The objectives of this research were to develop and evaluate a field method for in situ measurement of soil properties using visible near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (Vis-NIRS). A probe with an independent light source for acquiring soil reflectance spectra from soil cores was developed around an existing portable field spectrometer (ASD FieldSpecPro, Boulder, CO, USA; 350-2500 nm). Initial experiments tested the ability of the acquired spectra to predict plant root density, an important property in soil carbon dynamics. Reflectance spectra were acquired from soil containing ryegrass roots (Lolium multiflorum) grown in Allophanic and Fluvial Recent soils in a glasshouse pot trial. Differences in root density were created by differential nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was used to calibrate spectral data (pre-processed by smoothing and transforming spectra to the first derivative) against laboratory-measured root density data (wet-sieve technique). The calibration model successfully predicted root densities (r2 = 0.85, RPD = 2.63, RMSECV = 0.47 mg cm-3) observed in the pots to a moderate level of accuracy. This soil reflectance probe was then tested using a soil coring system to acquire reflectance spectra from two soils under pasture (0-60 mm soil depths) that had contrasting root densities. The PLSR calibration models for predicting root density were more accurate when soil samples from the two soils were separated rather than grouped. A more accurate prediction was found in Allophanic soils (r2 = 0.83, RPD = 2.44, RMSECV = 1.96 mg g-1) than in Fluvial Recent soils (r2 = 0.75, RPD = 1.98, RMSECV = 5.11 mg g-1). The Vis-NIRS technique was then modified slightly to work on a soil corer that could be used to measure root contents from deeper soil profiles (15- 600 mm depth) in arable land (90-day-old maize crop grown in Fluvial Recent soils). PLSR calibration models were constructed to predict the full range of maize root densities (r2 = 0.83, RPD = 2.42, RMSECV = 1.21 mg cm-3) and also soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentrations that had been determined in the laboratory (LECO FP- 2000 CNS Analyser; Leco Corp., St Joseph, MI, USA). Further studies concentrated on improving the Vis-NIRS technique for prediction of total C and N concentrations in differing soil types within different soil orders in the field. The soil coring method used in the maize studies was evaluated in permanent and recent pastoral soils (Pumice, Allophanic and Tephric Recent in the Taupo-Rotorua Volcanic Zone, North Island) with a wide range of soil organic matter contents resulting from different times (1-5 years) since conversion from forest soils. Without any sample preparation, other than the soil surface left after coring, it was possible to predict soil C and N concentrations with moderate success (C prediction r2 = 0.75, RMSEP = 1.23%, RPD = 1.97; N prediction r2 = 0.80, RMSEP = 0.10%, RPD = 2.15) using a technique of acquiring soil reflectance spectra from the horizontal cross-section of a soil core (H method). The soil probe was then modified to acquire spectra from the curved vertical wall of a soil core (V method), allowing the spectrometer’s field of view to increase to record the reflectance features of the whole soil sample taken for laboratory analysis. Improved predictions of soil C and N concentrations were achieved with the V method of spectral acquisition (C prediction r2 = 0.97, RMSECV = 0.21%, RPD = 5.80; N prediction r2 = 0.96, RMSECV = 0.02%, RPD = 5.17) compared to the H method (C prediction r2 = 0.95, RMSECV = 0.27%, RPD = 4.45; N prediction r2 = 0.94, RMSECV = 0.03%, RPD = 4.25). The V method was tested for temporal robustness by assessing its ability to predict soil C and N concentrations of Fluvial Recent soils under permanent pasture in different seasons. When principal component analysis (PCA) was used to ensure that the spectral dimensions (which were responsive to water content) of the data set used for developing the PLSR calibration model embraced those of the “unknown” soil samples, it was possible to predict soil C and N concentrations in “unknown” samples of widely different water contents (in May and November), with a high level of accuracy (C prediction r2 = 0.97, RMSEP = 0.36%, RPD = 3.43; N prediction r2 = 0.95, RMSEP = 0.03%, RPD = 3.44). This study indicates that Vis-NIRS has considerable potential for rapid in situ assessment of soil C, N and root density. The results demonstrate that field root densities in pastoral and arable soil can be predicted independently from total soil C, which will allow researchers to predict C sequestration from root production. The recommended “V” technique can be used to assess spatial and temporal variability of soil carbon and nitrogen within soil profiles and across the landscape. It can also be used to assess the rate of C sequestration and organic matter synthesis via root density prediction. It reduces the time, labour and cost of conventional soil analysis and root density measurement.

The objectives of this research were to develop and evaluate a field method for in situ measurement of soil properties using visible near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (Vis-NIRS). A probe with an independent light source for acquiring soil reflectance spectra from soil cores was developed around an existing portable field spectrometer (ASD FieldSpecPro, Boulder, CO, USA; 350-2500 nm). Initial experiments tested the ability of the acquired spectra to predict plant root density, an important property in soil carbon dynamics. Reflectance spectra were acquired from soil containing ryegrass roots (Lolium multiflorum) grown in Allophanic and Fluvial Recent soils in a glasshouse pot trial. Differences in root density were created by differential nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was used to calibrate spectral data (pre-processed by smoothing and transforming spectra to the first derivative) against laboratory-measured root density data (wet-sieve technique). The calibration model successfully predicted root densities (r2 = 0.85, RPD = 2.63, RMSECV = 0.47 mg cm-3) observed in the pots to a moderate level of accuracy. This soil reflectance probe was then tested using a soil coring system to acquire reflectance spectra from two soils under pasture (0-60 mm soil depths) that had contrasting root densities. The PLSR calibration models for predicting root density were more accurate when soil samples from the two soils were separated rather than grouped. A more accurate prediction was found in Allophanic soils (r2 = 0.83, RPD = 2.44, RMSECV = 1.96 mg g-1) than in Fluvial Recent soils (r2 = 0.75, RPD = 1.98, RMSECV = 5.11 mg g-1). The Vis-NIRS technique was then modified slightly to work on a soil corer that could be used to measure root contents from deeper soil profiles (15- 600 mm depth) in arable land (90-day-old maize crop grown in Fluvial Recent soils). PLSR calibration models were constructed to predict the full range of maize root densities (r2 = 0.83, RPD = 2.42, RMSECV = 1.21 mg cm-3) and also soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentrations that had been determined in the laboratory (LECO FP- 2000 CNS Analyser; Leco Corp., St Joseph, MI, USA). Further studies concentrated on improving the Vis-NIRS technique for prediction of total C and N concentrations in differing soil types within different soil orders in the field. The soil coring method used in the maize studies was evaluated in permanent and recent pastoral soils (Pumice, Allophanic and Tephric Recent in the Taupo-Rotorua Volcanic Zone, North Island) with a wide range of soil organic matter contents resulting from different times (1-5 years) since conversion from forest soils. Without any sample preparation, other than the soil surface left after coring, it was possible to predict soil C and N concentrations with moderate success (C prediction r2 = 0.75, RMSEP = 1.23%, RPD = 1.97; N prediction r2 = 0.80, RMSEP = 0.10%, RPD = 2.15) using a technique of acquiring soil reflectance spectra from the horizontal cross-section of a soil core (H method). The soil probe was then modified to acquire spectra from the curved vertical wall of a soil core (V method), allowing the spectrometer’s field of view to increase to record the reflectance features of the whole soil sample taken for laboratory analysis. Improved predictions of soil C and N concentrations were achieved with the V method of spectral acquisition (C prediction r2 = 0.97, RMSECV = 0.21%, RPD = 5.80; N prediction r2 = 0.96, RMSECV = 0.02%, RPD = 5.17) compared to the H method (C prediction r2 = 0.95, RMSECV = 0.27%, RPD = 4.45; N prediction r2 = 0.94, RMSECV = 0.03%, RPD = 4.25). The V method was tested for temporal robustness by assessing its ability to predict soil C and N concentrations of Fluvial Recent soils under permanent pasture in different seasons. When principal component analysis (PCA) was used to ensure that the spectral dimensions (which were responsive to water content) of the data set used for developing the PLSR calibration model embraced those of the “unknown” soil samples, it was possible to predict soil C and N concentrations in “unknown” samples of widely different water contents (in May and November), with a high level of accuracy (C prediction r2 = 0.97, RMSEP = 0.36%, RPD = 3.43; N prediction r2 = 0.95, RMSEP = 0.03%, RPD = 3.44). This study indicates that Vis-NIRS has considerable potential for rapid in situ assessment of soil C, N and root density. The results demonstrate that field root densities in pastoral and arable soil can be predicted independently from total soil C, which will allow researchers to predict C sequestration from root production. The recommended “V” technique can be used to assess spatial and temporal variability of soil carbon and nitrogen within soil profiles and across the landscape. It can also be used to assess the rate of C sequestration and organic matter synthesis via root density prediction. It reduces the time, labour and cost of conventional soil analysis and root density measurement.

The objectives of this research were to develop and evaluate a field method for in situ measurement of soil properties using visible near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (Vis-NIRS). A probe with an independent light source for acquiring soil reflectance spectra from soil cores was developed around an existing portable field spectrometer (ASD FieldSpecPro, Boulder, CO, USA; 350-2500 nm). Initial experiments tested the ability of the acquired spectra to predict plant root density, an important property in soil carbon dynamics. Reflectance spectra were acquired from soil containing ryegrass roots (Lolium multiflorum) grown in Allophanic and Fluvial Recent soils in a glasshouse pot trial. Differences in root density were created by differential nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was used to calibrate spectral data (pre-processed by smoothing and transforming spectra to the first derivative) against laboratory-measured root density data (wet-sieve technique). The calibration model successfully predicted root densities (r2 = 0.85, RPD = 2.63, RMSECV = 0.47 mg cm-3) observed in the pots to a moderate level of accuracy. This soil reflectance probe was then tested using a soil coring system to acquire reflectance spectra from two soils under pasture (0-60 mm soil depths) that had contrasting root densities. The PLSR calibration