In accordance with structural theory and distributive justice theory, this study investigates if Americans' personal encounters with the opportunity structure and their existing reward conditions will influence their perceptions toward distribution outcomes in the U.S. I argue that higher-status individuals possessing various "attributes of structural privilege" will exhibit less support for regulating income inequality in society than lower-status individuals. Upward mobility should also be negatively related to support for restoring greater equality in allocation outcomes. However, the effect of mobility on justice perceptions should vary by class status, since class has been known to be a reliable predictor of these attitudes. The study employed a sample of 438 American adults from the GSS 2000 dataset, and ordinary least squares (OLS) regression was applied in the analyses of the data. Two of the three above hypotheses received partial confirmation, that is, there were class, race, and gender differences in distributive justice perceptions. Class also interacted significantly with occupational mobility in altering distributive justice perceptions.

This paper aims to explore how shifting federal, state, and individual priorities have transformed public higher education from a bastion of quality higher education for the greatest number of people to a more privatized state that only provides access and choice to those who can afford them. Decreased public support and state appropriations for public higher education schools have led many institutions to privatize themselves through increasing tuition prices and enrolling more out-of-state and international students who can afford to pay the full sticker price. At the same time, federal financial aid programs have become more and more geared towards assisting middle- and upper-income families, rather than focusing their efforts on removing financial barriers for low-income students. Combined, these two trends have manifested greater socioeconomic inequality for students with low-incomes; public higher education institutions are slowly turning their backs on those for whom federally funded public colleges and universities were built.

In this study, the associations of socioeconomic variables with reading test scores in grade 4 (PIRLS) and with math and science test scores in grades 4 and 8 (TIMSS) were examined across 28 OECD countries. This study adds to the current knowledge base by integrating measures of income inequality, which have been used in a few studies involving test scores, with other socioeconomic variables of interest. Bivariate correlations show that certain socioeconomic measures have stronger relationships with test score inequality than with average test scores: income inequality, gender inequality, and adolescent fertility rates all have significant relationships with test score inequality in reading, math, and science. There are also strong intercorrelations among these three socioeconomic variables. Income inequality is significantly associated with average science test scores in grades 4 and 8, while adolescent fertility rates hold significant relationships with average math and science test scores in both grades. Intercorrelations among the variables show that people who live in a country with high income inequality, and are at the lower end of that country’s income distribution, struggle in ways that people in countries with low income inequality do not. Health insurance and access to health care, paid maternity leave, and preschool education are easier to obtain in countries with lower income inequality. Examination of individual countries gives additional insight into the important role of income inequality. Slovenia, for example, has a relatively low GDP per capita but enjoys good test scores, perhaps because of its low income inequality. Finland, another country with low income inequality, attains PIRLS and TIMSS test scores that are among the highest in the world, in part because of social services that have the effect of further reducing income inequality. The U.S. is something of a puzzle because it has relatively high scores despite substantial inequality. Based on the results of this study and other current research, it seems likely that the U.S. could reduce test score inequality by providing targeted supports to low-income families, effectively reducing income inequality. Such supports may include: 1) installing wraparound services within school settings for low-income families; and 2) substantially expanding preschool access, especially among 3-year-olds.

No / Introduction. Recent research on health inequalities moves beyond illustrating the importance of psychosocial factors for health to a more in-depth study of the specific psychosocial pathways involved. Social capital is a concept that captures both a buffer function of the social environment on health, as well as potential negative effects arising from social inequality and exclusion. This systematic review assesses the current evidence, and identifies gaps in knowledge, on the associations and interactions between social capital and socioeconomic inequalities in health. Methods. Through this systematic review we identified studies on the interactions between social capital and socioeconomic inequalities in health published before July 2012. Results: The literature search resulted in 618 studies after removal of duplicates, of which 60 studies were eligible for analysis. Self-reported measures of health were most frequently used, together with different bonding, bridging and linking components of social capital. A large majority, 56 studies, confirmed a correlation between social capital and socioeconomic inequalities in health. Twelve studies reported that social capital might buffer negative health effects of low socioeconomic status and five studies concluded that social capital has a stronger positive effect on health for people with a lower socioeconomic status. Conclusions: There is evidence for both a buffer effect and a dependency effect of social capital on socioeconomic inequalities in health, although the studies that assess these interactions are limited in number. More evidence is needed, as identified hypotheses have implications for community action and for action on the structural causes of social inequalities.

