La capacité à incorporer le diclofenac de sodium (DFS) ou des composés à base de platine comme le cisplatine (CisPt), le sel de Zeise ou le tétrachlorure de platine IV (PtCl₄) au sein des matrices hybrides basées sur les chaînes polyéther de caractère hydrophilique (PEO) ou hydrophobique (PPO) et utilisant comme points de réticulation des nodules de type siloxane a été étudiée. Ces composés d’intérêt académique possèdent des applications dans le traitement du cancer (cipslatine) ou en catalyse (sel de Zeise). Dans les matrices avec DFS la diminution de la température de fusion de l'hybride PEO1900 semi- cristallin et la réduction des valeurs de Tg associés aux mesures Raman confirment l'existence d'interactions entre le DFS et les chaînes PEO de la matrice hybride. La coexistence dans l’hybride de phase amorphe et cristalline a été clairement démontrée par la libération bimodale du médicament pour PEO1900 matrice.Les quantités optimales pour avoir une matrice homogène incorporant le CisPt sont 5.4 % m/m avec PEO1900 et 1.8% m/m avec PPO2000. Les mesures EXAFS et Raman convergent vers une préservation de la structure locale du CisPt dans les matrices. Les mesures de SAXS montrent que l’intensité du pic de corrélation entre nœuds de réticulation de type siloxane est affectée par l’incorporation du CisPt dans la matrice en diminuant d’intensité sans changer de position. Ce résultat est interprété par le remplissage de l’espace entre les nœuds par le CisPt. Les profils de libération des matrices PEO1900 montrent que la libération est indépendante de la concentration en CisPt et que le gonflement de la matrice est le mécanisme dominant permettant d’expliquer la cinétique de libération.Pour les hybrides incorporant PtCl₄, il a été montré la coexistence de deux entités de Pt, une espèce Pt(II) et une espèce Pt(IV). L’espèce Pt(II) est identifiée comme (PtCl₄)²⁻ alors que l’espèce Pt(IV) est PtCl₄ dissout dans la matrice. Le rapport entre espèces Pt(II) et Pt(IV) change avec la matrice : L’espèce Pt(II) est dominante pour les matrices à base de PEO alors que les proportions Pt(II) et Pt(IV) sont quasi équivalentes pour les matrices à base de PPO. Il est proposé que l’espèce (PtCl₄)²⁻ interagisse avec les groupements urée localisés en bout de chaînes ainsi qu’avec les chaînes polymériques par les groupements éther. Ces interactions sont favorisées par le caractère anionique de l’espèce Pt(II). L’espèce neutre PtCl₄ interagit avec la matrice de la même façon que le CisPt, ie en remplissant l’espace libre laissé par les chaînes polymériques. Lors des tests de libération, l’espèce neutre est facilement libérée en solution aqueuse, l’espèce anionique Pt(II) restant emprisonnée.Tout comme PtCl₄, le sel de Zeise se montre soluble dans les matrices hybrides et permet l'obtention d'échantillons homogènes et transparents. L’EXAFS et la spectroscopie Raman montrent que si les liaisons Pt-Cl des échantillons hybrides sont identiques à celles caractérisant le sel de Zeise, les vibrations Pt-C₂H₄ ne sont mises en évidence dans les échantillons qu’après une période de vieillissement. Pour la matrice hybride PEO1900 avec sel de Zeise, la formation de platine métallique au cours du processus de libération a été mise en évidence.L’analyse structurale des matrices incorporant différentes molécules de platine et la corrélation des résultats obtenus avec les tests de libération montrent que l’interaction faible avec la matrice des molécules neutres comme le CisPt est responsable d’une libération contrôlée par les propriétés de la matrice vis-à-vis du gonflement. L’incorporation d’espèces de Pt anioniques, comme (PtCl₄)²⁻ ou le sel de Zeise, conduit à des échantillons pour lesquelles les quantités d’espèces Pt libérées sont notablement plus faibles comparativement au CisPt. Les fortes interactions de la matrice avec les espèces anioniques sont responsables des difficultés rencontrées pour les libérer en solution. / The capacity of hydrophilic (POE) or hydrophobic (POP) siloxane-polyether hybrid matrixes to incorporate platinum based compounds like platinum (IV) tetrachloride (PtCl₄), cisplatin (CisPt), Zeise salt and sodium diclofenac (SDF) was studied. These compounds present academic interest and are applied in cancer disease treatment (CisPt) or catalysis (Zeise salt).The decrease in melting temperature of the semi-crystalline POE1900 hybrid and the decrease of the Tg values together with the Raman results confirm the interactions between SDF and the POE chains of the hybrid matrix. The coexistence of a crystalline and amorphous hybrid phase was clearly evinced by the bimodal drug release pattern achieved for the POE1900 matrix. Optimum amounts for the preparation of homogeneous matrix with CisPt are 5.4% m/m and with PEO1900 1.8% m/m with PPO2000. The local structure of CisPt inside the matrices is preserved. SAXS measurements show that the intensity of the correlation peak between siloxane crosslinks is affected by the CisPt incorporation in the matrix. The observed decrease in intensity without shift in position is interpreted as resulting from the filling of the space between the SiO2 nodes by CisPt. The release profiles of PEO1900 matrices show that the release is independent of the CisPt concentration and that the swelling of the matrix is the dominant process for explaining the release mechanism.For hybrids incorporating (PtCl₄), it has been shown the existence of two Pt entities, a Pt(II) species and a Pt (IV) ones. The Pt(II) species is identified as(PtCl₄)²⁻ whereas the Pt(IV) species is (PtCl₄) dissolved in the matrix. The ratio of Pt(II) and Pt(IV) species is dependent on the matrix nature: The Pt(II) species is dominant for the PEO-based matrices whereas Pt(II) and Pt(IV) proportions are almost equal for matrices based on PPO. It is proposed that the (PtCl₄)²⁻ species interact with the urea groups located at the ends of the polymeric chain and with the by ether groups of the polymer chains. These interactions are facilitated by the anionic nature of the species Pt(II). The neutral species PtCl₄ interact with the matrix in the same way that the CisPt, ie by filling the empty space between the polymer chains. During release essays, the neutral PtCl₄ species is easily released in aqueous solution, the anionic Pt (II) species remaining embedded inside the matrix. As PtCl₄, the Zeise salt is soluble in matrixes giving rise to homogeneous and transparent samples. Raman spectroscopy and EXAFS show that if the Pt-Cl bonds of the hybrid are identical to those found in the Zeise salt,Pt-C₂H₄ vibrations are only identified in the samples after a ageing period. For PEO1900 hybrid matrix loaded with Zeise salt, the formation of metallic platinum was observed during the release essays.The correlation of the structural results gained on the matrices incorporating different platinum molecules with the results of the release assays evidences that the weak interaction of neutral molecules with the matrix is responsible to the fact that the release of CisPt is mainly controlled by the swelling properties of the matrix. The incorporation of anionic Pt species, as (PtCl₄)²⁻ or Zeise salt, gives rise to samples for which the amount of released Pt species are significantly lower than the one obtained for hybrids loaded with CisPt. The strong interactions between the matrix and the anionic species are responsible for the fact that the anionic species is not easily released in solution.

O interesse na preparação de filmes finos de óxidos pelo processo sol-gel aumentou nos últimos anos devido a alta qualidade dos filmes, baixo custo dos precursores orgânicos e grande importância tecnológica. Dependendo das condições de preparação e das espécies dopantes, é possível obter filmes com características diversas: piezelétricos, luminescentes, isolantes, semicondutores ou condutores. Filmes de óxido de zinco (ZnO) podem ser usados na formação de camadas semicondutoras. Além disso, a dopagem deste composto com elementos da família IIIA promove um aumento da condutividade e a dopagem com íons de terras raras origina filmes luminescentes. A literatura sobre filmes de óxido de zinco, contudo, é em sua maior parte descritiva e não há uma compreensão total do processo e mecanismos envolvidos na formação dos filmes. No contexto do presente trabalho, filmes de ZnO:Al e ZnO:Eu foram preparados através do processo sol-gel não-alcóxido. Neste método, sais orgânicos são usados ao invés dos alcóxidos na preparação de sóis orgânicos. Ao contrário do primeiro método, a literatura relacionada à técnica sol-gel a base de acetatos é ainda muito limitada. Portanto, um dos objetivos desta pesquisa é investigar os mecanismos existentes nos estágios iniciais de formação dos filmes. Efeito da temperatura, velocidade de deposição e nível de dopagem foram estudados. Acetato de zinco dihidratado e nitrato de alumínio nonahidratado foram refluxados em etanol a 75°C por um período de tempo dependente da concentração das soluções. Os níveis de dopagem do íon Al3+ foram de 0,8 e 5%. Ácido lático foi adicionado à solução etanólica para promover a hidrólise do acetato de zinco. Os aditivos acetilacetona e dietanolamina foram adicionados aos sóis antes da deposição para melhorar a homogeneidade dos filmes. Os sóis foram transferidos para substratos de vidro através do método de imersão-emersão (dip-coating). A formação de géis foi obtida por evaporação do solvente. Os filmes do óxido inorgânico foram formados por tratamento térmico a 450°C por 1 hora em atmosfera de ar. Ciclos de deposição de uma ou mais camadas, intermediadas ou não por calcinação, foram realizados. Por análise térmica e FTIR observa-se que acetato de zinco funde a 200-250°C e que concomitantemente ZnO:Al começa a ser formado como mostra a banda de estiramento de ZnO de baixa intensidade nos espectros. Não é observada perda de massa após 450°C, o que indica a total decomposição dos precursores orgânicos e na mesma temperatura o estiramento ZnO é intensificado. Medidas feitas com a técnica de microbalança a cristal de quartzo (QCM) evidenciaram a importância da calcinação após cada transferência dos sóis para substratos sólidos. A cinética de