models for predicting root density were more accurate when soil samples from the two soils were separated rather than grouped. A more accurate prediction was found in Allophanic soils (r2 = 0.83, RPD = 2.44, RMSECV = 1.96 mg g-1) than in Fluvial Recent soils (r2 = 0.75, RPD = 1.98, RMSECV = 5.11 mg g-1). The Vis-NIRS technique was then modified slightly to work on a soil corer that could be used to measure root contents from deeper soil profiles (15- 600 mm depth) in arable land (90-day-old maize crop grown in Fluvial Recent soils). PLSR calibration models were constructed to predict the full range of maize root densities (r2 = 0.83, RPD = 2.42, RMSECV = 1.21 mg cm-3) and also soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentrations that had been determined in the laboratory (LECO FP- 2000 CNS Analyser; Leco Corp., St Joseph, MI, USA). Further studies concentrated on improving the Vis-NIRS technique for prediction of total C and N concentrations in differing soil types within different soil orders in the field. The soil coring method used in the maize studies was evaluated in permanent and recent pastoral soils (Pumice, Allophanic and Tephric Recent in the Taupo-Rotorua Volcanic Zone, North Island) with a wide range of soil organic matter contents resulting from different times (1-5 years) since conversion from forest soils. Without any sample preparation, other than the soil surface left after coring, it was possible to predict soil C and N concentrations with moderate success (C prediction r2 = 0.75, RMSEP = 1.23%, RPD = 1.97; N prediction r2 = 0.80, RMSEP = 0.10%, RPD = 2.15) using a technique of acquiring soil reflectance spectra from the horizontal cross-section of a soil core (H method). The soil probe was then modified to acquire spectra from the curved vertical wall of a soil core (V method), allowing the spectrometer’s field of view to increase to record the reflectance features of the whole soil sample taken for laboratory analysis. Improved predictions of soil C and N concentrations were achieved with the V method of spectral acquisition (C prediction r2 = 0.97, RMSECV = 0.21%, RPD = 5.80; N prediction r2 = 0.96, RMSECV = 0.02%, RPD = 5.17) compared to the H method (C prediction r2 = 0.95, RMSECV = 0.27%, RPD = 4.45; N prediction r2 = 0.94, RMSECV = 0.03%, RPD = 4.25). The V method was tested for temporal robustness by assessing its ability to predict soil C and N concentrations of Fluvial Recent soils under permanent pasture in different seasons. When principal component analysis (PCA) was used to ensure that the spectral dimensions (which were responsive to water content) of the data set used for developing the PLSR calibration model embraced those of the “unknown” soil samples, it was possible to predict soil C and N concentrations in “unknown” samples of widely different water contents (in May and November), with a high level of accuracy (C prediction r2 = 0.97, RMSEP = 0.36%, RPD = 3.43; N prediction r2 = 0.95, RMSEP = 0.03%, RPD = 3.44). This study indicates that Vis-NIRS has considerable potential for rapid in situ assessment of soil C, N and root density. The results demonstrate that field root densities in pastoral and arable soil can be predicted independently from total soil C, which will allow researchers to predict C sequestration from root production. The recommended “V” technique can be used to assess spatial and temporal variability of soil carbon and nitrogen within soil profiles and across the landscape. It can also be used to assess the rate of C sequestration and organic matter synthesis via root density prediction. It reduces the time, labour and cost of conventional soil analysis and root density measurement.

Apesar da reconhecida importância ecológica dos manguezais estes ecossistemas continuam sofrendo impactos antrópicos, que atingem não só a fauna e a flora como também os seus solos, por sua vez, ainda pouco estudados. Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar as características mineralógicas e fisico-químicas dos solos de mangue do rio Crumahú, no município do Guarujá, junto aos Bairros Morrinhos e Vila Zilda, e realizar um diagnóstico da contaminação do solo e da água neste ambiente em função da descarga de esgoto doméstico. Foram realizadas amostragens, em 03 profundidades, em 02 transeções e em 14 pontos-controle realizando-se medições de pH, Eh e OD. No laboratório, foram realizadas análises químicas e físicas para fins de classificação além de difratogramas de raios-X (frações silte e argila) e imagens por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Para um dimensionamento do grau e extensão da contaminação da área determinou-se: teores totais de metais pesados (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb e Zn) e os valores da relação δ 15 N ao longo do curso do rio. Os diferentes solos encontrados, enquadrados no grupo dos potenciais solos ácidos sulfatados (PSAS), foram classificados como: ORGANOSSOLO TIOMÓRFICO Fíbrico típico, textura argilosa (Ojm), ORGANOSSOLO TIOMÓRFICO Hêmico típico, textura muito argilosa (Ojy), ORGANOSSOLO TIOMÓRFICO Hêmico típico, textura argilosa (Ojy) e GLEISSOLO TIOMÓRFICO Hístico sódico, Ta, textura argilosa, horizonte A hístico, hipereutrófico, esmectítico, moderadamente ácido (Gji). Sugere-se a inclusão dos caracteres sálico e sódico no quarto nível categórico da ordem dos ORGANOSSOLOS no Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de Solos. A assembléia mineralógica dos solos, composta por caulinita, esmectita-glauconítica, glauconita, muscovita, ortoclásio e quartzo, é governada por condições geoquímicas presentes (halomorfia e salinólise) e pretéritas, enquanto as condições físico-químicas favorecem o processo da piritização. Os parâmetros OD, δ 15 N e teores totais de metais indicam que a qualidade da água e dos solos de mangue do rio Crumahú se encontra comprometida em função disposição do esgoto doméstico. / Despite the importance already detached of the mangroves, these ecosystems are still suffering from antropic impacts, which affect not only fauna and flora but also the mangrove soils that remain unstudied. The objectives of this work consisted in the study of the mineralogical, physical and chemical characteristics of the Crumahú river mangrove soils, from Guarujá municipal district, close to Morrinhos and Vila Zilda districts, and also accomplish a contamination diagnosis of soil and water in this environment due to the discharge of domestic wastewater. Samplings were carried out in 03 depths, in 02 transects and 14 sampling control-points. In the field, measurements of pH, Eh and DO were acomplished and, in the laboratory, aiming the classification, rotine physical and chemical analysis. For the characterization of mineralogy X-ray diffractions and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were obtained. To the dimensioning of the area contamination degree and extension, the following were determined: trace elements (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb e Zn) and the relation δ 15 N values along the bank river. Soils fit in the group of potential acid sulfate soils (PASS) and were classified as: Typic Euic Sulfihemists (USDA) Thionic Fibric Rheic Histosol (FAO); Typic Euic Sulfihemists (USDA) Salic Thionic Rheic Histosol (FAO); Typic Euic Sulfihemists (USDA) Salic Thionic Rheic Histosol (FAO); Histic Sulfaquent (USDA) Histic Sulfurithionic Gleysol (FAO), respectively. Mineralogical assembly of soils is composed by kaolinite, glauconitic-smectite, muscovite, orthoclase and quartz, being ruled by the present and preterit geochemical conditions (halomorphic and salinolitic). The soil physical and chemical conditions assist the piritization process, therefore insert in the pyrite geochemical stability. The parameters DO, δ 15 N and trace metals concentrations indicate that the Crumahú river mangrove water and soils quality are affected due to the domestic wastewater disposition in the area.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T15:50:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCS15DA026.pdf: 2460426 bytes, checksum: 732fa428282a36b63e71ddb4a8f21830 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Soil management systems differ in the surface conditions and physical attributes and, consequently, on water erosion control. Soil quality indicators with a view to reducing water erosion can be generated by relationships of soil and water losses and runoff velocity with surface conditions and physical soil properties, which directly and indirectly influence the erosion. With de support of path coefficient analysis, this study aimed to identify and quantify indicates of soil quality in order to reduction of water erosion. The experiment was developed in the field, between May 2011 and April 2013, on a Humic Dystrupept with a mean slope of 0.134 m m-1, in southern Brazil under simulated rainfall condition with controlled intensity of 65 mm h-1 for 90 minutes of duration each one. The treatments were: a) cultivated soil: no tilled and covered by ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) residue, with minimal roughness (HCR); no tilled and covered by vetch (Vicia sativa) residue, with minimal roughness (HCV); chiseled soil after ryegrass crop removing the above-ground residues and maintaining only the root system, with high roughness (HRR); chiseled soil after vetch crop removing the above-ground residues and maintaining only the root system, with high roughness (HRV); b) Uncultivated soil: bare and chiseled soil, with high roughness (BHR). Eight simulated rainfall were applied to each treatment, respectively on the days 17/12/2011, 10/01/2012, 07/02/2012, 10/03/2012, 11/05/2012, 18/08/2012, 02 / 11/2012 and 18/12/2012. In each rainfall applied, quantified the soil cover by residues, surface roughness, hydrological processes and some soil physical properties, relating the results later. The soil loss are less when the soil is covered by ryegrass residue than vetch. In soil covered by vetch residue, soil losses are equal to the chiseling containing only ryegrass roots.The soil scarification which remains only roots of ryegrass and vetch crops, reduces the total organic carbon content, the geometric mean diameter of the aggregates and increases soil density compared to the cultivated soil and covered with residues of these crops. The path coefficient analysis shows that the cover and the soil surface roughness, rate of water infiltration, total organic carbon and geometrical average diameter of aggregates are closely related to soil and water losses and runoff velocity on a Humic Dystrupept, and can be used as soil quality indicators to your resistance to water erosion. On a rough soil, the total organic carbon content, the geometric mean diameter of the aggregates, the root mass of roots and soil macroporosity have greater influence as indicators for soil resistance effect to water erosion. However, in the presence of soil cover by crop residues, such properties have lower weight as soil quality indicators to erosion / Os sistemas de manejo do solo diferem quanto às condições de superfície e atributos físicos e, consequentemente, no controle da erosão hídrica. Índices de qualidade do solo com vistas à redução da erosão hídrica podem ser gerados por meio de relações das perdas de solo e água e velocidade da enxurrada com as condições de superfície e atributos físicos do solo, os quais, direta e indiretamente influenciam a erosão. Com o auxílio da análise de trilha, este estudo objetivou identificar e quantificar indicadores de qualidade do solo com vistas à redução da erosão hídrica. O experimento foi desenvolvido em campo, entre maio de 2011 e abril de 2013, em um Cambissolo Húmico com declividade média de 0,134 m m-1, no sul do Brasil, sob condição de chuva simulada com intensidade planejada de 65 mm h-1 e 90 minutos de duração. Os tratamentos estudados foram: a) solo cultivado: sem preparo e coberto por resíduo cultural de azevém (Lolium multiflorum), com rugosidade mínima (SRA); sem preparo e coberto por resíduo cultural de ervilhaca (Vicia sativa), com rugosidade mínima (SRE); escarificado após o cultivo de azevém sem o resíduo cultural da parte aérea e mantendo-se apenas as raízes da cultura, com rugosidade alta (SEA); escarificado após o cultivo de ervilhaca sem o resíduo cultural da parte aérea e mantendo-se apenas as raízes da cultura, com rugosidade alta (SEE); b) solo sem cultivo: sem cobertura, escarificado, com rugosidade alta (SDE). Foram aplicadas oito chuvas simuladas em cada tratamento, respectivamente nos dias 17/12/2011, 10/01/2012, 07/02/2012, 10/03/2012, 11/05/2012, 18/08/2012, 02/11/2012 e 18/12/2012. Em cada chuva aplicada, quantificou-se a cobertura do solo por resíduos, a rugosidade superficial, processos hidrológicos e alguns atributos físicos do solo, relacionando os resultados posteriormente. As