This work utilized the sol-gel process in two ways. First, macroporous silica thin films were developed using a combination of casting techniques and templating. Macroporsity was introduced to the silica thin films by either doping the silica sol before casting or by ordering the template on a substrate and then casting a sol over it. These techniques were first used to create silica thin films with long microchannel pores (200 nm x 60 µm) from a doped sol with the bacteria, B. Megaterium, as the template for nanomaterial formation. To enable the formation long microchannels, the flexible bacteria chains were aligned by using light scratches on the substrate surface as anchors for the bacteria’s adhesive cell capsule. Polystyrene (PS) sphere templates were then used in several studies to obtain silica thin films with well-ordered “nanowells,” single-layer hemispherical pores that allowed direct access to the substrate beneath the film. Copper and gold nanoparticles were integrated into moderately packed films by electrodepostion and monolayer self-assembly, respectfully. The size of the nanoparticles was controlled by the time of the electrodeposition or the time of exposure to an electroless growth solution. The final study with polystyrene latex sphere templates produced high quality, well-packed films containing well-defined nanowells over almost the entire conductive substrate. This was accomplished by separating the ordering of the templates on the substrate from film formation. Electroless growth was used to control the size and shape of the gold nanoparticles and the electrochemical properties of the resultant films were studied, showing an enhanced response to negatively charged redox probes. Sol-gel techniques were then used to create high aspect ratio silica nanotubes and pillars. The electroassisted deposition of silica was carried out in the pores of track-etched membranes, allowing supported nanotubes with dimensions of 100 – 400 nm x 10 µm to be obtained. The mechanism of silica formation in the tubular template was studied and it was found that growth occurred first by nanotube formation, followed by further growth through tube from the electrode to the other side of the pore. This allowed for partially filled tubes and solid pillars to be obtained. The method was found to be flexible and characteristics such as tube length, chemical functionality and porosity to be controlled.

Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Synthese, Charakterisierung und Optimierung von Kohlenstoff-Aerogelen (C-Aerogele) für den Einsatz als Hochtemperaturwärmedämmung (> 1000°C). C-Aerogele sind offenporöse monolithische Festkörper, die durch Pyrolyse von organischen Aerogelen entstehen. Die Synthese dieser organischen Vorstufen erfolgt über das Sol-Gel-Verfahren. Zur Charakterisierung der Morphologie wurde die innere Struktur der Aerogele mittels Raster- und Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie, Röntgendiffraktometrie (XRD), Raman-Spektroskopie, Stickstoffsorption und Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung (SAXS) untersucht. Die thermischen Eigenschaften der Aerogele wurden mit Hilfe von Laser-Flash Messungen, dynamischer Differenzkalorimetrie (DSC), thermographischen und infrarot-optischen (IR) Messungen quantifiziert. Die innere Struktur von Aerogelen besteht aus einem dreidimensionalen Gerüst von Primärpartikeln, die während der Sol-Gel Synthese ohne jede Ordnung aneinander wachsen. Die zwischen den Partikeln befindlichen Hohlräume bilden die Poren. Die mittlere Partikel- und Porengröße eines Aerogels kann durch die Konzentration der Ausgangslösung und der Katalysatorkonzentration einerseits und durch die Synthesetemperatur und –dauer andererseits eingestellt werden. Der Bereich der mittleren Partikel- und Porengröße, der in dieser Arbeit synthetisierten Aerogele, erstreckt sich von einigen 10 Nanometern bis zu einigen Mikrometern. Die Dichten der Proben wurden im Bereich von 225 kg/m3 bis 635 kg/m3 variiert. Die Auswirkungen der Pyrolysetemperatur auf die Struktur und die thermischen Eigenschaften der C-Aerogele wurden anhand einer Probenserie erstmalig systematisch untersucht. Die Proben wurden dazu bei Temperaturen von 800°C bis 2500°C pyrolysiert bzw. temperaturbehandelt (geglüht). Um die einzelnen Beiträge zur Wärmeleitfähigkeit trennen und minimieren zu können, wurden die synthetisierten