The third stage provides the empirical link between investments in infrastructure and industrial policy objectives, testing the theoretical predictions by using different specifications of data panel models applied to a sample of 85 countries covering period from 1960 to 2005. In terms of economic growth, the per capita production in different sectors is regressed against investments in infrastructure, using traditional control variables. In terms of international trade, the dependent variable used in the model is the participation of each sector in trade balance of a country. On the technological framework, the dependent variable is labor productivity and finally, the social objectives are tested using the fairness in the income distribution as the dependent variable. The empirical tests suggest that the infrastructure projects have a positive and statistically significant impact on long-term growth of GDP per capita, what is especially relevant for developing economies. Evaluating the results for different sectors, these investments generate significant and robust acceleration in the services sector and smaller acceleration in the industrial sector. In agriculture, investments in infrastructure help support the historical growth pattern. Considering technology, investment in infrastructure had significant effects on the marginal productivity of labor in industry, weaker effects on the labor marginal productivity in the service sector and indicated no effects on the labor marginal productivity of the agricultural sector. Among the components of the infrastructure sector, telecommunications act more strongly as an inducer of economic growth, indicating that this is an instrument of industrial policy. In terms of international trade, investments in infrastructure were not relevant to identify long run trends. In the social framework, investment in infrastructure had relevant effects in reducing income inequalities. The composition of the three stages - normative, theoretical and empirical, suggests that investments in infrastructure can produce relevant results, according to the objectives proposed by the economic policy. Investments in infrastructure can also be materialized in an important public policy instrument.

Magister Public Health - MPH / Introduction: In recent years, cardiovascular disease (CVD) has emerged as a leading cause of death in developing countries. It is important to identify and target people who are at risk,given that a third of all deaths are expected to be due to CVD by 2020. Studies have shown socio-economic patterning in the prevalence of risk factors for CVD, including obesity,smoking and lipid profile. In developed countries, the association between socio-economic status (SES) and CVD risk factors is negative, with a higher prevalence of CVD risk factors among people of lower SES. However, findings from studies in developing countries on this including South Africa has been inconsistent. In addition, there is scant information on differences in socio-economic patterning of CVD risk factors between urban and rural areas in South Africa.Aim: To examine the association between SES indicators and CVD risk factors among an adult population cohort of Black South Africans living in a rural and urban community.Study design: Quantitative cross-sectional analytical study of baseline data of a populationbased cohort of 2000 Black South African men and women aged 30-70 years who are part of the Cape Town arm of the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology (PURE) Study. The study cohort has been established in Mount Frere, Eastern Cape (rural) and Langa, Cape Town(urban) since 2009 and the current work is secondary analysis of the baseline study data.Data collection/synthesis: SES indicators including income, employment status, marital status and completed education were gleaned from the baseline data of the PURE Cape Town study for all study participants. Then CVD risk factors including obesity, hypertension, selfreported diabetes, consumption of tobacco and alcohol consumption were also determined for the same participants. Data analysis: Data was analysed using SPSS version 20 for Windows. Descriptive statistics including frequency counts, percentages, mean and standard deviations (where normal distribution) and median and interquartile range (where non-normal) were used to summarise data on SES and CVD risk factors. This was performed separately for rural and urban study participants. Analytical statistics was used to examine associations between SES indicators and CVD risk factors with risk factors as both dichotomous and multi-level categorical variables. Kendall’s τ rank correlation coefficient was obtained to assess the relationship between the three indicators of SES. Prevalence rates reported with 95% confidence intervals was determined for risk factors across categories of SES indicators. P-values for trends in CVD risk factors were obtained by treating the SES indicators as