perdas de solo são menores quando o solo é coberto por massa de resíduo de azevém do que ervilhaca. No solo coberto por massa de resíduo de ervilhaca, as perdas de solo não diferem às do solo escarificado contendo apenas raízes de azevém. A escarificação do solo onde mantém-se somente as raízes das culturas de azevém e ervilhaca, diminui o teor de carbono orgânico total, o diâmetro médio geométrico dos agregados e aumenta a densidade do solo em comparação ao solo cultivado e coberto com os resíduos destas culturas. A análise de trilha mostra que a cobertura e rugosidade superficial do solo, taxa de infiltração de água, carbono orgânico total e diâmetro médio geométrico dos agregados têm estreita relação com as perdas de solo e água e velocidade de escoamento superficial em um Cambissolo Húmico, e podem ser utilizadas como indicadoras de qualidade do solo do ponto de vista de sua resistência à erosão hídrica. Em um solo rugoso, o carbono orgânico total, o diâmetro médio geométrico dos agregados, a massa de raízes e a macroporosidade do solo tem maior peso como indicadoras para efeito de resistência do solo à erosão hídrica. Entretanto, na presença de cobertura do solo por resíduos culturais, as referidas propriedades tem menor peso como indicadoras de qualidade do solo para erosão

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-08-18T14:27:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Elaine Almeida Delarmelinda.pdf: 7011464 bytes, checksum: c608fb65bde2eceb6a119c4bea476f89 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T14:27:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elaine Almeida Delarmelinda.pdf: 7011464 bytes, checksum: c608fb65bde2eceb6a119c4bea476f89 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / There are large areas of soils in the Southwestern Amazon originated of sediments from the Acre and Solimões sedimentary basins. In Acre basin arises sediments of Solimões Formation of lacustrine and alluvial origin, composed of mudstones, siltstones and sandstones. However, the Solimões basin has extensive area covered by alluvial sediments, especially in the region of Eastern Wood, south of Amazonas state. This work aimed to study soil in two geological framework of southwestern Amazon: a litosequence in the alluvial sediments of the Middle Madeira River, Solimões Basin, in order to determine the morphological, chemical, physical and mineralogical properties, and to study the processes of genesis occurring in these soils. The second geological context is the two strata of Solimões Formation in Acre Basin, consisting the Lower Solimões Formation (LSF) and Higher Solimões Formation (HSF), and aimed to identify changes in morphological, chemical, physical and mineralogical soil propoerties originated from this geological unit. In addition, was also an objective of the study to identify variations which occur in the soil properties along two toposequences in the Solimões Formation. The investigation comprising the regions of Humaitá city, Amazonas state; Nova Califórnia district, Rondônia state; Sena Madureira and Tarauacá cities, Acre state. It was studied nine soil profiles, including morphological characterization, chemical analysis (pH, exchangeable cations, available phosphorus, exchangeable aluminum, potential acidity, organic carbon); and physical (particle size, bulk and particle densisty, water dispersible clay and flocculation), sulfuric extraction and selective extractions with DCB and ammonium oxalate; analysis by x-ray fluorescence to total chemical; mineralogical analysis by x-rays diffraction using clay samples with saturation and thermal treatments, and not oriented powder of silt and clay. Additionally, analysis were performed by SEM and TEM coupled with EDS, and modeling for interstratified study. In general, we observed variations in relation to soil properties in the alluvial sediments of the Madeira River, and that fluctuation of the water table and poor drainage restricts process of leaching, also occurs mica, vermiculite, HIV, pyrophyllite, quartz and kaolinite in the clay fraction. The soils were Argissolo Amarelo Alumínico plintossólico and Cambissolo Flúvico Alumínico típico. In the Solimões Formation was observed Cambissolo Háplico Ta Eutrófico vertissólico in LSF, Nitossolo Háplico Alítico típico and Argissolo Vermelho Alítico nitossólico in the USF, a predominance of smectite, illite, kaolinite and silica in the clay fraction, and Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo Distrófico típico, the latter probably associated with Debris-Lateritic a predominance of kaolinite, quartz and gibbsite. In relation to changes in soils in different landscape positions, it was observed in the LSF there is no one variation in soil properties in upper and lower position, probablt because of the high restriction on the drainage. In USF variations are related to the values of exchangeable bases that tend to increase in the lower parts of the relief, while the exchangeable aluminum values decreases. In these soils, the mineralogy is very similar in the A and B horizons, while in depth occurs variations related to the deposition of other mineral materials. / Na Amazônia Sul-Ocidental ocorrem extensas áreas de solos originados de sedimentos localizados nas bacias sedimentares do Acre e do Solimões. Na bacia do Acre afloram principalmente sedimentos da Formação Solimões, de origem lacustre e fluvial, composta de argilitos, siltitos e arenitos. Por sua vez, a bacia do Solimões tem vasta área recoberta por sedimentos aluviais, especialmente na região do Médio Madeira, sul do estado do Amazonas. Nesse trabalho objetivou-se estudar solos em dois contextos geológicos da Amazônia Sul-Ocidental: uma litossequência nos sedimentos aluviais do Médio Madeira, Bacia do Solimões, no intuito de determinar as propriedades morfológicas, químicas, físicas e mineralógicas, bem como verificar os processos de gênese que ocorrem nesses solos. O segundo contexto geológico abrange os estratos da Formação Solimões Inferior (FSI) e Superior (FSS), e objetivou-se identificar variações nas propriedades morfológicas, químicas, físicas e mineralógicas dos solos originados nessa unidade geológica; ainda no contexto da Formação Solimões, também foi objetivo do estudo identificar quais variações ocorrem nos atributos dos solos ao longo de duas topossequências. Para isso foram estudados 9 perfis de solos compreendendo as regiões de