Aerogele thermisch mit mehreren Meßmethoden unter unterschiedlichen Bedingungen charakterisiert. Temperaturabhängige Messungen der spezifischen Wärmekapazität cp im Bereich von 32°C bis 1500°C ergaben für C-Aerogele verglichen mit den Literaturdaten von Graphit einen ähnlichen Verlauf. Allerdings steigt cp etwas schneller mit der Temperatur an, was auf eine „weichere“ Struktur hindeutet. Die maximale Abweichung beträgt etwa 11%. Messungen an einer Serie morphologisch identischer Aerogelproben, die im Temperaturbereich zwischen 800°C und 2500°C pyrolysiert bzw. geglüht wurden, ergeben eine Zunahme der Festkörperwärmeleitfähigkeit mit der Behandlungstemperatur um etwa einen Faktor 8. Stickstoffsorptions-, XRD-, Raman- und SAXS-Messungen an diesen Proben zeigen, dass dieser Effekt wesentlich durch das Wachstum der graphitischen Bereiche (Mikrokristallite) innerhalb der Primärpartikel des Aerogels bestimmt wird. Berechnungen auf Basis von Messungen der Temperaturleitfähigkeit weisen außerdem auch auf Veränderungen der Mikrokristallite hin. Gasdruckabhängige Messungen der Wärmeleitfähigkeit und der Vergleich zwischen Messungen unter Vakuum und unter Normaldruck an verschiedenen Aerogelmorphologien liefern Aussagen über den Gasanteil der Wärmeleitfähigkeit. Dabei zeigt sich, dass sich der Gasanteil der Wärmeleitfähigkeit in den Poren des Aerogels verglichen mit dem freien Gas durch die geeignete mittlere Porengröße erwartungsgemäß erheblich verringern lässt. Diese Ergebnisse stimmen in Rahmen der Messunsicherheit mit der Theorie überein. Durch infrarot-optische Messungen an C-Aerogelen konnte der Extinktionskoeffizient bestimmt und daraus der entsprechende Beitrag der Wärmestrahlung zur Wärmeleitfähigkeit berechnet werden. Temperaturabhängige Messungen der thermischen Diffusivität erlaubten mit der zur Verfügung stehenden Laser-Flash Apparatur die Bestimmung der Wärmeleitfähigkeit bis zu Temperaturen von 1500°C. Die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Wärmeleitfähigkeit der C-Aerogele zeigt eine Charakteristik, die mit den separat gemessenen bzw. berechneten Beiträgen zur Wärmeleitfähigkeit und der Theorie im Rahmen der Messunsicherheit gut übereinstimmen. Auf der Basis der gewonnenen Messdaten ist es möglich, die Wärmeleitfähigkeit von Aerogelen für Anwendungen über die maximale Messtemperatur von 1500°C durch Extrapolation vorherzusagen. Die niedrigste Wärmeleitfähigkeit der im Rahmen dieser Arbeit synthetisierten C-Aerogele beträgt danach etwa 0,17 W/(m•K) bei 2500°C unter Argonatmosphäre. Kommerziell erhältliche Hochtemperatur-Wärmedämmstoffe, wie z. B. Kohlefaserfilze oder Kohlenstoffschäume weisen Wärmeleitfähigkeiten im Bereich von etwa 0,7 bis 0,9 W/(m•K) bei einer Temperatur von 2000°C auf. Die Messungen zeigen, dass die vergleichsweise niedrigen Wärmeleitfähigkeiten von C-Aerogelen bei hohen Temperaturen durch die Unterdrückung des Gas- und Strahlungsbeitrags der Wärmeleitfähigkeit bedingt sind. / The scope of the present work is the synthesis, the characterisation and the optimisation of carbon (c-) aerogels as high temperature insulation (> 1000°C). Carbon aerogels are open porous monolithic solids which are produced by pyrolysis of organic aerogels. These organic precursors are synthesized via the sol-gel route. For the structural characterisation of the aerogels the samples were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, nitrogen sorption measurements and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The thermal properties of the aerogels were quantified by laser flash measurements, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermographic and infrared optical measurements. The inner structure of the aerogels consists of a three dimensional skeleton of primary particles which grow during the sol-gel synthesis and are connected to each other without any orientation. The voids between the particles are the pores. The mean particle and pore size of the aerogel can be tailored specifically via the concentration of the catalyst and the degree of dilution of the educt solution on the one hand and the synthesis time and -temperature on the other hand. The range of the mean particle and pore sizes of the aerogels synthesized within this work extends from some tens of nanometers to some microns. The density of the samples was varied in the range from 225 kg/m3 to 635 kg/m3. The impact of pyrolysis