categorical variables in logistic regression analyses. Multiple logistic regression analysis to estimate independent effects of the different SES indicators on risk factors was performed. In all analyses, P-values < 0.05 were regarded as significant.Results: There was a significant difference in the socioeconomic and CVD risk factors profile of urban and rural participants. Except for hypertension and tobacco use with insignificant higher prevalence in the urban location, all CVD risk factors were significantly higher in urban than rural participants. Some CVD risk factors (hypertension and diabetes) were positively associated with high SES (income) and some others (tobacco use) were negatively associated with employment status. Highest income earners had the highest risk of hypertension (AOR= 2.4, 95% CI 1.5-3.9) and diabetes (AOR= 2.2, 95% CI 1.2-4.1) after adjusting for age, sex and other SES variables. Marital status however showed the most consistent association across all CVD risk factors; widowed participants had a high risk of hypertension (OR=2.1, 95% CI 1.2-3.7) and diabetes (OR=2.0, 95% CI 1.1-3.7), but had the lowest risk of tobacco (OR=0.3, 95% CI 0.14-0.66) and alcohol use (OR=0.3, 95% CI 0.15-0.72). The distribution of CVD risk factors by SES gradient showed inconsistent patterning and difference between the urban and rural participants.Conclusion: In this cohort of adult Black South Africans, high income earning and widowed marital status were associated with higher hypertension and diabetes prevalence, while unemployment was associated with higher tobacco use.Recommendations: CVD risk reduction interventions that recognise the differential susceptibility of individuals in different SES group need to be designed and implemented.Widows and widowers should be given focussed attention in health screening as they may have increased vulnerability to diseases especially CVDs. There is however need for more research to establish the pathway through which SES factors predispose or protect individuals from CVDs.

Magister Public Health - MPH / Introduction: In recent years, cardiovascular disease (CVD) has emerged as a leading cause of death in developing countries. It is important to identify and target people who are at risk,given that a third of all deaths are expected to be due to CVD by 2020. Studies have shown socio-economic patterning in the prevalence of risk factors for CVD, including obesity,smoking and lipid profile. In developed countries, the association between socio-economic status (SES) and CVD risk factors is negative, with a higher prevalence of CVD risk factors among people of lower SES. However, findings from studies in developing countries on this including South Africa has been inconsistent. In addition, there is scant information on differences in socio-economic patterning of CVD risk factors between urban and rural areas in South Africa.Aim: To examine the association between SES indicators and CVD risk factors among an adult population cohort of Black South Africans living in a rural and urban community.Study design: Quantitative cross-sectional analytical study of baseline data of a populationbased cohort of 2000 Black South African men and women aged 30-70 years who are part of the Cape Town arm of the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology (PURE) Study. The study cohort has been established in Mount Frere, Eastern Cape (rural) and Langa, Cape Town(urban) since 2009 and the current work is secondary analysis of the baseline study data.Data collection/synthesis: SES indicators including income, employment status, marital status and completed education were gleaned from the baseline data of the PURE Cape Town study for all study participants. Then CVD risk factors including obesity, hypertension, selfreported diabetes, consumption of tobacco and alcohol consumption were also determined for the same participants. Data analysis: Data was analysed using SPSS version 20 for Windows. Descriptive statistics including frequency counts, percentages, mean and standard deviations (where normal distribution) and median and interquartile range (where non-normal) were used to summarise data on SES and CVD risk factors. This was performed separately for rural and urban study participants. Analytical statistics was used to examine associations between SES indicators and CVD risk factors with risk factors as both dichotomous and multi-level categorical variables.Kendall’s τ rank correlation coefficient was obtained to assess the relationship between the three indicators of SES. Prevalence rates reported with 95% confidence intervals was determined for risk factors across categories of SES indicators. P-values for trends in CVD risk factors were obtained by treating the SES indicators as categorical variables in logistic regression analyses. Multiple logistic regression analysis to estimate independent effects of the different SES indicators on risk factors was performed. In all analyses, P-values< 