Desde o estabelecimento do capitalismo e formação do estado moderno, discussões sobre as desigualdades resultantes da forma como a maioria das sociedades contemporâneas se organizam econômica e socialmente são frequentes. Sen (2008) afirma que é necessário que se repense os processos de geração e distribuição de renda. A desigualdade econômica crescente apresenta-se como um dos principais problemas sociais da atualidade, sendo uma das principais causas de outros problemas colaterais como violência, desigualdade de gênero, pobreza, entre outros. Assim, a maneira de pensar e o modo de gerir as organizações exerce um papel fundamental. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo geral investigar como práticas de gestão em organizações do Terceiro Setor, Empreendimentos de Economia Solidária e Negócios Sociais - Modelo Yunus, podem contribuir para minimizar o problema da desigualdade social no Brasil. Para atingir este objetivo, foi realizado um estudo exploratório, com entrevistas em profundidade, análise documental e registros em arquivos, incluindo uma incubadora de economia solidária e uma aceleradora de negócios sociais - modelo Yunus, além de seis empreendimentos sociais, sendo dois do terceiro setor, dois da economia solidária e dois negócios sociais - modelo Yunus. Os dados obtidos foram comparados, buscando encontrar padrões comuns e aspectos conflitantes em cada uma das experiências. Privilegiou-se metodologicamente a análise de conteúdo como técnica central do estudo. Como resultado, chegou-se a um comparativo entre as principais práticas de gestão adotadas nos três modelos, em relação à motivação para empreender, hierarquia e entrada de novos trabalhadores, remuneração e propriedade, transparência, aspectos formativos internos e difusão dos princípios praticados e viabilidade financeira. Por fim, concluiu-se que as três vertentes possuem potencialidades a serem exploradas no combate à desigualdade, sendo a economia solidária com maior potencial de transformações estruturais, os negócios sociais com maior potencial de crescimento e desenvolvimento, e o terceiro setor com maior potencial de resolução de problemas sociais pontuais, mostrando-se limitado em relação a transformações estruturais. / Since the establishment of capitalism and the modern state formation, there are frequent discussions about the inequalities resulting of the way that most contemporary societies organize themselves economically and socially. Sen (2008) states that it is necessary to rethink the processes of income generation and distribution. The increase of economic inequality is one of the most important social problems nowadays, being the cause of collateral problems such as violence, gender inequality, poverty, and others. Thereby, the ways of thinking and managing organizations play a fundamental role. In this context, the objective of the present work is to investigate how management practices in organizations of the third sector, solidarity economy endeavors and social businesses (Yunus model), can contribute to minimize the problem of social inequality in Brazil. To achieve this goal, the authors conducted an exploratory research with in-depth interviews, document analysis and archival records, including a solidarity economy incubator and a social business accelerator (Yunus model), as well as six social enterprises - two from the third sector, two of the solidarity economy, and two social businesses (Yunus model). In order to find common patterns and conflicting aspects in each of the experiments, the authors compared data obtained. The main technique used was content analysis. As a result, the study presents a comparison between the main management practices adopted in the three models, regarding to the motivation to undertake, hierarchy and new employees entry, remuneration and ownership, transparency, internal formative aspects, diffusion of their principles and financial viability. Finally, the authors concluded that the three models have potential to be exploited in the fight against inequality. Solidarity economy presents greater potential for structural transformations, social businesses for growth and development, and the third sector for resolution of specific social problems, but limited in relation to structural transformations.