and annealing temperature on the morphology and the thermal properties of carbon aerogels was investigated for the first time systematically on one series of samples. For that purpose the samples were pyrolysed and annealed in the range of 800 to 2500°C. To separate and minimize the individual contributions, the thermal conductivity of the synthesized c-aerogels were thermally characterized by different measuring methods under various conditions. The measurements of the specific heat in the range of 32 to 1500°C yield values similar to the literature data of graphite; however slightly systematic higher values of up to 11% were observed as expected for “softer” solids with high interfacial surface areas. Measurements of a series of carbon aerogels with identical morphology, however different annealing temperatures, show an increase of the solid thermal conductivity with increasing annealing temperature of up to a factor of about 8 for temperatures between 800°C and 2500°C. Nitrogen sorption-, XRD-, Raman-, and SAXS-measurements reveal that this effect is dominated by the growth of graphitic domains (microcrystallites) within the primary particles of the aerogel. In addition calculations based on measurements of the thermal diffusivity indicate changes of the microcrystallites. Measurements of the thermal conductivity of aerogels with different morphologies as a function of gas pressure and the comparison of the data taken under vacuum and normal pressure yield informations about the gaseous contribution to the thermal conductivity. As expected, the gaseous thermal conductivity within the pores of the aerogel can be reduced compared to the free gas when the pore size is in the range of the mean free path of the gas molecules or smaller. The results agree with the theory within the measuremental uncertainties. Infrared optical measurements provide the extinction coefficient of carbon aerogels, from which the radiative contribution to the thermal conductivity could be determined. The laser flash equipment available at the ZAE Bayern allows measurements of the thermal diffusivity up to 1500°C from which the thermal conductivity can be determined. The thermal conductivity of carbon aerogels as a function of temperature is well described by a superposition of the single contributions determined separately and the theoretical predictions within the uncertainties. Based on the experimental data it is possible to extrapolate the thermal conductivity of carbon aerogels for applications beyond the maximum temperature investigated (1500°C). Thus the lowest thermal conductivity of the carbon aerogels synthesized in the scope of this work is about 0,17 W/(m•K) at 2500°C in argon atmosphere. This value is about a factor 4 lower than for the best commercially available insulation material.

The aim of this work was to test and tailor new sol gel derived hybrid polymer coatings for the incorporation of photochromic spirooxazines and chromenes. The development and optimisation of work was performed via two different routes (dye and matrix ones), that led to photochromic multi-layer coating systems with coloration depth and photostabilities comparable to commercially available products. Hybrid sol-gel derived polymers were found to be suitable host materials for photochromic dyes. Matrix properties and the type of entrapment heavily influence the photochromic activity, as well as the degradation rate and the kinetics of incorporated dyes. Dyes incorporated within more polar and rigid matrices were found to show slower kinetics and higher coloration but associated with faster photodegradation. On the other hand, hosts with less polar sites, low residual water concentration and low rigidity are preferable in terms of photostability. Significant differences were found for physically incorporated and covalently grafted chromophores. Using silylated dyes that can participate in the sol-gel process, the photodegradation rate of the whole system can be decreased as compared to the physically entrapped systems. The higher photostability and slower kinetics for covalently bonded photochromes is probably due to sterical hindrance. Addition of proper stabilisers increases the photostability: The employment of UV light stabilisers, excited state quenchers and HALS was found to be beneficial but not sufficient. Besides the presence of stabilisers, also the reduction