<p>The research problem explored in this thesis is how technology and work practice are related in coordinative situations (collocated and over distance). Further, the problem of how this kind of research results can be transformed and used in the development of new technology is discussed.</p><p>Air Traffic Control and Emergency Call Centers are the two domains where the complex process of coordination in a time and safety critical setting has been studied. The methodological approach taken in the field studies is ethnographic, a qualitative method with a descriptive outcome. Air traffic controllers focus on keeping the airspace organized so that the aircraft are separated at all times, as well as are given an economic route by e.g. slowing down so that they do not have to wait in the air for traffic ahead. In order to manage the control of the national airspace, it is divided into geographical sectors each of which is controlled by 1-2 controllers. The aircraft cross many sectors during one flight and each time they cross a sector border there is a handover of responsibility between the controllers. The controllers have a large number of tools that they orchestrate in order to maintain control and keep records of the orders given to the pilots. The situation in one sector has therefore been locally stored at their work position. It is shown in the thesis how the social interaction and the technology support are ordered to broadcast the locally stored information.</p><p>Emergency call centers at SOS Alarm are in contrast to the ATC centers fully computerized. The operators use CoordCom, a system that is currently in the process of being renewed. When a telephone call to the emergency number 112 is received in one of the 20 local centers in Sweden, a receiving operator initiates the case by interviewing the caller in order to categorize the incident. Often, an incident consists of a number of conditions that together make an emergency. It is shown that accountability of decisions and local knowledge of the center’s responsibility area are two important parts of coordination at SOS Alarm.</p><p>A question that has been of interest during the studies is what possibilities ethnographic observations provide when used as a starting point in a design project. The final study provided a description of how the ethnographic material from the emergency call center study was explored and transformed in order to create concrete functionality and design.</p><p>The thesis contributes with examples from the workplace studies of how people interact with each other through the technology and how skills, local knowledge and professional concerns shape the interaction. It also contributes with reflections on how descriptions and experiences of work practice and technology use in the field can serve as a foundation in shaping and designing new ideas and new functionality for future systems.</p><p>The papers included in this thesis shows results on four issues in relation to coordination and technology:</p><p>-Coordinative work practice and implications in using video/audio in a distributed setting</p><p>-Support for accountability in decision-making in a distributed setting</p><p>-The role of local knowledge and combined expertise in a local collocated center</p><p>-The transformation of ethnographic observations in the design process</p><p>The thesis also shows the importance of a further definition of the dichotomy of collocated and distributed work in order to inform technology. An analysis of the dichotomy based on the field study results is presented in the thesis.</p>

<p>Tidigare forskning har visat på ett antal faktorer som motiverar högpotentiella medarbetare, men vad beror motivationsfaktorerna på och varför är det så? Hur kan dessa värderingar förstås utifrån en samhällelig kontext och vad betyder det i interaktionen mellan arbetstagare och arbetsgivare? I studien har valet gjorts att utgå från fokusområden för att få en öppen ansats till det behandlade ämnet. För att erhålla den förståelse som eftersträvats har en kvalitativ ansats valts där empiriinsamlingen skett genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. I studien har det framkommit att högpotentiella medarbetare sätter ett högt värde på att känna betydelsefullhet och att få ta ansvar i sitt arbete samt att kontinuerligt utsättas för nya situationer och problem att lösa. För organisationen betyder detta att energi bör läggas på att få en givande flexibilitet för såväl arbetstagare som arbetsgivare och på att det finns en tydlighet i krav och förväntningar.</p>

<p>This dissertation was made possible with a Minor Field Study scholarship, financed by SIDA (Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency). The study is based upon the life stories of women participating in a micro finance programme within the Red Cross in Uganda, Entebbe branch. A microfinance programme means giving financial services in the form of small loans for poor people in developing countries. </p><p>Our purpose is to examine why the women participating in the programme need support to start up their own businesses. Further our emphasis is to examine how the programme affects and changes the life situation of the women participating.</p><p>Our dissertation is an attempt to an ethnographic study. Empirical findings mainly consist of information gained through conversations with Red Cross workers and women participating in the programme and visits to villages and women groups. A qualitative strategy can further give a description of our methodological approach; we analysed how the women participants themselves described and interpreted their life situation. </p><p> </p><p>The study’s results describe how the women’s subordination in relation to men affects to their limited access to resources and vulnerability to poverty. The women’s subordination in the villages is recognized trough situations of exploitation, monopolisation and an acceptance of their marginalised position. Women are by men many times deprived from their benefits in work and excluded from important resources as for example education, because of their allotted labour. The women’s response to their subordination is acceptance, which preserves their situation. </p><p>The Red Cross micro finance programme improves the women’s life situation in many ways but do not focus on changing their subordination in relation to men, which is the main factor that limits their access to resources and keeps them from rupturing their marginalisation. </p>

