published_or_final_version / Civil Engineering / Master / Master of Philosophy

A series of pot trials were undertaken to test the growth of indigenous grasses (Themeda triandra and Cynodon dactylon) on mine capping soil, treated with various soil ameliorants. The capping soils were obtained from open cast coal mines (Optimum Mine and Syferfontein Mine) in the Mpumalanga Highveld, south of Witbank. However, because mine soil was not available at the commencement of the project, the initial pot trial used soil from the Umlazi Landfill in Durban. The trials were the Umlazi Landfill Trial, Microbe Trial, Legume Trial and Fly Ash Trial. For the Umlazi Landfill Trial, landfill top and subsoil was used along with fertilizer, sewage sludge, K-humate, lime and microbes. The soil ameliorant treatments for the Microbe trial were Trichoderma harzianum (Eco'T), Bacillus subtilis Strain 69 (B69) and Bacillus subtilis Strain 77 (B77), for the Legume Trial, Medicago sativa, phosphorus and/or potassium were applied. For the Fly Ash Trial, lime and fly ash were introduced. From the Landfill trial it was shown that fertilizer and sewage sludge significantly increased the above ground, below ground and total biomass of T. triandra, further, there were no significant treatment differences between fertilizer and sludge. The lime treatment for this trial, surprisingly, significantly reduced below ground biomass but the application of microbes (B69 and BcoT) alleviated this negative effect. However, in the Microbe Trial the microbes (BcoT, B69 and B77) had a negative or no effect on the biomass of T. triandra and C. dactylon. In the Legume Trial it was shown that the above ground biomass of T. triandra was significantly reduced when grown with M. sativa. The Fly Ash Trial revealed that the lime and fly ash treatments had no effect on the biomass of M. sativa and T. triandra, and they did not maintain a reduction in soil acidity. The results therefore indicated that either organic fertilizer or sewage sludge could be used to significantly improve the growth of T. triandra. It was also suggested that lime not be applied to soils with an acid saturation of approximately 1%, as this could retard plant growth. The application of microbes and the growth of a legume with grass, although both have been recorded to have beneficial effects in aiding plant growth, in the short-term however, the application of T. harzianum, B. subtilis Strain 69 and 77 applied to the soil while growing T.triandra and C. dactylon and the growth of M. sativa with T. triandra is not recommended. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2004.

Slope stability assessments are classical problems for geotechnical engineers. The predictions of slope stability in soil or rock masses play an important role when designing for dams, roads, tunnels, excavations, open pit mines and other engineering structures. Stability charts continue to be used by engineers as preliminary design tools and by educators for training purposes. However, the majority of the existing chart solutions assume the slope problem is semi-infinite (plane-strain) in length. It is commonly believed that this assumption is conservative for design, but non-conservative when a back-analysis is performed. In order to obtain a more economical design or more precise parameters from a back-analysis, it is therefore important to quantify three dimensional boundary effects on slope stability. A significant aim of this research is to look more closely at the effect of three dimensions when predicting slope stability. In engineering practice, the limit equilibrium method (LEM) is the most popular approach for estimating the slope stability. It is well known that the solution obtained from the limit equilibrium method is not rigorous, because neither static nor kinematic admissibility conditions are satisfied. In addition, assumptions are made regarding inter slice forces for a two dimensional case and inter-column forces for a three dimensional case in order to find a solution. Therefore, a number of more theoretically rigorous numerical methods have been used in this research when studying 2D and 3D slope problems. In this thesis, the results of a comprehensive numerical study into the failure mechanisms of soil and rock slopes are presented. Consideration is given to the wide range of parameters that influence slope stability. The aim of this research is to better understand slope failure mechanisms and to develop rigorous stability solutions that can be used by design engineers. The study is unique in that two distinctly different numerical methods have been used in tandem to determine the ultimate stability of slopes, namely the upper and lower bound theorems of limit analysis and the displacement finite element method. The limit equilibrium method is also employed for comparison purposes. A comparison of the results from each technique provides an opportunity to validate the findings and gives a rigorous evaluation of slope stability.

[pt] Uma grande quantidade de subprodutos é gerada por indústrias, surgindo a necessidade de encontrar um destino para estes resíduos. A escória de cobre proveniente do processo abrasivo é um exemplo que, após os ciclos de jateamento, é descartada no meio ambiente. A utilização desse resíduo na pavimentação pode ser uma alternativa de destino, além de evitar possíveis impactos ambientais. Esta pesquisa apresenta o estudo da incorporação da escória de cobre pós-jateada ao solo natural de Sergipe e cimento Portland. Os materiais utilizados foram solo areno-argiloso, escória proveniente de processo de jateamento e cimento de alta resistência inicial. O programa experimental envolveu ensaios de caracterização física, compactação, índice de suporte califórnia, dosagem físico-química, resistência à compressão simples, resistência à tração, módulo de resiliência, durabilidade, permeabilidade, análises químicas, mineralógicas e microscopia de varredura. O programa computacional SisPav foi utilizado para simular o dimensionamento das camadas do pavimento com o material pesquisado. Ficou constatado um teor de cimento entre 7 e 9 por cento para melhoramento do solo, onde a adição de escória proporciona uma estabilização granulométrica com redução de cerca de 3 por cento de cimento, em relação ao compósito solo-cimento. A mistura com 30 por cento de escória e 5 por cento de cimento alcançou maiores picos de resistência, maior módulo de resiliência, baixa perda de massa, mesma resistência à tração em relação à mistura de solo-cimento sem escória, bem como redução da permeabilidade em relação ao solo puro. Os resultados possibilitaram indicar o emprego da escória de cobre pós-jateada em misturas com solo-cimento para aplicação em base de pavimentos, contribuindo em uma ação mitigadora dos impactos ao meio ambiente com um fim mais nobre a esse resíduo. / [en] A large amount of by-products is generated by industries, becoming needed to find a destination for these wastes. Copper slag from the abrasive process is an example, which, after the blasting cycles, is discarded into the environment. The use of this residue in the paving can be an alternative destination, besides avoiding possible environmental impacts. This research presents the study of the incorporation of post-blasted copper slag to the natural soil of Sergipe and Portland cement. The materials used were sand-clayey soil, slag from blasting process and cement of high early strength. Laboratory tests carried out involved geotechnical characterization, compaction, california bearing ratio, physic-chemical dosage, unconfined compressive strength and tensile strength, resilient modulus, durability test, permeability test, chemical and mineralogical analysis and microscopy. The computer program SisPav was used to simulate the design of pavement of the researched material. It was observed a cement content between 7 and 9 percent for the soil and that the slag provides a granulometric stabilization with reduction of about 3 percent of cement, in relation to the soil-cement. The mixture with 30 percent of slag and 5 percent of cement reached highest strength and resilient modulus, lowest mass loss, same tensile strength compared to the mixture without slag, and reduced permeability compared to natural soil. The results indicate the use of post-blasted copper slag in mixtures with soil-cement for application in the base of pavements, contributing in a mitigating action of the impacts to the environment with a more noble purpose to this residue.

Os solos das regiões arrozeiras apresentam características geotécnicas inadequadas para uso como revestimentos primários de estradas. Isto força o transporte de materiais de jazidas distantes, o que, além de onerar o custo de construção, nem sempre é uma solução durável. Nesta tese relata-se uma pesquisa que apresenta uma solução para esse problema: a pavimentação de estradas de baixo volume de tráfego com solo local modificado com cal. Foram realizados estudos laboratoriais e de campo, e os resultados analisados através de uma abordagem mecanístico-empírica. Dois pavimentos experimentais com revestimentos de solo-cal foram construídos e monitorados próximo a Cebollatí, leste do Uruguai. Foram realizados ensaios de caracterização e comportamento mecânico do solo e de misturas de solo e cal, variando-se o teor de cal, o tempo de cura e a energia de compactação. Realizaram-se ensaios de módulo de resiliência, para o qual foi projetado, montado e operado o primeiro equipamento de ensaios de carga repetida na compressão triaxial do Uruguai. Também foram realizados ensaios de fadiga na compressão diametral para o solo modificado com 3% e 5% de cal, curado por 28 e 150 dias. Para entender o comportamento das camadas de solo modificado com cal submetidas ao tráfego, realizou-se uma análise conjunta dos resultados laboratoriais e do monitoramento dos trechos experimentais, com uso de modelos computacionais. Apesar das limitações construtivas, de terem sido liberados ao tráfego em plena safra e das más condições de drenagem da região, após 5 anos de trafego, os pavimentos não mostram trincas de fadiga ou afundamentos nas trilhas de roda. Assim, a pavimentação de estradas de baixo volume de tráfego em regiões arrozeiras com revestimentos de solo local modificado com cal provou ser uma alternativa economicamente vantajosa, por reduzir custos de construção e manutenção, e sustentável, por preservar materiais não-renováveis, como solos e rochas. / Soils in rice plantation areas generally present geotechnical characteristics unsuitable for use as primary wearing course of roads. Because of that, it is necessary to import materials from distant sites, a solution that, besides increasing construction cost, is rarely long-lasting. In this thesis a research on paving low volume roads with lime modified local soils is reported, in order to present an alternative solution to that problem. Both laboratory and field studies were carried out and the results were analyzed by means of a mechanistic-empirical approach. Two test sections with wearing courses made of lime modified soil were built and monitored close to Cebollatí, a village in the east of Uruguay. Previously, laboratory characterization and mechanical tests on samples of the sedimentary soil were carried out. Lime contents for mixtures were determined and the stress-strain-strength behavior of mixes with different levels of lime content, curing time and compaction energy was studied. In order to analyze the elastic behavior of the lime modified soil under traffic, resilient modulus tests were carried out. This motivated the design, assembly and use of the first equipment for triaxial compression repeated loading tests in Uruguay. Besides, stress controlled fatigue tests were performed on cylindrical specimens of soil modified with 3% and 5% of lime, cured for 28 and 150 days. The results of laboratory tests and field monitoring were analyzed using computational models. In spite of the difficulties faced during pavements construction, including heavy traffic in early days, and the poor drainage, after 5 years of service no cracks or ruts are seen on top of the test pavements. Therefore, paving low volume roads in rice plantation areas with lime modified wearing courses has proved to be a cost-effective alternative, reducing construction and maintenance costs, and a sustainable practice, preserving non-renewable materials such as rocks and soils.

Um dos principais problemas, na Região Metropolitana do Recife (RMR), nas encostas, é a ocupação antrópica desordenada, aumentando o número de moradias em áreas de risco. Uma das soluções para a estabilização das encostas é o uso da construção de estrutura de contenção como muro de arrimo. O ângulo de atrito solo-muro é um parâmetro fundamental para o dimensionamento. O seu valor é utilizado na avaliação dos empuxos ativo e passivo na análise de estabilidade do muro. A prática atual de projetos considera o valor do ângulo de atrito solo-muro como sendo igual ao ângulo de atrito do solo, uma parcela dele ou mesmo nulo a depender do caso. Valores experimentais para solos brasileiros não estão disponíveis na literatura. Desta forma, os projetos de muros de arrimo podem estar sendo dimensionados contra a segurança ou de forma antieconômica. Neste contexto na presente dissertação, foram realizados ensaios de cisalhamento direto em corpos de prova de solo e de outro material representativo de muros de arrimo (concreto convencional, concreto com agregado de resíduos de construção e demolição - RCD e rocha), com o objetivo de obter os ângulos de atrito interno do solo e do contato solomuro. Foram utilizados dois solos das encostas do Recife um arenoso (Ibura) e outro argiloso (Nova Descoberta). Foram avaliadas as rugosidades das superfícies em contato com os solos, para analisar sua influência na interação solo-muro. Os resultados obtidos são comparados com valores sugeridos na literatura, considerando a influência do solo e da rugosidade da superfície de contato. A relação entre o ângulo de atrito solo-muro e o ângulo de atrito do solo (ä/ö) varia de 3/4 a 1, com a Rugosidade Média, para o solo arenoso do Ibura e de 1/3 a 3/4 para o solo argiloso de Nova Descoberta. No solo arenoso, o atrito solo-muro tem menor influência da rugosidade da superfície de contato e tem valor muito próximo do ângulo de atrito interno do solo. No solo argiloso o atrito solo-muro é fortemente influenciado pela rugosidade da superfície de contato, e o seu valor varia de 1/3 a 3/4 do ângulo de atrito do solo / One of the main problems, in the Region Metropolitan of Recife (RMR), in the hillsides it is the disordered occupation, increasing the number of housings in risk areas. One of the solutions for the stabilization of the hillsides is the use of the construction of retained structure as support wall. The friction angle soil-wall is a basic parameter for the design of a support wall. Its value is used in the evaluation of the pushes active and passive in the analysis of stability of the wall. Practical the current one of projects in Brazil considers the value of the friction angle soil-wall as being equal to the angle of friction of the soil, a parcel of it or same zero to depend on the case. The values found in literature also indicate as estimative for this angle values that vary of zero to the angle of friction of the soil. Experimental values for Brazilian soils are not available in literature. Of this form the projects of support