of oxygen migration into the coating (by a hard top coat and an inorganic anti reflective coating) strongly increases stability of photochromes. Finally, it was found that the separation of photochromes within two (or more) different layers leads to a further improvement of the coloration and fatigue behaviour of the whole coating stack, presumably by preventing the contact of dye molecules with excited states of other molecules or their degradation products. These latter findings are considered to pave the way for stable photochromic coatings based on hybrid polymers. Future development should be directed towards more photostable yellow and red switching dyes. The results of the present investigations should help to choose the most suitable molecular environments for the tested photochromes in terms of photostability, kinetics and activity, which is considered relevant with respect to potential applications, in particular in the ophthalmic sector. Furthermore, the interesting combination of properties of this type of materials offers a large potential with regard to many applications, such as coatings for sunglasses, radiation protectors, filters, sunroofs, reversible markings, printing applications and smart textiles. / Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, neue, über das Sol Gel Verfahren hergestellte Beschichtungsmaterialien zu entwickeln, die als Matrices für photochrome Spirooxazine und Chromene geeignet sind. Die Entwicklungs- und Optimierungsarbeit erfolgte über zwei Routen (Farbstoff- und Matrix-Rout) und führte zu komplexen photochromen Mehrschichtaufbauten, deren Einfärbungs und Photostabilitätseigenschaften mit kommerziell erhältlichen Produkten vergleichbar sind. Über das Sol-Gel Verfahren hergestellte hybride Polymere stellen geeignete Wirtsmaterialien für photochrome Farbstoffen dar. Die Eigenschaften der Matrix und die Einbauweise beeinflussen sowohl die photochrome Aktivität, als auch die Degradationsgeschwindigkeit und Kinetik der eingebauten Farbstoffe. Farbstoffe integriert in rigide Matrices höherer Polarität zeigen geringere Schaltgeschwindigkeit und stärkere Einfärbung, jedoch verknüpft mit höherer Degradationsgeschwindigkeit. Andererseits Matrixmaterialien mit eher unpolarem Charakter, niedriger Konzentration an Restwasser, und niedriger Rigidität sind zu bevorzugen, wenn gute Photostabilität erreicht werden soll. Wesentliche Unterschiede bestehen zwischen chemisch angebundenen und physikalisch eingebauten Farbstoffen. Durch den Einsatz von silylierten Farbstoffen, die am Sol Gel-Prozess partizipieren können, kann eine Verringerung der Photodegradationsgeschwindigkeit im Vergleich zu physikalisch eingebauten Farbstoffen erreicht werden. Höhere Photostabilität und langsamere Schaltkinetikt sind vermutlich auf sterische Hinderung zurückzuführen. Der Zusatz geeigneter Stabilisatoren erhöht die Photostabilität: Der Einsatz von UV Stabilisatoren, Excited State Quenchern und HALS ist vorteilhaft aber nicht ausreichend. Neben der Präsenz von Stabilisatoren, führt auch die Verringerung der Sauerstoffpermeation (durch eine harte Deckschicht und eine reflexionsmindernde PVD Beschichtung) zu einer Stabilitätserhöhung. Schließlich wurde gefunden, dass die räumliche Trennung der Farbstoffe in zwei (oder mehr) unabhängigen Schichten ebenfalls die Färbetiefe und Photoresistenz der Beschichtungen erhöhte, vermutlich dadurch, dass der Kontakt von Farbstoffmolekülen mit angeregten Zuständen anderer Moleküle oder ihren Degradationsprodukten verhindert oder zumindest eingeschränkt wird. Diese Befunde können den Weg für stabile photochrome Beschichtungen auf de Basis von Hybridpolymeren ebnen. Weiterer Optimierungsbedarf wird in den bisher erzielbaren Farbtönen gesehen. Zukünftige Entwicklungen sollten sich auf photostabilere gelb und rot schaltende Farbstoffe konzentrieren. Die Ergebnisse der vorgelegten Untersuchungen können bei der Auswahl der am besten geeigneten, molekularen Umgebung für erprobte Photochrome in Bezug auf Photostabilität, Kinetik und Aktivität helfen. Dies ist von großer Bedeutung im Hinblick auf mögliche Anwendung vor allem im ophthalmischen Bereich. Darüber hinaus bergen die interessante Eigenschaftskombinationen dieser Art von Materialien großes Potential für ein weites Feld möglicher Anwendungen (Sonnenbrillen, Strahlungsschutz, Filter, Sonnendächer, schaltbare Markierungen, Druck, Textilien).