Humaitá, AM; Nova Califórnia, RO; Sena Madureira e Tarauacá, AC. Foi realizada caracterização morfológica, química (pH, cátions trocáveis, fósforo disponível, alumínio trocável, acidez potencial, carbono orgânico); e física (granulometria, densidade do solo e de partículas, argila dispersa em água e grau de floculação), extração sulfúrica e extrações seletivas com DCB e oxalato de amônio; análise por fluorescência de raios-x da composição química total; análises mineralógicas por difração de raios-x utilizando amostras de argila com tratamentos de saturação e térmico, e pó não orientado da fração silte e argila. Adicionalmente foram realizadas análises por MEV e MET com EDS acoplado, e modelagem para estudo de interestratificados. De forma geral, foi observado variações em relação às propriedades dos solos nos sedimentos aluviais do Médio Madeira, e que a flutuação do lençol freático e a má drenagem restringe processos de perda de elementos, além disso ocorre mica, vermiculita, VHE, pirofilita, quartzo e caulinita na fração argila desses solos, nesse local foram observados Argissolo Amarelo Alumínico plintossólico e Cambissolos Flúvico Alumínico típico. Na Formação Solimões foram observados Cambissolos Háplicos Ta Eutrófico vertissólico na FSI, Nitossolo Háplico alítico típico e Argissolo Vermelho Alítico nitossólico na FSS, com predomínio de esmectita, ilita, caulinita e quartzo na fração argila, e Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo Distrófico típico, este último provavelmente associado a coberturas Detrito-Lateríticas com predomínio de caulinita, quartzo e gibbsita. Em relação às variações dos solos nas diferentes posições da paisagem, observa-se que na FSI não há variação nas propriedades dos solos em posição de terço superior e inferior, ocasionado pela alta restrição à drenagem desses solos. Na FSS as variações ocorrem em relação aos teores de bases trocáveis que tendem a aumentar nas partes mais baixas do relevo, enquanto os valores de alumínio trocável diminuem. Nesses solos, a mineralogia é muito semelhante nos horizontes A e B, enquanto em profundidade ocorrem variações que parecem estar relacionadas à deposição de outros materiais minerais.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:37:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Emanuel Maretto Effgen.pdf: 644459 bytes, checksum: 63defac2973b57a509c91f1e7c2e187c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-25 / The search aimed to evaluate the impact of the types of soil use on its chemical and physical attributes of soil, considering the uses with cultivation of eucalyptus and degraded pasture, in different topographic positions. Samplings were carried out at depths of 0.00 to 0.20 I 0.20 to 0.40 m distributed in equidistant way, with 10 meters in the lines and 25 meters between the lines, and the topographic positions were determined in relation to the sense of the slope of the soil. Two distinct areas were used presenting the same unit of soil (Oxisol and strongly undulated relief), adjacent to each other and with a history of cultivation of pasture with low technological capacity of at least 50 years, having been implanted a stands of eucalyptus in one of the areas described five years ago. The topographic positions delimited by thirds were evaluated, being: TS = upper third, TM = middle third and IT = lower third along the slope. The chemical and physical attributes of soil were analyzed according to a completely randomized design distributed in subplots scheme 2x2x3, and the plots a factor 2X2, being 2 types of soil use (eucalyptus and pasture) and 2 depths (0.00 -- 0.20 and 0.20 to 0.40 m) of soil and in the subplots topographic positions (TS = upper third, TM = middle third and TI = lower third) with eight repetitions. The results of biomass were analyzed taking into account the completely randomized design distributed in subplots scheme 2x3, with the 2 types of soil use in the plots (eucalyptus and pasture) and 3 topographic positions in the subplots (TS = upper third, TM = middle third and TI = lower third)) with eight repetitions. The experimental data were submitted to the analysis of variance test by the "F" and when significant was applied the test of Tukey at 5% of probability, by software SAEG 9.1. The results show that the majority of the attributes of soils is influenced by the type of use of soil and sampling position, presenting themselves as important indicators of changes in soil quality. The deployment of eucalyptus cultivation in areas of degraded pasture promotes effects on soil attributes, especially in relation to the amount of water available, and the interaction between the factors studied are key to evaluating the actual conditions of soil cultivated with pasture and eucalyptus. Thus, for evaluation of soil attributes in conditions of strongly undulated relief it is necessary to divide the areas in topographic positions, as in thirds (third upper, middle and lower), depending on the differences associated with the existing soil along the slope, especially in hilly areas, as the region of the southern of the Espírito Santo State. / O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o impacto do tipo de uso do solo sobre seus atributos físicos e químicos do solo, considerando os usos com cultivo de eucalipto e pastagem degradada, em diferentes posições topográficas. Foram realizadas amostragens nas profundidades de 0,00 - 0,20 m e 0,20 - 0,40 m distribuídas de forma eqüidistantes, distanciando-se em 10 metros na linha e 25 metros entre as linhas, e as posições topográficas foram locadas em relação ao sentido de declive do terreno. Foram utilizadas duas áreas distintas, apresentando a mesma unidade de solo (Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico e relevo forte ondulado), vizinhas entre si e com histórico de cultivo de pastagem de baixa capacidade tecnológica, de no mínimo 50 anos, havendo sido implantado um povoamento de eucalipto há cinco anos numa das áreas descritas. As posições topográficas delimitadas por terços foram avaliadas, sendo: TS = terço superior, TM = terço médio; e TI = terço inferior, ao longo do declive. Os atributos físicos e químicos do solo em estudo foram analisados segundo um delineamento inteiramente casualizado distribuído em esquema de parcelas subdivididas 2x2x3, tendo nas parcelas um fatorial 2X2, sendo 2 tipos de uso do solo (eucalipto e pastagem) e 2 profundidades (0,00 - 0,20 