0.05 were regarded as significant.Results: There was a significant difference in the socioeconomic and CVD risk factors profile of urban and rural participants. Except for hypertension and tobacco use with insignificant higher prevalence in the urban location, all CVD risk factors were significantly higher in urban than rural participants. Some CVD risk factors (hypertension and diabetes) were positively associated with high SES (income) and some others (tobacco use) were negatively associated with employment status. Highest income earners had the highest risk of hypertension (AOR= 2.4, 95% CI 1.5-3.9) and diabetes (AOR= 2.2, 95% CI 1.2-4.1) after adjusting for age, sex and other SES variables. Marital status however showed the most consistent association across all CVD risk factors; widowed participants had a high risk of hypertension (OR=2.1, 95% CI 1.2-3.7) and diabetes (OR=2.0, 95% CI 1.1-3.7), but had the lowest risk of tobacco (OR=0.3, 95% CI 0.14-0.66) and alcohol use (OR=0.3, 95% CI 0.15-0.72). The distribution of CVD risk factors by SES gradient showed inconsistent patterning and difference between the urban and rural participants.Conclusion: In this cohort of adult Black South Africans, high income earning and widowed marital status were associated with higher hypertension and diabetes prevalence, while unemployment was associated with higher tobacco use.Recommendations: CVD risk reduction interventions that recognise the differential susceptibility of individuals in different SES group need to be designed and implemented.Widows and widowers should be given focussed attention in health screening as they may have increased vulnerability to diseases especially CVDs. There is however need for more research to establish the pathway through which SES factors predispose or protect individuals from CVDs.

Orientador: Regina Celia Baptista Belluzzo / Resumo: A estruturação, análise e fomento de diretrizes em prol da sociedade é fundamental para que o poder público cumpra sua função social. Resulta que possuir instrumentos adequados e dinâmicos para este propósito se faz essencial. Um importante e significativo norteador para o planejamento das ações de desenvolvimento dos municípios é a Agenda 2030, definida pela ONU como sendo um plano de ação que busca erradicar a pobreza, proteger o planeta e garantir que as pessoas alcancem a paz e a prosperidade até o ano de 2030. A agenda inclui metas e os 17 ODS, que são os objetivos de desenvolvimento sustentável, sendo um plano de governo para toda a sociedade. O município de Bauru está localizado geograficamente no centro do estado mais populoso do Brasil, com população estimada de 344 mil pessoas, e com o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDHM) de 0,801, segundo o site do IBGE (2010). Esses indicadores macroeconômicos permitem formar uma ideia de desenvolvimento socioeconômico da cidade. No entanto, a cidade não possui plataforma própria que evidencie suas reais demandas, tornando relevante a geração de dados mais específicos e que sejam de seu domínio, possibilitando formular a qualquer tempo, as suas estratégias de desenvolvimento local. Os principais conceitos que permeiam este trabalho são políticas públicas, indicadores socioeconômicos e competência em informação e midiática, com o objetivo de oferecer elementos para a produção de informação de interesse do município e d... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The structuring, analysis and promotion of guidelines in favor of society is essential for the government to fulfill its social function. It follows that having adequate and dynamic instruments for this purpose is essential. An important and significant guide for planning municipal development actions is the 2030 Agenda, defined by the UN as an action plan that seeks to eradicate poverty, protect the planet and ensure that people achieve peace and prosperity up to 2030. The agenda includes objectives and the 17 OSGs, which are the objectives of sustainable development, being a governance plan for the entire society. Bauru is located geographically in the center of the most populous state in Brazil, with an estimated population of 344,000 inhabitants, and the Municipal Human Development Index (HDI) of 0.801, according to the IBGE website (2010). These macroeconomic indicators allow us to form an idea of the socio-economic development of the city. However, the city does not have its own platform to clearly highlight its needs, which makes it more relevant to generate more specific data found on its domain, allowing its local development strategies to be formulated at any time. The main concepts that permeate this work are public policies, socioeconomic indicators and media information and competence, with the aim of providing elements for the production of information of interest to the city and the dissemination of media for the various social sectors. The following research w... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre