O presente estudo objetivou quantificar a área de o florestamento necessário para compensar as perdas de águas devidas principalmente ao escoamento superficial nas sub-bacias hidrográficas do Fojo e das Perdizes, município de Campos do Jordão SP. As estimativas foram baseadas na metodologia do Florestamento Compensatório para Retenção de Águas de Chuvas em Microbacias Hidrográficas (FLOCRAM), que considera o total médio anual de precipitação, o uso e ocupação do solo, o percentual internacional de 20,55% da água do ciclo hidrológico destinado a infiltrar no solo e a capacidade de infiltração de água no solo. A análise morfométrica revelou que as sub-bacias em estudo são de 4 Ordem, possuem formas alongadas e são pouco sujeitas a enchentes. Juntas as sub-bacias têm uma área total de 2.666,59ha, correspondendo a 9,26% da área do município de Campos do Jordão. Os principais usos e ocupação do solo são: área de floresta com 1.257,89ha, área urbanizada com 434,43ha, área de reflorestamento com 432,45ha, área de campo com 265,08ha e área de pasto com 126,80ha. Os valores médios de infiltração de água no solo foram de 852mm/h para o solo com cobertura do tipo floresta, de 390mm/h para a cobertura vegetal do tipo reflorestamento, 108mm/h para o campo e 36mm/h para a cobertura vegetal do tipo pasto. Segundo a metodologia adotada, com os 20,55% de toda a água que precipita sobre a bacia que deveriam infiltrar no solo, calculou-se a perda de água padrão para estas sub-bacias e constatou-se que a área a mais de floresta necessária para compensar as perdas de água em excesso é de 128,97ha. Com isso, estima-se que a área total de floresta necessária para compensar as perdas de água, principalmente pelo escoamento superficial, é de 1.386,86ha. A aplicação da metodologia de florestamento compensatório leva a necessidade de compensação contínua até atingir a totalidade da área em estudo. / The present study aimed to quantify the forestation area needed to compensate water loss due, mainly, to the superficial runoff in the sub-basins of Fojo and Perdizes, city of Campos do Jordão - SP. The estimates were based on the methodology of Compensatory Forestation for Retention of Rain Water in Watersheds (FLOCRAM), which considers the annual total average of precipitation, the use and occupancy of soil, the international percentage of 20,55% of the water cycle destined to infiltrate the soil and the infiltration capacity of the soil. Morphometric analysis showed that the sub-basins under study are from 4th Order, have expanded shapes and have low risk to flood. Together the sub-basins have a total area of 2.666,59ha, corresponding to 9,26% of Campos do Jordão area. The main uses and soil occupation are: forest area with 1.257,89ha, urbanized area with 434,43ha, reforestation area with 432,45ha, field area with 265,08h, and pasture area with 126,80ha. The average values of infiltration of water in the soil was 852mm/h for soil with forest covering, 390mm/h for vegetation covering, of the type of reforestation, 108mm/h for the field and 36mm/h for the plant covering of the type of pasture. According to the methodology used, with 20,55% of all the water that precipitates on the seat that should permeate the soil, it was estimated the standard loss of water for these sub-basins and it was concluded that the forest area needed to compensate the water loss in excess is 128,97ha. Therefore, it is estimated that the total forest area needed to compensate the loss of water mainly by ice superficial runoff is 1.386,86ha. The applying of the methodology of compensatory forestation takes the need for continuing compensation until reach the whole area under study.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:09:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ArquivoTotal.pdf: 3893525 bytes, checksum: 6153bba1980adce718e04971432658de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Making use of a series of hourly-checked data, of temperature and relative air humidity, wind s speed and direction, measured simultaneously in three meteorological stations installed in the urban mesh of the Corrente-PI and in a INPE s standard station (for reference), located outside of the urban mesh, in which, besides the series of data already mentioned, also measured a series of solar radiation and accumulated precipitation during the year of 2006, objecting to evaluate the occupation s standard of the city s landscape and its inter-relations with the variable thermal-environmental measured, having reached the conclusion that it s soil occupation pattern is inadequate to the local climate, detecting an heat zone in the order of 5ºC, from which some guidelines were defined to allow a sustainable development. / Utilizando-se de séries de dados horários, de temperatura e de umidade relativa do ar, de velocidade e de direção do vento medidas, simultaneamente, em três estações meteorológicas instaladas na malha urbana da cidade de Corrente-PI e noutra, padrão do INPE (estação de referência), fora da malha urbana, na qual além das séries de dados já mencionados, mediram-se séries de radiação solar e de precipitação acumulada durante o ano de 2006, objetivando avaliar o padrão de ocupação do solo desta cidade e suas inter-relações com as variáveis termoambientais medidas, havendo-se chegado à conclusão da inadequação do seu padrão de ocupação do solo ao clima local, detectando-se ilha de calor da ordem de 5ºC, a partir do que se definiram algumas diretrizes visando ao seu crescimento sustentável.

Malgré des accidents réguliers, la moyenne montagne n’occupe qu’une place mineure dans l’étude des avalanches. Cette thèse vise donc, par une approche interdisciplinaire, à analyser la réalité du risque d’avalanche dans le Massif vosgien. Considérant le risque comme un construit social, on se propose d’appréhender les cultures du risque d’avalanche, puis d’étudier sa réalité matérielle (approche diachronique, spatialisation, conditions d’occurrence et d’émergence du risque).Pour déterminer s’il existe reconnaissance et appropriation du risque d’avalanche par les acteurs participant au processus de construction du risque, on a procédé à une analyse de discours des différents acteurs intervenant dans sa gestion et à des enquêtes, l’une inductive par entretiens, l’autre par questionnaire. In fine, d’une manière générale, connaissances et mémoire collective font défaut et, quelle que soit l’échelle, le risque d’avalanche n’est pas identifié en tant que problème. Il est au mieux désigné comme un danger ponctuel et localisé auquel on se sent peu vulnérable. Parallèlement, à travers une démarche géohistorique, on a étudié l’inscription spatiale et temporelle des avalanches sur les deux derniers siècles et cherché à identifier les facteurs naturels et sociaux interagissant dans le système de production du risque. Il apparait que, si la connaissance des avalanches est dépendante des sources, leur dynamique est fortement conditionnée par les activités anthropiques passées et actuelles. Malgré la fréquence des avalanches, ce risque n’apparait pas comme un élément fondamental des cultures montagne dans le Massif vosgien et nécessite un travail d’information et de sensibilisation. / In spite of regular accidents, the medium-high mountain doesn’t seem to play a major role in the study of avalanche. Therefore, the main goal of this thesis is to emphasize the reality of the avalanche risk in the Vosges Mountains by an interdisciplinary approach. Considering risk itself as a social construction, we suggest to study at first the cultures of avalanche risk and then pursue with its material reality (diachronic approach, spatialization, risk occurrence and conditions of emergence). So as to establish if the different protagonists involved in the process of risk construction recognize and appropriate the avalanche risk, we have analyzed the statements of the persons in charge of those events and conducted two different surveys (inductive interviews and a questionnaire). In the end, there is a lack of knowledge and collective memory, and the risk of avalanche seems not to be considered and identified as a real problem. At the very best, it is pointed out as an occasional and localized danger, to which people do not really feel vulnerable.At the same time, through a geo-historical approach, we studied the spatial and temporal distribution of avalanches over the last two centuries and tried to identify the natural and social factors interacting in the risk production system. It appears that, if knowledge concerning avalanches is based on historical sources, their dynamic is strongly conditioned by past and current human activities. Despite the frequency of avalanches, this risk does not appear as a fundamental element of the mountain cultures in the Vosges range and requires measures to draw the attention of people and inform them about it.