walls can be being designed against the security or of uneconomical form. In this context in the present dissertation tests of direct shear in specimens of composites of soil and another representative material of support walls had been carried through (conventional concrete, concrete with recycled aggregate of RCD and rock), with the objective to get the friction angle soil-wall. Two soils of the hillsides of Recife had been used (sandy and a other clayey one). The roughness of the surfaces in contact with soil had been evaluated, to analyze its influence in the interaction soil-wall. The gotten results are compared with values suggested in literature, having considered the influence of the soil and the roughness of the contact surface. The relation enters the friction angle soil-wall and the angle of friction of the ground (ä/ö) varies of 3/4 the 1, with the average roughness for the soil sandy of the Ibura and of 1/3 the 3/4 for the soil clayey of Nova Descoberta. In the soil sandy, the friction soil-wall has minor influence of the roughness of the faying surface and has value very next to the angle of internal friction of the soil. In the soil clayey the friction soil-wall strong is influenced by the roughness of the faying surface, and its value varies of 1/3 the 3/4 of the angle of friction of the soil

Os solos das regiões arrozeiras apresentam características geotécnicas inadequadas para uso como revestimentos primários de estradas. Isto força o transporte de materiais de jazidas distantes, o que, além de onerar o custo de construção, nem sempre é uma solução durável. Nesta tese relata-se uma pesquisa que apresenta uma solução para esse problema: a pavimentação de estradas de baixo volume de tráfego com solo local modificado com cal. Foram realizados estudos laboratoriais e de campo, e os resultados analisados através de uma abordagem mecanístico-empírica. Dois pavimentos experimentais com revestimentos de solo-cal foram construídos e monitorados próximo a Cebollatí, leste do Uruguai. Foram realizados ensaios de caracterização e comportamento mecânico do solo e de misturas de solo e cal, variando-se o teor de cal, o tempo de cura e a energia de compactação. Realizaram-se ensaios de módulo de resiliência, para o qual foi projetado, montado e operado o primeiro equipamento de ensaios de carga repetida na compressão triaxial do Uruguai. Também foram realizados ensaios de fadiga na compressão diametral para o solo modificado com 3% e 5% de cal, curado por 28 e 150 dias. Para entender o comportamento das camadas de solo modificado com cal submetidas ao tráfego, realizou-se uma análise conjunta dos resultados laboratoriais e do monitoramento dos trechos experimentais, com uso de modelos computacionais. Apesar das limitações construtivas, de terem sido liberados ao tráfego em plena safra e das más condições de drenagem da região, após 5 anos de trafego, os pavimentos não mostram trincas de fadiga ou afundamentos nas trilhas de roda. Assim, a pavimentação de estradas de baixo volume de tráfego em regiões arrozeiras com revestimentos de solo local modificado com cal provou ser uma alternativa economicamente vantajosa, por reduzir custos de construção e manutenção, e sustentável, por preservar materiais não-renováveis, como solos e rochas. / Soils in rice plantation areas generally present geotechnical characteristics unsuitable for use as primary wearing course of roads. Because of that, it is necessary to import materials from distant sites, a solution that, besides increasing construction cost, is rarely long-lasting. In this thesis a research on paving low volume roads with lime modified local soils is reported, in order to present an alternative solution to that problem. Both laboratory and field studies were carried out and the results were analyzed by means of a mechanistic-empirical approach. Two test sections with wearing courses made of lime modified soil were built and monitored close to Cebollatí, a village in the east of Uruguay. Previously, laboratory characterization and mechanical tests on samples of the sedimentary soil were carried out. Lime contents for mixtures were determined and the stress-strain-strength behavior of mixes with different levels of lime content, curing time and compaction energy was studied. In order to analyze the elastic behavior of the lime modified soil under traffic, resilient modulus tests were carried out. This motivated the design, assembly and use of the first equipment for triaxial compression repeated loading tests in Uruguay. Besides, stress controlled fatigue tests were performed on cylindrical specimens of soil modified with 3% and 5% of lime, cured for 28 and 150 days. The results of laboratory tests and field monitoring were analyzed using computational models. In spite of the difficulties faced during pavements construction, including heavy traffic in early days, and the poor drainage, after 5 years of service no cracks or ruts are seen on top of the test pavements. Therefore, paving low volume roads in rice plantation areas with lime modified wearing courses has proved to be a cost-effective alternative, reducing construction and maintenance costs, and a sustainable practice, preserving non-renewable materials such as rocks and soils.

Os solos das regiões arrozeiras apresentam características geotécnicas inadequadas para uso como revestimentos primários de estradas. Isto força o transporte de materiais de jazidas distantes, o que, além de onerar o custo de construção, nem sempre é uma solução durável. Nesta tese relata-se uma pesquisa que apresenta uma solução para esse problema: a pavimentação de estradas de baixo volume de tráfego com solo local modificado com cal. Foram realizados estudos laboratoriais e de campo, e os resultados analisados através de uma abordagem mecanístico-empírica. Dois pavimentos experimentais com revestimentos de solo-cal foram construídos e monitorados próximo a Cebollatí, leste do Uruguai. Foram realizados ensaios de caracterização e comportamento mecânico do solo e de misturas de solo e cal, variando-se o teor de cal, o tempo de cura e a energia de compactação. Realizaram-se ensaios de módulo de resiliência, para o qual foi projetado, montado e operado o primeiro equipamento de ensaios de carga repetida na compressão triaxial do Uruguai. Também foram realizados ensaios de fadiga na compressão diametral para o solo modificado com 3% e 5% de cal, curado por 28 e 150 dias. Para entender o comportamento das camadas de solo modificado com cal submetidas ao tráfego, realizou-se uma análise conjunta dos resultados laboratoriais e do monitoramento dos trechos experimentais, com uso de modelos computacionais. Apesar das limitações construtivas, de terem sido liberados ao tráfego em plena safra e das más condições de drenagem da região, após 5 anos de trafego, os pavimentos não mostram trincas de fadiga ou afundamentos nas trilhas de roda. Assim, a pavimentação de estradas de baixo volume de tráfego em regiões arrozeiras com revestimentos de solo local modificado com cal provou ser uma alternativa economicamente vantajosa, por reduzir custos de construção e manutenção, e sustentável, por preservar materiais não-renováveis, como solos e rochas. / Soils in rice plantation areas generally present geotechnical characteristics unsuitable for use as primary wearing course of roads. Because of that, it is necessary to import materials from distant sites, a solution that, besides increasing construction cost, is rarely long-lasting. In this thesis a research on paving low volume roads with lime modified local soils is reported, in order to present an alternative solution to that problem. Both laboratory and field studies were carried out and the results were analyzed by means of a mechanistic-empirical approach. Two test sections with wearing courses made of lime modified soil were built and monitored close to Cebollatí, a village in the east of Uruguay. Previously, laboratory characterization and mechanical tests on samples of the sedimentary soil were carried out. Lime contents for mixtures were determined and the stress-strain-strength behavior of mixes with different levels of lime content, curing time and compaction energy was studied. In order to analyze the elastic behavior of the lime modified soil under traffic, resilient modulus tests were carried out. This motivated the design, assembly and use of the first equipment for triaxial compression repeated loading tests in Uruguay. Besides, stress controlled fatigue tests were performed on cylindrical specimens of soil modified with 3% and 5% of lime, cured for 28 and 150 days. The results of laboratory tests and field monitoring were analyzed using computational models. In spite of the difficulties faced during pavements construction, including heavy traffic in early days, and the poor drainage, after 5 years of service no cracks or ruts are seen on top of the test pavements. Therefore, paving low volume roads in rice plantation areas with lime modified wearing courses has proved to be a cost-effective alternative, reducing construction and maintenance costs, and a sustainable practice, preserving non-renewable materials such as rocks and soils.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T17:57:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 wallace de sa.pdf: 2263305 bytes, checksum: a0c0a930c5ab441157930460e793e9b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-28 / One of the main problems, in the Region Metropolitan of Recife (RMR), in the hillsides it is the disordered occupation, increasing the number of housings in risk areas. One of the solutions for the stabilization of the hillsides is the use of the construction of retained structure as support wall. The friction angle soil-wall is a basic parameter for the design of a support wall. Its value is used in the evaluation of the pushes active and passive in the analysis of stability of the wall. Practical the current one of projects in Brazil considers the value of the friction angle soil-wall as being equal to the angle of friction of the soil, a parcel of it or same zero to depend on the case. The values found in literature also indicate as estimative for this angle values that vary of zero to the angle of friction of the soil. Experimental values for Brazilian soils are not available in literature. Of this form the projects of support walls can be being designed against the security or of uneconomical form. In this context in the present dissertation tests of direct shear in specimens of composites of soil and another representative material of support walls had been carried through (conventional concrete, concrete with recycled aggregate of RCD and rock), with the objective to get the friction angle soil-wall. Two soils of the hillsides of Recife had been used (sandy and a other clayey one). The roughness of the surfaces in contact with soil had been evaluated, to analyze its influence in the interaction soil-wall. The gotten results are compared with values suggested in literature, having considered the influence of the soil and the roughness of the contact surface. The relation enters the friction angle soil-wall and the angle of friction of the ground (ä/ö) varies of 3/4 the 1, with the average roughness for the soil sandy of the Ibura and of 1/3 the 3/4 for the soil clayey of Nova Descoberta. In the soil sandy, the friction soil-wall has minor influence of the roughness of the faying surface and has value very next to the angle of internal friction of the soil. In the soil clayey the friction soil-wall strong is influenced by the roughness of the faying surface, and its value varies of 1/3 the 3/4 of the angle of friction of the soil / Um dos principais problemas, na Região Metropolitana do Recife (RMR), nas encostas, é a ocupação antrópica desordenada, aumentando o número de moradias em áreas de risco. Uma das soluções para a estabilização das encostas é o uso da construção de estrutura de contenção como muro de arrimo. O ângulo de atrito solo-muro é um parâmetro fundamental para o dimensionamento. O seu valor é utilizado na avaliação dos empuxos ativo e passivo na análise de estabilidade do muro. A prática atual de projetos considera o valor do ângulo de atrito solo-muro como sendo igual ao ângulo de atrito do solo, uma parcela dele ou mesmo nulo a depender do caso. Valores experimentais para solos brasileiros não estão disponíveis na literatura. Desta forma, os projetos de muros de arrimo podem estar sendo dimensionados contra a segurança ou de forma antieconômica. Neste contexto na presente dissertação, foram realizados ensaios de cisalhamento direto em corpos de prova de solo e de outro material representativo de muros de arrimo (concreto convencional, concreto com agregado de resíduos de construção e demolição - RCD e rocha), com o objetivo de obter os ângulos de atrito interno do solo e do contato solomuro. Foram utilizados dois solos das encostas do Recife um arenoso (Ibura) e outro argiloso (Nova Descoberta). Foram avaliadas as rugosidades das superfícies em contato com os solos, para analisar sua influência na interação solo-muro. Os resultados obtidos são comparados com valores sugeridos na literatura, considerando a influência do solo e da rugosidade da superfície de contato. A relação entre o ângulo de atrito solo-muro e o ângulo de atrito do solo (ä/ö) varia de 3/4 a 1, com a Rugosidade Média, para o solo arenoso do Ibura e de 1/3 a 3/4 para o solo argiloso de Nova Descoberta. No solo arenoso, o atrito solo-muro tem menor influência da rugosidade da superfície de contato e tem valor muito próximo do ângulo de atrito interno do solo. No solo argiloso o atrito solo-muro é fortemente influenciado pela rugosidade da superfície de contato, e o seu valor varia de 1/3 a 3/4 do ângulo de atrito do solo

The fact that when lime is added to clayey soils same very beneficial results are produced dates back into the remote past. It is not a new development, In the United States lime has been in use since l923. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of increasing soaking time of soil-lime mixtures on the strength, swell potential, and degree of saturation. In order to ascertain the exact composition of clay minerals, X-ray diffraction analysis was run on the soil sample. The analysis showed that the clayey soil contained a large amount of water with a greater percentage of halloysite minerals. The soil, it was concluded, was poorly crystalline and was found to be midway between montmorillonite and kaolinite group. / Master of Science