Faculty of Science School of Chemistry 9911467t EMMA.MOKOENA@sasol.com / The objective of the study was to prepare novel silica materials and then use them as supports/binders for the Fisher-Tropsch (F-T) reaction. Hence the thesis is divided into two parts - (i) the synthesis of silica materials (ii) use of silica materials as supports. PART I The studies that were carried out in this thesis evaluated the effect of templates and synthesis conditions on the nano- and microstructure and properties of silica materials that are obtained by the sol-gel method. The studies with DL-tartaric acid and citric acid as templates revealed that synthesis conditions (temperature, NH4OH concentration, water/ethanol concentration, time before NH4OH addition, static versus stirred conditions, stirring rate and solvent) all have an effect on the microstructure of the silica and influence the formation of particular silica morphologies. DL-tartaric acid produced longer and more uniform tubes when compared to citric acid. Tubes that are formed by DL-tartaric acid are hollow and open ended; however the ones formed in citric acid are a mixture of filled and hollow but closed tubes. Hollow spheres are exclusively formed when citric acid is used under certain conditions while only filled spheres are formed when DL-tartaric iii acid is used. The surface areas of the silicas formed from DL-tartaric acid are lower that the surface areas obtained for materials produced by citric acid. The nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms of silica materials obtained from both templates showed that the materials were mesoporous with some microporosity present in them. Studies with mucic and tartronic acids as templates also showed that the template as well as the synthesis conditions (such as solvent, temperature and stirring) affect the resulting silica morphology. Mucic acid produced silica materials with high surface areas, mesopores and a morphology that reveals fragmented tubes. Tartronic acid produced hollow tube materials with low surface areas and a combination of micro- and mesopores. The yield of the tubes was higher at lower temperatures for both templates. When sugars (e.g. glucose) were used only spherical particles were obtained and some sugars gave particle sizes that are smaller than the ones that are normally obtained by the sol-gel method. PART II Catalysts (Fe/Cu/K) supported on a range of silica materials with different morphologies (hollow nanotubes, hollow spheres, Stöber/closed spheres) were evaluated in the Fischer-Tropsch reaction (8 bar, 250 °C, 400 h-1 GHSV). The supported iron catalysts modified the physico-chemical properties and activity of iv the catalysts but not the catalyst selectivity. A Ruhrchemie catalyst (known F-T catalyst standard) was also evaluated under the same reaction conditions as the new catalysts for comparison purposes. The Ruhrchemie catalyst was found to be the most active catalyst followed by the catalyst supported on nanotubes, Stöber spheres and hollow spheres respectively. Catalysts containing 18% silica showed the best activity compared to the 9% and 27% silica catalysts. The product distribution and WGS activity were largely influenced by the potassium that is present in the samples and not the support type. Mössbauer spectroscopy showed that some active catalysts contained χ' – Fe2.5C and some superparamagnetic iron oxides or carbides while other catalysts also contained α – Fe and Fe3O4 in addition to χ' – Fe2.5C and some superparamagnetic iron oxides or carbides species. This finding supports the hypothesis that carbide formation is a requirement for active F-T catalysts. It also suggests that metallic iron is necessary for carbiding to occur, hence the need for a reduction pre-treatment.