e 0,20 - 0,40 m) do solo e nas subparcelas as posições topográficas (TS = terço superior, TM = terço médio e TI = terço inferior), com oito repetições. Os resultados das biomassas foram analisados considerando-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado distribuído em esquema de parcelas subdivididas 2x3, tendo nas parcelas 2 tipos de uso do solo (eucalipto e pastagem) e nas subparcelas 3 posições topográficas (TS = terço superior, TM = terço médio e TI = terço inferior), com oito repetições. Os dados experimentais foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste F e, quando significativo, foi aplicado o teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade, por meio do software SAEG 9.1. Os resultados demonstram que a maioria dos atributos dos solos estudados é influenciada pelo tipo de uso do solo e a posição de amostragem, apresentando-se como importantes indicadores de mudanças na qualidade do solo. A implantação de cultivo de eucalipto em áreas de pastagem degradada promove efeitos nos atributos do solo, principalmente em relação à quantidade de água disponível, e a interação entre os fatores estudados são fundamentais para avaliação das reais condições dos solos cultivados com pastagem e eucalipto. Dessa forma, para avaliação de atributos do solo, em condições de relevo forte ondulado, faz-se necessária a divisão das áreas em posições topográficas, como em terços (terço superior, médio e inferior), em função das diferenças associadas aos solos existentes ao longo do declive, principalmente quando se trata de áreas declivosas, como a região do Sul do Estado do Espírito Santo.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:37:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 teophilo.pdf: 602474 bytes, checksum: 466462e70a849ee60acf96135a6e2aa7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-22 / The work had as objective to evaluate, in different sampling site, the attributes of soils cultivated with conilon coffee trees crops under different management in the South of Espírito Santo State. Soil samplings were taken in the depths of 0.00 0.20 m and 0.20 0.40 m at the upper side of the canopy projection of the coffee plants, in relation to the land slope (down hill). It was used in this study representative crops of the South of the Espírito Santo State, which have the same soil unit (Haplustox, mountainous fort), with the following management: M1 - irrigation for leak, liming of each two years, manuring, cleared and use of the coffee straw; M2 - manuring, cleared and weedings; M3 - weedings and cleared. Within of each management it was also evaluated the following soil sampling sites: UT - upper third, MT - medium third; LT - lower third, along to the slope (down hill). The variables were analyzed considering the randomized completely design, using the split-plot scheme, with five repetitions. The experimental data were submitted to the variance analysis and thereafter the test of Tukey (5%), for data means comparison, was applied. The results demonstrated that most of the attributes of the studied soils was influenced by the management and sampling site, showing to be an important indicator of changes in the quality of the soil. The manuring practices and liming, associated to the management, promoted effects in the attributes of the soil, mainly in the chemical ones. The physics and chemical analyses of the soils, for evaluation of the real conditions of the soils cultivated with conilon coffee trees are procedures very important to the rational use of balanced limestone and fertilizers. For evaluation of attributes of the soil, in conditions of wavy and mountainous strong relief, it is necessary the division of the areas in parts (upper, medium and lower third), in function to the differences associated to the soils, which exist along the slope. The improvement of the conditions of the soils cultivated with coffee crops and, consequently, of the yield of the coffee crop it is associated to the use of practices of management conservationists, mainly in places with high slopes as is the case of South of Espirito Santo State. / O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar, em diferentes sítios de amostragem, os atributos de solos cultivados com lavouras cafeeiras sob distintos tratos culturais no Sul do Estado do Espírito Santo. Foram realizadas amostragens nas profundidades de 0,00 - 0,20 m e 0,20 - 0,40 m, na parte superior da projeção da saia do cafeeiro, em relação ao sentido de declive do terreno. Foram utilizadas, para o estudo, lavouras, representativas da região Sul do Estado Espírito Santo, apresentando a mesma unidade de solo (Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico, relevo forte ondulado), tendo os seguintes tratos culturais: M1 - irrigação por gotejamento, calagem a cada dois anos, adubação, roçadas e uso da palha de café; M2 - adubação, roçadas e capinas; e M3 - capinas e roçadas. Dentro de cada trato também foram avaliadas os seguintes sítios de amostragem: TS - terço superior, TM - terço médio; e TI - terço inferior, ao longo do declive. As variáveis em estudo foram analisadas considerando-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com cinco repetições. Os dados experimentais foram submetidos à análise de variância e, posteriormente, aplicação do teste de Tukey a 5%, para comparação entre as médias. Os resultados demonstram que a maioria dos atributos dos solos estudados foi influenciada pelo trato cultural e sítio de amostragem, apresentando-se como importantes indicadores de mudanças na qualidade do solo. As práticas de adubação e calagem, associadas aos tratos, promoveram efeitos nos atributos do solo, principalmente nos químicos. As análises física e química, para avaliação das reais condições dos solos cultivados com cafeeiro conilon, são práticas muito importantes visando à utilização racional e equilibrada de calcário e adubos. A divisão das áreas em segmentos (terço superior, médio e inferior) faz-se necessária, para avaliação de atributos do solo em condições de relevo forte ondulado, em função das diferenças associadas aos solos, existentes ao longo do declive. A melhoria das condições dos solos cultivados com lavouras cafeeiras e, conseqüentemente, da produtividade da cultura está associada à utilização de práticas de manejo conservacionistas, principalmente quando se trata de áreas declivosas, como a região do Sul do Estado do Espírito Santo.