Desde o estabelecimento do capitalismo e formação do estado moderno, discussões sobre as desigualdades resultantes da forma como a maioria das sociedades contemporâneas se organizam econômica e socialmente são frequentes. Sen (2008) afirma que é necessário que se repense os processos de geração e distribuição de renda. A desigualdade econômica crescente apresenta-se como um dos principais problemas sociais da atualidade, sendo uma das principais causas de outros problemas colaterais como violência, desigualdade de gênero, pobreza, entre outros. Assim, a maneira de pensar e o modo de gerir as organizações exerce um papel fundamental. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo geral investigar como práticas de gestão em organizações do Terceiro Setor, Empreendimentos de Economia Solidária e Negócios Sociais - Modelo Yunus, podem contribuir para minimizar o problema da desigualdade social no Brasil. Para atingir este objetivo, foi realizado um estudo exploratório, com entrevistas em profundidade, análise documental e registros em arquivos, incluindo uma incubadora de economia solidária e uma aceleradora de negócios sociais - modelo Yunus, além de seis empreendimentos sociais, sendo dois do terceiro setor, dois da economia solidária e dois negócios sociais - modelo Yunus. Os dados obtidos foram comparados, buscando encontrar padrões comuns e aspectos conflitantes em cada uma das experiências. Privilegiou-se metodologicamente a análise de conteúdo como técnica central do estudo. Como resultado, chegou-se a um comparativo entre as principais práticas de gestão adotadas nos três modelos, em relação à motivação para empreender, hierarquia e entrada de novos trabalhadores, remuneração e propriedade, transparência, aspectos formativos internos e difusão dos princípios praticados e viabilidade financeira. Por fim, concluiu-se que as três vertentes possuem potencialidades a serem exploradas no combate à desigualdade, sendo a economia solidária com maior potencial de transformações estruturais, os negócios sociais com maior potencial de crescimento e desenvolvimento, e o terceiro setor com maior potencial de resolução de problemas sociais pontuais, mostrando-se limitado em relação a transformações estruturais. / Since the establishment of capitalism and the modern state formation, there are frequent discussions about the inequalities resulting of the way that most contemporary societies organize themselves economically and socially. Sen (2008) states that it is necessary to rethink the processes of income generation and distribution. The increase of economic inequality is one of the most important social problems nowadays, being the cause of collateral problems such as violence, gender inequality, poverty, and others. Thereby, the ways of thinking and managing organizations play a fundamental role. In this context, the objective of the present work is to investigate how management practices in organizations of the third sector, solidarity economy endeavors and social businesses (Yunus model), can contribute to minimize the problem of social inequality in Brazil. To achieve this goal, the authors conducted an exploratory research with in-depth interviews, document analysis and archival records, including a solidarity economy incubator and a social business accelerator (Yunus model), as well as six social enterprises - two from the third sector, two of the solidarity economy, and two social businesses (Yunus model). In order to find common patterns and conflicting aspects in each of the experiments, the authors compared data obtained. The main technique used was content analysis. As a result, the study presents a comparison between the main management practices adopted in the three models, regarding to the motivation to undertake, hierarchy and new employees entry, remuneration and ownership, transparency, internal formative aspects, diffusion of their principles and financial viability. Finally, the authors concluded that the three models have potential to be exploited in the fight against inequality. Solidarity economy presents greater potential for structural transformations, social businesses for growth and development, and the third sector for resolution of specific social problems, but limited in relation to structural transformations.

A opção epistemológica escolhida como categoria de análise para compreender as dinâmicas do circuito espacial produtivo da banana em Missão Velha - Ceará, abrange a elaboração teórica do geografo Milton Santos sobre os sistemas de objetos e sistemas de ações. Para tanto, fora necessário um esforço de reflexão na tentativa de superar as complexidades desta categoria de análise do espaço. A pesquisa fora estruturada em três partes. Na primeira procurou-se abordar a estrutura organizacional do estado do Ceará em sua política de desenvolvimento econômico materializada em incentivos fiscais e reestruturação do Estado. Neste percurso a Agência de Desenvolvimento Econômico do Estado do Ceará ADECE participa da administração pública de forma indireta por se tratar de uma Sociedade Anônima SA de economia mista. Na reestruturação do estado, a construção de novas estradas, o asfaltamento de estradas antigas, e a construção do Cinturão das Águas do Ceará CAC, constituem-se objetos