<p>This study is an assignment from the council of Södra Småland county to investigate how equality between boys and girls progresses at compulsory schools in Kronoberg county. The study was undertaken to find suggestions on how work with equality could best be stimulated.</p><p>The key question was to elaborate how a decentralized rule and structural context of an organisation can affect an implementation of political decisions. The methodological approach adopted can be defined as inductive, it was analysed how the respondents from some selected schools in Kronoberg county themselves relate to the concept of equality between men and women and their experience and understanding of how the concept of equality between sex is understood in their work at school.</p><p>School-legislation today demands that active measures are undertaken to promote equality between boys and girls and in general almost all the respondents of my study describe equality as an utterly important question. My findings although, at the same time, indicate a gap between rhetoric and practice. The findings of my study suggest that structural relations and a decentralised organisation can constitute a hindrance for implementing equality between men and women in schools. The school is a democratic ruled organisation under the influence of many partners but also the staff of administrative employees and teachers. When informal forces, as mentioned, in an organisation stand against formal decisions it may lead to the absence in action. It was concluded from my study that many might consider the concept of equality between men and women as controversial, which in turn may result in a low ranking of priority. It seemed that existing work with equality at compulsory schools most often depends on the efforts made by one individual teacher at every school, whose ability to affect the organisation as a whole often is very limited.</p><p>The general conclusion from my study’s result, however, is that the schools with its local management need more specified directives and strategies in its work to stimulate equality between boys and girls. There is also a need for education to give the work with equality in our schools a chance to reach all teachers as a collective and not only be a burden to single teachers.</p> / <p>Idag finns det i skollagen och läroplanen krav på ett aktivt och medvetet arbete med jämställdhet inom skolan. Denna studie är ett uppdrag från Regionförbundet Södra Småland som syftar till att beskriva hur arbetet med jämställdhet ser ut på grundskolor i Kronobergs län. Det övergripande syftet för studien behandlar frågan hur strukturella förhållanden kan förklara utfallet av implementeringen av politiska beslut. Avsikten med resultatet är att det skall mynna ut i förslag på åtgärder för hur ett jämställdhetsarbete på skolorna kan främjas.</p><p>Metoden kan närmast beskrivas som induktiv, jag lät mitt insamlade material definiera studiens problem. Jag använde mig vidare av en kvalitativ strategi, genom intervjuer undersöks rektorers och pedagogers förhållningssätt till jämställdhet och upplevelser av sin arbetssituation.</p><p>Generellt beskrivs jämställdhet som en ytterst viktig fråga av nästintill alla intervjupersoner, emellertid indikerar mitt resultat samtidigt att det finns ett glapp mellan retorik och praktik. Studien visar att skolans strukturella förhållanden och decentraliserade organisationsform kan utgöra ett hinder för implementering av ett utökat jämställdhetsarbete. Skolan är en demokratiskt styrd organisation som står under ett stort tryck från omvärld och omgivning</p><p>men också från dess självständiga medarbetare i fråga om vad verksamheten skall innehålla. Ämnets diskutabla karaktär kan därför innebära att jämställdhet får ett lågt prioriteringsvärde. När informella krafter står mot formella beslut finns risk för att ett agerande inom området uteblir, en plan utan praktisk förankring blir beviset på skolans arbete inom området eller en hänvisning till en enskild pedagog. Det jämställdhetsarbete som bedrivs ute på de skolor jag undersökt ter sig ofta vara bundet till en pedagog, vars förutsättningar att sprida kunskapen i övriga organisationen känns små.</p><p>Sammantaget skildrar resultatet att skolorna och dess lokala ledning behöver tydligare direktiv och strategier i sitt arbete med att främja jämställdhet. Det är även nödvändigt med utbildning eftersom den personliga definitionen av jämställdhet kan skilja sig åt från styrdokumentens, något som i praktiken kan innebära ett motsatt arbete mot syftet i lagstiftningen. För att ge utvecklingsarbetet inom jämställdhet en chans till att förankras i skolornas verksamhet ges förslagsvis också arbetet mer kollektiva former så att det inte enbart belastar enskilda pedagoger.</p>

<p>ABSTRACT</p><p>Helena Nowachek</p><p> </p><p>The purpose of the following study is to focus upon the possibilities and challenges associated with the transference of corporate culture from one organization to another. I have chosen to address this by looking at the franchise company Jobzone, which works specifically with recruitment and outsourcing. As a method I have interviewed three people in Jobzone: one person who is responsible for education, one franchising boss in Sweden and one franchisee. To delineate the concept of culture I apply both Schein’s model, in which he divides culture into the three levels of artifacts, values and basic assumptions, as well as a general theory of communication. My initial analysis displays that Jobzone, through education and a protocol handbook, is able to transfer artifacts. This may be possible because Jobzone successfully encodes artifacts in such fashion that new organizations can easily decode the information. In order to teach franchisees corporate values, Jobzone distributes ethical rules and arranges franchise meetings. However, because of the communication process, transferring values proves more difficult. Values are harder to encode and decode than artifacts insofar as each corporate culture possess basic assumptions that are themselves likely inexpressible as rules. Jobzone was founded in Norway but now also has companies in Sweden—a factor which may make the process of transferring culture even more difficult. An example of this is the difference in interpretation of the symbol <em>timmermän</em> between Norway and Sweden. A possible conclusion is that transference of a culture becomes more difficult as one moves into deeper levels, and cultural difference renders this process even more complex.</p>

Ph.D. afhandling, Roskilde universitetscenter 1998. / Øverst på titelsiden: A proposed Darwinian model for bio-cultural co-evolution.