While contaminated food products are known to be a leading source of exposure to potentially toxic elements (PTEs), for the general population, few studies have been carried out to examine PTEs levels in soils and plants in wet tropical regions such as Brazil. While the most commonly used index for estimating PTEs accumulation in vegetables and the subsequent exposure to humans who eat them is the bioconcentration factor (BCF) - the ratio between the concentration of metals in the edible portions of produce and their total concentration in soils - the BCF does not provide an adequate description of soil-to-plant metal transfers. A better understanding of such transfers requires information about the soil attributes that influence the availability of PTEs to plants. The state of São Paulo (SP) is the largest consumer of vegetables in Brazil, as well as the largest and most diversified producer. Studies are therefore needed on PTEs concentrations in soils and vegetables, in order to assess their quality under guidelines established by Brazilian legislation. It is likewise crucial to establish critical limits of these elements in soils, via models that assess risks to human health, based on data that reflect current conditions in the soils of São Paulo. The objectives in this study were: (i) to characterize and to evaluate the relations between the concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in soils and in vegetables from the \"Green Belt\" of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, taking the limits established by legislation into account; (ii) to develop empiric models to derive appropriate soil screening values and to provide an accurate risk assessment for tropical regions; (iii) to develop proposals for improved human health-based screening values for Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in São Paulo soils, using soil - vegetable relations. With the exception of Cd, there was a positive correlation between pseudototais and bioavailable contents of PTEs. Cd and Pb content in plants, moreover, not significantly correlated with any of the variables studied. All models of random forests and trees were good predictors of results generated from a regression model and provided useful information about which covariates were important to forecast only for the zinc concentration in the plant. The soil-plant transfer models proposed in this study had a good performance and are useful for eight of the ten combinations (five metals versus two species). SP data combined with NL data for Cd in lettuce and for Ni and Zn in lettuce and in carrot when pH, organic carbon - OC and clay contents were included in the model. Including such soil properties results in improved relations between PTEs concentrations in soils and in vegetables to derive appropriate screening values for SP State. The model in which pH, OC and clay contents were included gave the most useful results with SP and NL data set combined for Cu, Pb, Zn in lettuce and for Cd and Cu in carrot. Our setup did not work for Ni and for Pb in carrot because the data models gave an inconsistent result and the combination of datasets did not or insufficiently improve the results. / Uma das principais vias de exposição de elementos potencialmente tóxicos (EPT) para a maioria da população é por meio da ingestão de alimentos, mas poucos são os estudos relacionados às concentrações de EPTs em solos e em vegetais de regiões tropicais úmidas, sobretudo no Brasil. O índice mais comumente utilizado para estimar o acúmulo de EPTs em vegetais e a subsequente exposição humana pelo consumo de vegetais é o fator de bioconcentração (BCF), que é a razão entre a concentração de metais em partes comestíveis de hortaliças e da concentração total do metal no solo. Porém, o BCF não descreve adequadamente a transferência solo-planta de metais. Assim, a utilização de relações envolvendo os principais atributos dos solos que influenciam a disponibilidade dos EPTs às plantas pode explicar com mais detalhe as relações solo-planta. O estado de São Paulo é o maior mercado consumidor, além de ser o maior e mais diversificado produtor olerícola no Brasil. Assim, são necessárias pesquisas referentes às concentrações de metais pesados em solos e hortaliças, para avaliação da qualidade dos mesmos em relação aos limites estabelecidos pela legislação. Os objetivos neste trabalho foram: (i) caracterizar e avaliar as relações solo-planta entre as concentrações de Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb e Zn em solos e olerícolas de folhas e raiz no estado de São Paulo, tendo em vista os limites estabelecidos pela legislação; (ii) desenvolver modelos empíricos para poder derivar adequados limites críticos do solo e fornecer uma avaliação de risco precisa para regiões tropicais; (iii) desenvolver propostas para melhorar os limites críticos baseados na saúde humana para Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb e Zn em solos de São Paulo, utilizando relações solo-planta adequadas para as condições tropicais. Com exceção do Cd, houve correlação positiva entre os teores pseudototais e biodisponíveis dos EPTs. Os teores de Cd e de Pb nas plantas, por outro lado, não correlacionaram significativamente com nenhuma das variáveis estudadas. Os modelos de florestas aleatórias e árvores foram bons preditores de resultados gerados a partir de um modelo de regressão e forneceram informações úteis sobre quais covariáveis foram importantes para previsão apenas para o teor de Zn na planta. A aplicação de modelos de transferência solo-planta proposto neste estudo tiveram bom desempenho e foram úteis para oito das dez combinações (cinco metais contra duas espécies). O conjunto de resultados de SP pode ser combinado com o da Holanda usando o modelo em que se incluem pH, teor de carbono orgânico - CO e teor de argila para Cd em alface e para Ni e Zn na alface e na cenoura. O modelo foi mais eficiente com os conjunto de resultados combinados para Cu, Pb, Zn, em alface e para Cd e Cu na cenoura. A abordagem não foi eficiente para Ni e para Pb em cenoura, com resultados incoerentes para os conjuntos de resultados combindados ou separados, para os quatro modelos testados.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This study is aimed at investigating the feasibility of using the radiometric technique as an alternative to traditional methods for determining soil physico-chemical parameters which are important for terroir characterization. In-situ and ex-situ radiometric analyses of soil from three vineyard blocks of Simonsig Wine Estate in the Stellenbosch district (Western Cape, South Africa) were studied. A mobile MEDUSA gamma-ray detection system comprising a CsI(Na) crystal (length 15 cm, diameter 7 cm) and associated electronics mounted on a portable trolley were used for partial terroir characterisation. Thereafter activity concentrations of 40K, 232Th series and 238U series in soil (top ~30 cm) from the measured MEDUSA spectra (0 - 3 MeV) were extracted by means of the full-spectrum analysis (FSA) method. A lead-shielded HPGe detector was used for analyzing collected soil samples while soil physico-chemical parameters were analysed using standard methods at research and commercial laboratories. / South Africa