Submitted by Andrea Pereira (andrea.pereira@unipampa.edu.br) on 2018-02-26T15:02:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dis Camila Dariva 2014.pdf: 4037537 bytes, checksum: 1e41021f60fe8a3e4a52d3def8ca4d2f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vera Leite (vera.leite@unipampa.edu.br) on 2018-02-26T19:02:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dis Camila Dariva 2014.pdf: 4037537 bytes, checksum: 1e41021f60fe8a3e4a52d3def8ca4d2f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-26T19:02:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dis Camila Dariva 2014.pdf: 4037537 bytes, checksum: 1e41021f60fe8a3e4a52d3def8ca4d2f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-13 / Os implantes de titânio recobertos com sol-gel podem apresentar propriedades bio-ativas que induzem a aceleração do processo de adesão no tecido ósseo. A tecnologia sol-gel é uma alternativa aos métodos de recobrimento desses implantes, devido às propriedades de vidro bio-degradável podem ser usados para liberar fármacos de forma controlada durante o processo de adesão celular. Enquanto que a adição da hidroxiapatita é um fator adicional para a liberação de possíveis fármacos durante a integração do implante ao tecido ósseo. Neste trabalho serão utilizadas as medidas de espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (EIS) para avaliar o comportamento de recobrimentos de sol-gel com e sem hidroxiapatita, sobre uma liga de titânio, em relação a sua estabilidade em solução de Ringer ácida que simula fluido corpóreo. Também será avaliada a estabilidade do recobrimento em função do tempo de imersão na solução e sua taxa de degradação, bem como sua morfologia por Microscopia de Força Atômica (MFA) e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). As amostras de ligas de Ti receberam um pré-tratamento de lixamento para homogeneizar a superfície e após foram recobertas por sol-gel. A composição do sol-gel foi alterada com o objetivo de determinar a influência da composição na taxa de degradação, que por hipótese, foi considerada igual à taxa de liberação de fármaco que porventura possa ser adicionado à composição do sol-gel. Pela avaliação de EIS foi possível determinar os valores de resistência elétrica dos recobrimentos e demais componentes durante um período de sete dias. As modificações na composição do sol-gel influenciaram significativamente no comportamento resistivo do revestimento ao longo do período de imersão. A alteração de dois ou mais componentes aumentou significativamente a degradação do revestimento, bem como a adição da quantidade dobrada de metanol. A redução de metade da quantidade de GPTMS também acarretou um decréscimo na resistência, entretanto a utilização da quantidade dobrada de etil acetoacetato não provocou significativas modificações na resistência, mas a quantidade de poros do revestimento reduziu. Foi possível determinar a taxa de degradação de cada recobrimento na solução, direcionando, assim, para uma escolha da composição química adequada para a taxa de liberação ideal de um provável fármaco. / The titanium implants coated with sol-gel may have bio-active properties that induce an accelerated adhesion process in bone tissue. The sol-gel technology is considered an alternative method comparing to other coating methods of these implants due the properties of biodegradable glass which can be used to release drugs in a controlled manner during the joining process. Thus the addition of hydroxyapatite is important factor for the possible release of pharmaceuticals during the implant osseointegration in the bone tissue. In this work the measures of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) will be used to evaluate the behavior of sol-gel coatings with and without hydroxyapatite over a titanium alloy, compared to its stability in acid Ringer solution which simulates the body fluid. Also the stability with time of immersion in the solution and its rate of degradation will be evaluated, as well as their morphology by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The samples of Ti alloys received a pretreatment and later they were coated by sol-gel. The composition of the sol-gel was changed aiming to determine the influence of the composition on the degradation rate, which by definition, was considered equal to the drug release rate that may possibly be added to the composition of the sol-gel. By the EIS analysis it was possible to determine the values of electrical resistance of the coatings and other components for a seven days period. Changes in the composition of the sol-gel significantly influenced the behavior of the resistive coating over the immersion period. The alteration of two or more components increased significantly the coating degradation, as well the addition of double quantity of methanol. The reduction of half quantity of GPTMS also decreased the resistance, however the double quantity of ethyl acetoacetate do not resulted in significantly modifications in the resistance, but reduce the porous number. It was possible to determine the rate of degradation of each coating in the Ringer solution towards to realize a suitable choice for the chemical composition to the ideal release rate of a probable drug.