técnicos a serviço dos interesses econômicos da diminuta classe de empresários que investe não somente no agronegócio, mas também no setor industrial e de serviços. O Estado através da ADECE vem divulgando que a construção do Cinturão das Águas do Ceará CAC, irrompe como a obra que propiciará ao estado a seguridade hídrica para atrair o empresário, sobretudo na agricultura irrigada e/ou no agronegócio. O segundo capítulo busca compreender o circuito espacial produtivo da fruticultura irrigada da banana no município de Missão Velha CE, sob essa perspectiva tomam destaque duas empresas: Sítio Barreiras Fruticultura LTDA e Sítio Paraíso Verde Fruticultura LTDA-ME. Como método optou-se por averiguar no Banco de Dados Agregados do IBGE a quantidade produzida de bananas nos municípios do Brasil, exatamente os dados referentes à área destinada ao plantio, área colhida e valor médio da produção. Desta forma, fora feita análise tornando-se possível comparar os dados no período de 2006 e 2015, com o objetivo de averiguar a variação na produção de banana no país. Diante dos dados o município de Missão Velha toma destaque no circuito espacial produtivo da banana entre os dez municípios do Brasil que mais produz banana. Com a preocupação de constatar se houve redução na produção dos gêneros alimentícios (feijão, milho, amendoim e mandioca), o último capítulo surge na tentativa de entender a substituição da policultura desses gêneros alimentícios pela monocultura da banana, para tanto fora feito recorte temporal de duas décadas com o intuito de identificar em que momento ocorre esse processo de transição e as consequências que a inserção desse novo modo de produção, pautadas na maximização do lucro, que o agronegócio impõe, pode causar à condição de vida do agricultor. Para isso verificar o perfil do trabalhador do campo e os possíveis impactos socioeconômicos que esse venha a sofrer é de fundamental importância na elaboração de políticas públicas que priorizem as necessidades sociais ao invés dos interesses capitalistas na contramão do que o mercado impõe ao Estado e consequentemente à sociedade. / The epistemological option chosen as a category of analysis to understand the dynamics of the productive space circuit of the banana in Missão Velha - Ceará, covers the theoretical elaboration of the geographer Milton Santos on the systems of objects and systems of actions. For that, an effort of reflection was necessary in order to overcome the complexities of this category of space analysis. The research had been structured in three parts. In the first one, it was tried to approach the organizational structure of the State of Ceará in its policy of economic development materialized in fiscal incentives and restructuring of the State. In this course the Economic Development Agency of the State of Ceará - ADECE participates in the public administration indirectly because it is a Joint-stock Company SA of mixed economy. In the restructuring of the state, the construction of new roads, the asphalting of old roads, and the construction of the Ceará Water Belt - CAC constitute technical objects in the service of the economic interests of the small class of entrepreneurs who invest not only in agribusiness , but also in the industrial and services sector. The State through ADECE has been announcing that the construction of the Ceará Watercourse Belt - CAC, erupts as the work that will provide the state with water security to attract the entrepreneur, especially in irrigated agriculture and / or agribusiness. The second chapter tries to understand the productive space circuit of the irrigated fruit tree of the banana in the municipality of Missão Velha - CE, under this perspective two companies stand out: Sítio Barreiras Fruticultura LTDA and Sítio Paraíso Verde Fruticultura LTDA-ME. As a method, it was decided to check the IBGE Aggregated Data Bank for the quantity of bananas produced in the municipalities of Brazil, exactly the data referring to the area for planting, area harvested and average value of production. Thus, an analysis was made making it possible to compare the data in the period of 2006 and 2015, with the objective of ascertaining the variation in banana production in the country. Given the data, the municipality of Missão Velha takes prominence in the productive space circuit of the banana among the ten municipalities in Brazil that produces the most banana. With the aim of verifying whether there was a reduction in the production of foodstuffs (beans, corn, peanuts and cassava), the last chapter arises in an attempt to understand the substitution of the polyculture of these foodstuffs by banana monoculture, to both had been made a temporal cut of two decades in order to identify when this transition process occurs and the consequences that the insertion of this new mode of production, based on the profit maximization, that agribusiness imposes can cause to the condition of life of the farmer. In order to verify the profile of the rural worker and the possible socioeconomic impacts that this will suffer is of fundamental importance in the elaboration of public policies that prioritize the social needs instead of the capitalist interests against what the market imposes to the State and consequently to the society.