evaporação do solvente no estágio pós-deposição também foi verificada com esta técnica. Resultados de difração de raios X (XRD) a partir de amostras de ZnO:Al calcinadas a 450°C após cada transferência de sóis para substratos sólidos mostram cristalinidade com picos de baixa intensidade para os planos (100), (002) e (101). Também foi verificado que a cristalinidade do material aumenta com a temperatura. Micrografias de força atômica (AFM) mostram uma cobertura completa da superfície do substrato e a ausência de craqueamento ou buracos na superfície dos filmes. A presença de dietanolamina nos sóis promove um decréscimo no tamanho médio das partículas de ZnO:Al. Espectros de emissão nas regiões do UV e visível mostram a emissão verde característica de ZnO atribuída a centros de defeito auto-ativados. Filmes de ZnO:Al apresentam transmitância superior a 80% na região do visível mas a energia do band gap é maior do que a esperada. Os picos de emissão vermelha dos íons Eu3+ são observados nos espectros dos precursores orgânicos. Ao contrário, somente o pico em 615 nm é notado nos espectros das amostras calcinadas devido ao efeito de supressão pela matriz de ZnO. / The interest in the preparation of thin films by the sol-gel process has increased in last years due to the high quality of the films, low cost of the organic precursors and the great technological importance. Depending on the preparation conditions and dopant species, it is possible to obtain films with piezelectric, luminescent, isolating, conductive and semiconductive features. Zinc oxide (ZnO) films be used to form semiconductive layers. Further, by doping with elements of the family IIIA the conductivity can be tuned and with the rare earths doping fluorescent films can be obtained. The literature on doped zinc oxide films however is mostly descriptive and there is not a complete understanding of the process and mechanisms involved in the film formation. In the context of the present work ZnO:Al and ZnO:Eu films were prepared through the non-alcoxide sol-gel process. In this method, organic salts instead of alcoxides are used for the organic sol preparation. Conversely to the latter method, the literature concerning the sol-gel technique through acetates is very limited yet. Therefore, one of the aims of this research is to further investigate the chemical mechanisms that play a role in the initial stages of film formation. Conditions like temperature, withdrawal speed and doping level were studied. Zinc acetate dihydrate and aluminium nitrate nonahydrate were mixed in an ethanolic solution that was refluxed at 75ºC for a period of time dependent of the concentration of the solutions. The aluminium doping levels were 0.8 and 5%. Lactic acid was added to the ethanolic solution to promote the zinc acetate hydrolysis. The additives acetylacetone and diethanolamine were added to the sols prior to deposition to improve the film homogeneity. The formed sols were transferred to previous cleaned and hydrophilized glass substrates by the dip-coating method. The gel formation was obtained by solvent evaporation. The inorganic oxide films were formed by heat treatment in a furnace at 450°C for 1 hour in air. Single and multiple coating cycles, followed or not by calcination, were performed. Thermal (TA) and infrared (FTIR) analyses of the dried sols were performed in order to follow the chemical modifications that occur during the oxide formation. It is seen that zinc acetate melts at 200-250ºC and at the same time ZnO:Al begins to be formed as confirmed by the low intensity Zn-O stretch band in the spectra. No weight loss is seen after 450ºC indicating the completion of the decomposition of the organic precursors and at the same temperature the Zn-O stretch is intensified. Measurements performed with the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) evidenced the importance of calcination after each transfer of the sols to solid substrates. The kinetics of solvent evaporation in the post-deposition stage was also verified with this technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results from ZnO:Al samples fired at 450ºC after each transfer of the sols to solid substrates show cristalinity with low intensity peaks for the (100), (002) and (001) planes. It was also verified that crystallinity of the material increases with temperature. Atomic force (AFM) micrographies show that no cracks or voids are present on the film surface and a complete coverage of the surface is obtained. The presence of diethanolamine in the sols promotes a decrease in the mean particle size of the ZnO:Al. UV and visible emission spectra show the characteristic green emission of ZnO due to the self-activated defect centers. The ZnO:Al films present transmittance values above 80% in the visible region but the band gap energy is larger than expected. The red emission peaks of the Eu3+ ion are observed in the spectra of the organic precursor sols. Conversely, only the emission peak at 615 nm (5D0 -> 7F2) is seen in the spectra of the calcined samples due to the quenching of the ZnO host.

TiO2 photocatalysis is been widely studied for air and water purification applications; titanium dioxide is the most used semiconductor principally because its low cost, stability and chemical properties. However it only utilizes the UV portion of the solar spectrum as an energy source (less than 4% of the total sunlight energy). This behavior is due to its high band gap value of 3.2 eV. The modification of light harvesting properties of TiO2 by doping has become an important research topic to achieve an efficient operating range under UV and visible light. In addition, the structure and surface properties of photocatalysts play an important role. This thesis explores the effects of Zn doped TiO2, prepared by the sol-gel method, on its photocatalytic activity to decompose organics and the characterization of the doped samples. Since this study is part of a collaborative initiative, the samples were synthesized and provided by Dr. A. R. Phani from the Department of Physics, University of L'Aquila. Preliminary examination revealed a relatively low photocatalytic efficiency of the samples. The objective is to modify/improve its properties by high energy ball milling which is expected to generate accumulations of defects, particle size reduction and an increase in the active surface area. The characterization of doped and mechanochemically treated materials will be analyzed by optical diffuse reflectance measurements and optical absorption calculations using the Kubelka-Munk approach. The phase structure and particle size of the materials will be determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The BET surface area of the samples will be obtained using an Autosorb instrument. The photocatalytic properties will be studied by the analysis of decomposition of Methyl Orange in an aqueous solution. An aqueous photocatalytic tubular reactor with capability of operation using UV and/or fluorescent light will be designed and built.

ABSTRACT The increase of carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the atmosphere has become a severe environmental problem, since it could cause global warming due to greenhouse effects. Thus, the reduction of CO2 emission to tackle the greenhouse effect has become one of the most important tasks for sustainable development. The outcomes of this study would be valuable to evaluate the feasibility of applying photocatalytic reduction process to remove CO2 from the atmosphere as well as the flue gas. This study investigated the photocatalytic reduction of CO2 in a self-designed batch UV/TiO2 photocatalytic reactor. The photocatalysts tested included commercial TiO2 (Degussa P-25) and synthesized TiO2 via modified sol-gel process (i.e. NO3-/TiO2 and SO42-/TiO2). Stainless steel supports coated with TiO2 were packed in the batch reactor. The initial concentrations of CO2 ranged from 0.5% to 7.5%. The reductants investigated included hydrogen (H2), water vapor (H2O), and hydrogen with water vapor (H2+H2O). The incident UV light with wavelength of 365 nm was irradiated by a 15-watt low-pressure mercury lamp. The photocatalytic reaction was conducted continuously for approximately 48 hours. Reactants and products were analyzed quantitatively by a gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector followed by a methaneizer (GC/FID-Methaneizer). Experimental results indicated that stainless steel coated with TiO2 had better photoreduction efficiency than that of quartz glass. The optimal operating conditions of CO2 photoreduction were observed by using H2 over SO42-/TiO2, which could produce major products of CO and CH4 and minor products of C2H4 and C2H6. Sulfuric acid used as a stabilizer in the sol-gel process could produce TiO2 of high specific surface area. Results obtained from the operating parameter tests showed that the photoreduction rate increased with the initial concentration of carbon dioxide and resulted in more product accumulation. Higher photoreduction efficiency of carbon dioxide was observed by using the hydrogen (H2) than water vapor (H2O). The photoreduction rate of carbon dioxide increased with reaction temperature, which promoted the formation of products. In addition, proper water vapor (ie. relative humidity of water vapor =25%~75%) could increase the photoreduction efficiency. However, the photoreduction efficiency decreased white it was close to (ie. relative humidity of water vapor =75%~100%). Concurred with previous researches, the reaction rate of major products over SO42-/TiO2 were higher than previous investigations of CO2 photoreduction. This study proposed the reaction pathway using hydrogen and/or water vapor as the reductants. Moreover, a one-site Langmiur-Hinshewood kinetic model (L-H model) was successfully applied to simulate the reaction rate of CO2 during the photoreduction reaction process.

In the work, photocatalytical treatment of acetic acid wastewater by nanostructured film of TiO2 under ultra-violet ¡]UV¡^ light illumination was studied. Nanosized TiO2 suspension was prepared by the sol-gel process. Then it was dip-coated on indium tin-oxide¡]ITO¡^glass, which could be used as the anode if applicable. Effects the UV light intensity, UV light wavelength, reactive area of TiO2 film, solution pH, and applied bias voltage on photocatalysis efficiency of acetic acid in term of COD removal were studied in this work. Experimental results have shown that a pseudo first-order kinetics was obeyed in all tests. In this study UV light of 312nm outperformed that of 365nm ¡]15.3¢H vs. 11.0¢H¡^. UV light intensity of 20W was also found to be superior to 10W with COD removal of 11.0¢H against 6.7¢H. COD removal at pH¡×3.18 was about 3.6 times greater as compared with that of at pH=9.98. When the reactive area of TiO2 film was increased to three times, the COD removal was almost doubled. An applied external voltage was found to enhance the removal of COD. When an external voltage of 15V was applied, the COD removal was increased to 84.6¢H. It is ascribed to an external voltage would prevent or lower the extent of electron-hole recombination. In this work, the pseudo first-order reaction rate equation K¡¬=1.7679(COD)-0.7547 was obtained for various concentrations of acetic acid tested.

In our study, the superhydrophobic surface based on biomimetic lotus leave is explored to maintain the desired properties for self-cleaning. In controlling bead-up and roll-off characteristics of water droplets the contact angle and contact angle hysteresis were very important and we investigated the determining conditions on different model surfaces with micro- and nanostructures. Two governing equations were proposed, one for contact angle based on Laplace pressure and one for contact angle hysteresis based on Young-Dupré equation. Based on these understanding on superhydrophobicity, possible applications of the superhydrophobicity for self-cleaning and water repellency were explored and application related technical issues were addressed. Based on our understanding of the roughness effect on superhydrophobicity (both contact angle and hysteresis), structured surfaces from polybutadiene, polyurethane, silica, and Si etc were successfully prepared. For engineering applications of superhydrophobic surfaces, stability issues regarding UV, mechanical robustness and humid environment need to be investigated. Among these factors, UV stability is the first one to be studied. Silica surfaces with excellent UV stability were prepared. UV stability on the surface currently is 5,500 h according the standard test method of ASTM D 4329. No degradation on surface superhydrophobicity was observed. New methods for preparing superhydrophobic and transparent silica surfaces were investigated using urea-choline chloride eutectic liquid to generate fine roughness and reduce the cost for preparation of surface structures. Another possible application for self-cleaning in photovoltaic panels was investigated on Si surfaces by construction of the two-scale rough structures followed by fluoroalkyl silane treatment. Regarding the mechanical robustness, epoxy-silica superhydrophobic surfaces were prepared by O2 plasma etching to generate enough surface roughness of silica spheres followed by fluoroalkyl silane treatment. A robustness test method was proposed and the test results showed that the surface is among the most robust surfaces for the superhydrophobic surfaces we prepared and currently reported in literature.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第23732号 / 理博第4822号 / 新制||理||1690(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科化学専攻 / (主査)教授 北川 宏, 教授 吉村 一良, 教授 竹腰 清乃理 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:43:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:56:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 06773.pdf: 7313261 bytes, checksum: afb0bc00fde188a0f75b9462245bb12d (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-10T11:09:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-03-19Bitstream added on 2014-11-10T11:58:20Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000773511_20141201.pdf: 228963 bytes, checksum: cb639dfc8dea39229c7aba872b322f43 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2014-12-02T13:27:28Z: 000773511_20141201.pdf,Bitstream added on 2014-12-02T13:28:00Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000773511.pdf: 5812450 bytes, checksum: 0dbaa9f7c7c565f96e42b12b93f9a811 (MD5) / Revestimentos ambientalmente compatíveis híbridos orgânico-inorgânicos para proteção contra a corrosão de superfícies metálicas são alternativas aos métodos baseados em passivação que utilizam cromatos. Neste contexto, revestimentos híbridos foram preparados utilizando o processo sol-gel a partir da polimerização radicalar entre o metacrilato de metila (MMA) e o 3- metacriloxipropriltrimetoxisilano (MPTS) seguido pela etapa de hidrólise e policondensação ácida dos silanos tetraetoxisilano (TEOS) e 3- metacriloxipropriltrimetoxisilano (MPTS).Para investigar a efetividade das reações de hidrólise/condensação e propriedades estruturais resultantes, revestimentos foram preparados com diferentes proporções Etanol para água (0 < Etanol/ H2O < 1) para uma razão orgânico/inorgânico constante (MMA/TEOS = 4). As propriedades estruturais dos revestimentos com espessura de ~2 μmdepositados sobre substratos de aço carbono por dip-coating, foram correlacionadas com sua eficiência anticorrosiva. Ressonância magnética nuclear, espectroscopia de fotoelétrons induzidos por raios-X, termogravimetria e testes de nanoscratch foram utilizados para estudar as propriedades estruturais e adesão filme/substrato. Espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica e curvas de polarização foram conduzidos para elucidar a resistência contra a corrosão das amostras revestidas após longos períodos de exposição ao meio salino (NaCl 3,5%) e salino/ácido (pH 1). Os resultados das análises estruturais mostraram que para uma razão intermediária Etanol/H2O, a reatividade dos grupos silanóis durante as reações de hidrólise e condensação resulta em uma alta conectividade da rede inorgânica (> 83%) da rede híbrida, que abriga eficientemente a fase orgânica e assim fornece uma densa estrutura compósita com alta estabilidade térmica. Os teste de nanoscratch mostraram que os revestimentos possuem ótima adesão ao aço e baixa rugosidade. / Environmentally compliant organic-inorganic hybrid coatings for efficient corrosion protection of metallic surfaces are alternatives to the current methods based on chromate passivation. In this context hybrids coatings were prepared using the sol-gel process from the radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (MPTS) followed by the step of acidic hydrolysis and polycondensation of the silanes tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (MPTS). To investigate the effectiveness of the hydrolysis/polycondensation process and the resulting structural properties, coatings were prepared with different ethanol to water proportions (0 < Ethanol/H2O < 1) for constant organic to inorganic phase ratio (MMA/TEOS = 4). The structural properties of ~2 μm thick films, deposited onto carbon steel substrates by dip-coating, were correlated with their anti corrosion efficiency. Nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetry and nanoscratch test were used to study the structural properties and adhesion on steel. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization curves were carried out to evaluate the corrosion resistance of the coated samples after long-term exposure in standard saline (3,5%) and saline/acid (pH 1)environments. The results of structural analysis showed that in a intermediate Ethanol/H2O range the enhanced reactivity of alcoxy groups during the hydrolysis process results in a high connectivity (>83%) of the hybrid network, which harbors efficiently the completely polymerized organic phase and thus provides a dense composite structure with high thermal stability. The nanoscratch test showed that the coatings have a very good adhesion to steel and low surface roughness. The electrochemical measurements showed that the sample with ethanol to H2O ratio of 0.2, has the highest corrosion resistance of up to 10 GΩ...

Submitted by Bruna Patrocinio Lima null (brunapatrocinio@globo.com) on 2017-05-12T15:11:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruna_ dissertação final.pdf: 13918588 bytes, checksum: 30ea5c3dcd5492e9be4f34c07ae6e137 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-05-12T16:51:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_bp_me_rcla.pdf: 13918588 bytes, checksum: 30ea5c3dcd5492e9be4f34c07ae6e137 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T16:51:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_bp_me_rcla.pdf: 13918588 bytes, checksum: 30ea5c3dcd5492e9be4f34c07ae6e137 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O Processo Sol-Gel tem sido utilizado para a preparação de materiais vítreos ou vítreo-cerâmicos a partir das reações de hidrólise e policondensação de alcoóxidos metálicos. A reação global do processo envolve a reação de hidrólise e policondensação dos siloxanos, seguido de gelificação, envelhecimento e secagem dos géis. Para preservar as propriedades estruturais dos géis úmidos, a secagem pode ser realizada por processos hipercríticos, ou pela introdução de agentes hidrofóbicos, ou até mesmo por sublimação dos solventes remanescentes das reações de hidrólise e policondensação. Quando a secagem é realizada por processo hipercrítico, o material obtido é conhecido como Aerogel. O método consiste em fazer a troca dos solventes remanescentes das reações de hidrólise e policondensação por um solvente que possa ser extraído por processo hipercrítico. No nosso caso, as amostras híbridas de sílica foram preparadas via Processo Sol-Gel utilizando os alcoóxidos 3-Glicidoxipropiltrimetoxisilano e Tetraethoxisilano na relação molar de 4:1. A hidrólise do sistema foi promovida em meio ácido pela adição de 3 diferentes ácidos Clorídrico, ou Nítrico, ou Bromídrico. Após o término da reação de hidrólise, as soluções, que recebem o nome de Sol, foram acondicionadas em recipientes e mantidas em estufa a 40 °C para gelificação e envelhecimento. A troca dos solventes foi realizada por Etanol, seguida de CO2 líquido em autoclave especialmente desenvolvida para o processo e sua extração realizada em temperatura e pressão superiores a 31° C e 74 atm, respectivamente. As características estruturais dos aerogéis de silica foram estudadas através dos métodos de adsorção de nitrogênio e espalhamento de luz visível (λ= 405 nm, 543 nm e 612 nm). A técnica de adsorção de nitrogênio permitiu determinar a distribuição de tamanho dos poros que apresentou um pico relativamente estreito na região de mesoporos , a superfície específica em torno de 600 m²/g, o tamanho médio dos poros em torno de 10 nm e o tamanho médio das partículas em torno de 3 nm. A técnica de espalhamento de luz visível permitiu determinar a dimensão do fractal dentro do intervalo de 1 < D < 3 que caracteriza uma estrutura que pode ser descrita como fractal de massa, o tamanho médio dos poros entre 1000 nm e 4000 nm, e o tamanho médio das partículas entre 300 nm e 800 nm. Os resultados obtidos para o tamanho de poros e tamanho de partícula obtido através das duas técnicas apresentarem grande discrepância, e a razão entre esses parâmetros são equivalentes mesmo quando vistas em diferentes escalas. / The Sol-Gel Process has been used for the preparation of vitreous or vitreous-ceramic materials from the hydrolysis and polycondensation reactions of metal alkoxides. The overall reaction of the process involves the hydrolysis reaction and the polycondensation reaction of the siloxanes, followed by gelling, aging and drying of the gels. To preserve the structural properties of wet gels, the drying can be carried out by hypercritical processes, by the introduction of hydrophobic agents, or even by sublimation of the remaining solvents of the hydrolysis and polycondensation reactions. When the drying is performed by hypercritical process, the material obtained is known as Aerogel. The method consists of making the exchange of remaining solvent hydrolysis and polycondensation reactions by a solvent that can be extracted by hypercritical process. In our case, the hybrid silica samples were prepared by Sol-Gel Process using the alkoxides 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane and Tetraethoxisilano in molar ratio of 4:1. Hydrolysis of the system was promoted in acidic medium due to the addition of the 3 different hydrochloric, or nitric, or hydrobromic acids. After completion of the hydrolysis reaction, the solutions, which are called Sol, were packed in containers and kept in an oven at 40° C for gelling and aging. Solvent exchange was carried out by Ethanol, followed by liquid CO2 in an autoclave specially developed for the process and its extraction performed at higher temperature and pressure at 31 ° C and 74 atm, respectively. The structural characteristics of silica aerogels were studied through the methods of nitrogen adsorption and scattering of visible light (λ= 405 nm, 543 nm e 612 nm). The nitrogen adsorption technique made it possible to determine the pore size distribution which presented A relatively narrow peak in the mesoporous region, the specific surface around 600 m²/g, The average size of the pores around 10 nm and the average size of the particle around 3 nm.. The visible light scattering technique allowed to determine the Dimension of the fractal within the range of 1 <D <3 which features a structure that can be described as mass fractal, the average size of the pores between 1000 nm and 4000 nm and the average size of the particle between 300 nm and 800 nm. The results obtained for the size of pore and particle size obtained by the two techniques present greater discrepancy and the ratio between these parameters are equivalent.