Syftet med detta arbete var att få veta mer om hur man som ung mamma blir bemött av samhället. För att ta reda på detta har en intervju gjorts med en ung mamma gällande hennes upplevelser från samhället i form av familj, skola, mödravårdscentral och liknande. Hur hon anser sig ha blivit bemött. Arbetet ger en djupare inblick och en förståelse för hur man som ung mamma har det i dagens samhälle. En teori om stigma i form av stämplar och avvikelse tas upp och ger en bild av mammornas utanförskap, att de står utanför den sociala normen, samt hur vi i samhället använder oss av den här stigmatiseringen. / <p>2008-06-12</p>

No description available.

During the later part of the 20th century the amount of children and adolescents in Sweden who reported psychosomatic illness have greatly increased. The main reason is estimated to relate to weak resources in school and school healthcare. Increased resources do not always have to encompass investments for school and school healthcare. Other resources play an important part as well. A child’s domestic situation serves as one of those resources where fundamental knowledge and values are set. The purpose of the report is to examine how economic and social resources affect childens psychological illnesses. The report is based on material collected from “Barn-LNU”, a study made in conjuction with the Swedish Level Of Living Survey 2000 (LNU 2000). This study was carried out for the fifth decade in a row being financed by the Swedish Research Council and Swedish Council For Working Life And Social Research though their joint committee on longitudinal research. A number of variables have been chosen, treated and analyzed. The results show that economic resources play a role in adolescent’s/children’s psychological illnesses. In a family with good financial resources, psychological illnesses among adolescents/children are less likely to be found than in a family with poor economic resources. That social resources also had an effect on psychological illnesses was confirmed as well. The adolescents/children who felt that their parents were able to spend little time together with them reported psychological illness to a much greater extent in comparison with those who found that their parents spent moderate or much time together with them. However, there were no correlation between a family’s economical resources and parent’s time related availability. / Under senare delen av 1900-talet har andelen barn och ungdomar i Sverige som rapporterat psykosomatiska besvär ökat markant. Anledningen till detta antas ofta bero på minskade resurser till skola och skolhälsovård. Ökade resurser behöver inte enbart handla om satsningar på skola och skolhälsovård, utan andra resurser kan också vara av stor vikt. För barn utgör hemmet en viktig sådan då grundläggande kunskaper och värderingar till stor del formas där. Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur ekonomiska och sociala resurser påverkar barns psykiska ohälsa. Undersökningen grundar sig på material hämtad från Barn-LNU, en studie gjord i samverkan med levnadsnivåundersökningen 2000 (LNU 2000) som genomförts för femte decenniet i rad och finansierats av Vetenskapsrådet (VR) och Forskningsrådet för Arbetsliv och Socialvetenskap (FAS) via deras gemensamma kommitté för longitudinell forskning. Ett antal variabler har valts ut som sedan bearbetats och analyserats. Resultaten visar att ekonomiska resurser har betydelse för barns psykiska ohälsa. I en familj med goda ekonomiska resurser rapporterar barnen psykisk ohälsa i mindre utsträckning än i familjer med sämre ekonomiska resurser. Även sociala resurser visade sig ha stor betydelse. De barn som upplever att deras föräldrar har för lite tid för dem rapporterade psykisk ohälsa i en betydligt större utsträckning, i jämförelse med dem som ansåg att deras föräldrar hade lagom eller för mycket tid för dem. Det fanns dock inget samband mellan familjens ekonomiska resurser och föräldrars tillgänglighet.

This thesis investigates the tension between science and politics in contemporary polar research. Twin objectives underpin this central theme. The first is to investigate the relationship between science and politics when analysed through an understanding of international collaboration in Arctic and Antarctic research. The second is to gain an understanding of the nature of research collaboration as an important mode of working in modern science. A framework for analysing collaboration as a work process is proposed. The empirical research interprets how and why polar researchers collaborate. This is done by investigating a number of collaborative projects with reference to their policy and political context. Three countries with contrastive polar political interests were chosen within which to conduct the empirical work: the UK, Norway and Germany. Science logistics (the means of supporting research in the field, e.g. transport, research platforms) are identified as the most significant enabling factor in experimental polar research. They also perform a symbolic political role for governments. In the three countries forming the focus of this study, science logistics are controlled bygovernment polar research institutes which also house multidisciplinary research programmes. Logistics are traced to the heart of collaboration; they bring researchers together, and shape the nature of collaborative research. Differences in ease of access to national logistics structure collaboration. The interface between these politics of access andnational political agendas is blurred, owing to the central role played by logistics in both science and politics. However, the apparent conflict between scientists' careers and polar politics masks the finding that scientists shape their careers in creative ways, despite, or perhaps because of the constraints imposed by structural conditions. Viewing science as work reveals the importance of taking account of what scientists do when analysing the relation between science and politics.