A opção epistemológica escolhida como categoria de análise para compreender as dinâmicas do circuito espacial produtivo da banana em Missão Velha - Ceará, abrange a elaboração teórica do geografo Milton Santos sobre os sistemas de objetos e sistemas de ações. Para tanto, fora necessário um esforço de reflexão na tentativa de superar as complexidades desta categoria de análise do espaço. A pesquisa fora estruturada em três partes. Na primeira procurou-se abordar a estrutura organizacional do estado do Ceará em sua política de desenvolvimento econômico materializada em incentivos fiscais e reestruturação do Estado. Neste percurso a Agência de Desenvolvimento Econômico do Estado do Ceará ADECE participa da administração pública de forma indireta por se tratar de uma Sociedade Anônima SA de economia mista. Na reestruturação do estado, a construção de novas estradas, o asfaltamento de estradas antigas, e a construção do Cinturão das Águas do Ceará CAC, constituem-se objetos técnicos a serviço dos interesses econômicos da diminuta classe de empresários que investe não somente no agronegócio, mas também no setor industrial e de serviços. O Estado através da ADECE vem divulgando que a construção do Cinturão das Águas do Ceará CAC, irrompe como a obra que propiciará ao estado a seguridade hídrica para atrair o empresário, sobretudo na agricultura irrigada e/ou no agronegócio. O segundo capítulo busca compreender o circuito espacial produtivo da fruticultura irrigada da banana no município de Missão Velha CE, sob essa perspectiva tomam destaque duas empresas: Sítio Barreiras Fruticultura LTDA e Sítio Paraíso Verde Fruticultura LTDA-ME. Como método optou-se por averiguar no Banco de Dados Agregados do IBGE a quantidade produzida de bananas nos municípios do Brasil, exatamente os dados referentes à área destinada ao plantio, área colhida e valor médio da produção. Desta forma, fora feita análise tornando-se possível comparar os dados no período de 2006 e 2015, com o objetivo de averiguar a variação na produção de banana no país. Diante dos dados o município de Missão Velha toma destaque no circuito espacial produtivo da banana entre os dez municípios do Brasil que mais produz banana. Com a preocupação de constatar se houve redução na produção dos gêneros alimentícios (feijão, milho, amendoim e mandioca), o último capítulo surge na tentativa de entender a substituição da policultura desses gêneros alimentícios pela monocultura da banana, para tanto fora feito recorte temporal de duas décadas com o intuito de identificar em que momento ocorre esse processo de transição e as consequências que a inserção desse novo modo de produção, pautadas na maximização do lucro, que o agronegócio impõe, pode causar à condição de vida do agricultor. Para isso verificar o perfil do trabalhador do campo e os possíveis impactos socioeconômicos que esse venha a sofrer é de fundamental importância na elaboração de políticas públicas que priorizem as necessidades sociais ao invés dos interesses capitalistas na contramão do que o mercado impõe ao Estado e consequentemente à sociedade. / The epistemological option chosen as a category of analysis to understand the dynamics of the productive space circuit of the banana in Missão Velha - Ceará, covers the theoretical elaboration of the geographer Milton Santos on the systems of objects and systems of actions. For that, an effort of reflection was necessary in order to overcome the complexities of this category of space analysis. The research had been structured in three parts. In the first one, it was tried to approach the organizational structure of the State of Ceará in its policy of economic development materialized in fiscal incentives and restructuring of the State. In this course the Economic Development Agency of the State of Ceará - ADECE participates in the public administration indirectly because it is a Joint-stock Company SA of mixed economy. In the restructuring of the state, the construction of new roads, the asphalting of old roads, and the construction of the Ceará Water Belt - CAC constitute technical objects in the service of the economic interests of the small class of entrepreneurs who invest not only in agribusiness , but also in the industrial and services sector. The State through ADECE has been announcing that the construction of the Ceará Watercourse Belt - CAC, erupts as the work that will provide the state with water security to attract the entrepreneur, especially in irrigated agriculture and / or agribusiness. The second chapter tries to understand the productive space circuit of the irrigated fruit tree of the banana in the municipality of Missão Velha - CE, under this perspective two companies stand out: Sítio Barreiras Fruticultura LTDA and Sítio Paraíso Verde Fruticultura LTDA-ME. As a method, it was decided to check the IBGE Aggregated Data Bank for the quantity of bananas produced in the municipalities of Brazil, exactly the data referring to the area for planting, area harvested and average value of production. Thus, an analysis was made making it possible to compare the data in the period of 2006 and 2015, with the objective of ascertaining the variation in banana production in the country. Given the data, the municipality of Missão Velha takes prominence in the productive space circuit of the banana among the ten municipalities in Brazil that produces the most banana. With the aim of verifying whether there was a reduction in the production of foodstuffs (beans, corn, peanuts and cassava), the last chapter arises in an attempt to understand the substitution of the polyculture of these foodstuffs by banana monoculture, to both had been made a temporal cut of two decades in order to identify when this transition process occurs and the consequences that the insertion of this new mode of production, based on the profit maximization, that agribusiness imposes can cause to the condition of life of the farmer. In order to verify the profile of the rural worker and the possible socioeconomic impacts that this will suffer is of fundamental importance in the elaboration of public policies that prioritize the social needs instead of the capitalist interests against what the market imposes to the State and consequently to the society.

As cities expand globally, researchers must clarify how human activities and institutions shape biodiversity and conversely, how ecological processes shape human outcomes. Two features of contemporary cities motivate this thesis. First, urban residents, and especially children, are spending less time in nature and consequently, miss out on healthy and formative experiences with biodiversity. Second, residents with the least access to biodiversity tend to be those with the lowest socioeconomic status (SES). Together, these patterns convey a multi-layered environmental injustice: not only might urbanites become increasingly estranged from biodiversity, disinterested from its conservation, and disconnected from its benefits, but these outcomes may be most acute in communities already suffering from inequality in terms of exposure to hazards or limited economic opportunity. The first chapter explores how children’s behaviors and interests change after learning about animal habitats first-hand in an environmental education program. I conducted an evaluation of the ECOS program in Springfield, Massachusetts, in which I surveyed elementary school students about their memories of ECOS and their related environmental behaviors. Students with parents or peers that had participated in ECOS were more likely to repeat or discuss program activities after the program’s end. Findings will aid educators in Springfield and beyond in improving program impacts and sustainability. The second chapter explains under what conditions socioeconomic inequality becomes linked with biodiversity. I conducted a meta-analysis of published research that assessed SES-biodiversity relationships in 34 cities using fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis. I evaluated the contributions of study design and city-level conditions in shaping SES-biodiversity relationships for various taxonomic groups. The meta-analysis highlighted the contributions of residential and municipal decisions in differentially promoting biodiversity along socioeconomic lines. Further, we identified circumstances in which inequality in biodiversity was ameliorated or negated by urban form, social policy, or collective human preference. Findings will aid researchers and managers in understanding human drivers of biodiversity in their cities and how access to biodiversity may be unequally distributed. In sum, this thesis advances our knowledge about how biodiversity is structured in cities, who gets to experience it, and how such experiences influence our behaviors and interests.

<p>Socioeconomic inequality unduly impacts the pathways of socioeconomically disadvantaged students (SDS) in engineering. Past and present scholarship suggests that inequitable access to physical and interpersonal resources inhibits K-16+ students' ability to engage in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) meaningfully. This lack of access negatively impacts SDS' pursuit of, and success in, engineering. Thus far, quantitative studies seeking to understand SDS' trajectories to and through engineering have used income as a proxy for socioeconomic disadvantage. However, such measures are not theoretically positioned to accurately depict or account for the complex sociological processes that lead to, or result from, socioeconomic inequality. Furthermore, such measures do not account for parallel inequalities such as racism, sexism, and classism that exist, influence, and are influenced by it. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to 1) develop a more sociologically accurate measure of socioeconomic inequality, 2) to use that measure to identify the impacts of such inequality on SDS' pathways to and through engineering, and finally, 3) to explore the narrative experiences of SDS when accounting for a more accurate depiction. Using a Critical Realist Feminist approach to structural equation modeling, restricted data from the National Center for Education Statistics’ Educational Longitudinal Study of 2002 (ELS:2002) as well as other supplemental data were used to construct and test a more complex and representative measure of socioeconomic disadvantage, the Model of Socioeconomic Inequality (Study 1). Study 2 used this model to examine how aspects predicting important engineering student outcomes. Neighborhood location and conditions, level of Parent Educational Involvement, and availability of Household Educational Resources negatively impact SDS' opportunities to engage and succeed in engineering and college more broadly. Furthermore, the model suggested that such interactions are uniquely mediated by the intersectional inequalities experienced by SDS and their families. Finally, a rich narrative of one student, Samantha, is included to better understand the lived experiences of SDS amongst their pathways to and through engineering. Samantha was a Queer Asian American female SDS graduating from Computer Science Engineering who has low scores on Parent Educational Involvement and Household Educational Resources. Samantha's narrative shows the important role that the factors identified in the Model of Socioeconomic Inequality had in her experiences. Specifically, Samantha had little access to Parent Educational Involvement and Household Educational Resources from her parents. Rather, these forms of support came from what she referred to as her ``chosen family,'' a group of professors, co-workers, friends, and others who viewed and supported her identity authentically and provided her physical resources when she needed them. Access to this group and the resources they provided supported Samantha's belonging and her ability to succeed in engineering. However, Samantha's narrative also uncovered findings not included in the Model of Socioeconomic Inequality. Specifically, Samantha's narrative suggested she had experienced significant, long-term traumas that were both related and unrelated to her socioeconomic experiences. These traumas negatively impacted Samantha's feelings of belonging and caused her to question her place in engineering, but they were partially mitigated by the support of her chosen family. This three-study dissertation challenges current engineering education thinking regarding the knowledge and study of socioeconomics, trauma, and Intersectionality more broadly. It also challenges engineering education researchers and practitioners to question the current methods of how they support SDS in a multitude of spaces.</p>