Este trabalho relata um estudo sobre a síntese e a caracterização de mulita nanoestruturada a partir do processo sol-gel associado a um sistema de cristal líquido, avaliando-se a influência de um processo sobre o outro. Os sistemas de síntese foram preparados usando-se como reagentes precursores da mulita, o tetraetilortosilicato (TEOS) e o nitrato de alumínio nonahidratado (ANN) e, como formadores do cristal líquido, o surfatante Renex com diferentes tamanhos de cadeia hidrofílica (R100, R60 e R40) e uma solução aquosa de ácido nítrico, nas seguintes razões molares: 1,0 TEOS : 3,0 ANN : x Renex : 1,0 HNO3(aq), onde x é igual a 1,3 para R100, 1,6 para R60 e 2,2 para R40. As técnicas utilizadas para caracterização tanto do cristal líquido quanto da mulita foram: DRX, GIXRD, SAXS, MOLP, TGA/DTG, DTA e AFM. Os resultados de SAXS e DRX indicaram que os sistemas binários compostos por R100/HNO3(aq) formaram mesofases hexagonais, enquanto os sistemas contendo R40 e R60 formaram mesofases lamelares. A adição de TEOS e ANN interferiu negativamente na microestrutura destes cristais líquidos, devido a dois fatores: i) uma possível deficiência na retirada do etanol formado durante a hidrólise do TEOS e ii) a temperatura de secagem, mantida por estufa a 30 C. Estes dois fatores conjuntamente podem ter desestabilizado o sistema cristal líquido. Com relação à influência do cristal líquido no processo sol-gel, verificou-se por DRX a formação de mulita apenas para o sistema que continha R100, o que pode indicar que a estrutura lamelar dificultou a difusão dos íons Al3+ através do sistema, enquanto a estrutura hexagonal permitiu a formação de um gel mais homogêneo, com a formação de ligações Si-O-Al.

O presente estudo investiga as implicações da utilização de organoalcoxisilanos sobre a síntese de sílicas híbridas pelo processo sol-gel dopadas com antocianinas. Para tanto, os materiais foram sintetizados na ausência e na presença de antocianinas, de forma que, quando presentes, experimentassem diferentes ambientes químicos, causados pela natureza química do organoalcoxisilano empregado, visando elucidar aspectos estruturais, investigar possíveis correlações com alterações no teor de antocianinas incorporado, e verificar se as funcionalidades introduzidas pelos organoalcoxisilanos são capazes de acarretar mudanças eletrônicas passíveis de serem percebidas visualmente. O conjunto de amostras preparadas compreende um controle (sílica pura, sem organoalcoxisilanos), e sílicas sintetizadas com os organoalcoxisilanos: trimetoxi(metil)silano (MTMS), trietoxi(octil)silano (OTES), trimetoxi(octadecil)silano (ODTMS), trimetoxi(fenil)silano (PTMS), trietoxi(3-aminopropil)silano (APTES), trietoxi(3-isocianatopropil)silano (ICPTES) e trimetoxi(3-cloropropil)silano (CPTMS). Os materiais obtidos foram caracterizados por um conjunto de técnicas complementares, dentre as quais: espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR); por espectroscopia de absorção molecular na região do ultravioleta e visível (UV-Vis); por microscopia confocal de varredura a laser (CSLM); por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM); por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (TEM); por espalhamento de raios X a baixo ângulo (SAXS); e por espalhamento de raios X a alto ângulo (WAXS). A partir dos resultados é verificado que não somente a natureza do organoalcoxisilano acarreta profundas alterações estruturais nas matrizes de sílica, como também, a presença de antocianinas é capaz de afetar substancialmente as propriedades texturais das matrizes híbridas formadas a partir de organoalcoxisilanos e TEOS. / The present study investigates the effects of organoalkoxysilanes on the synthesis of anthocyanins-doped hybrid silicas prepared by the sol-gel process. For this purpose, hybrid silicas were prepared in the absence and presence of anthocyanins in order to study the effect of different chemical environments resulting from the organoalkoxysilane nature. The characterization was carried out to elucidate questions about structural aspects and possible correlations involving anthocyanins content, and to verify if the organic groups introduced by the organoalkoxysilanes were able to induce electronic changes that could be visually perceived. The sample set was prepared by hydrolysis of pure tetraethoxysilane (control sample) and its co-hydrolysis with seven different organoalkoxysilanes, namely: methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS), octyltriethoxysilane (OTES), octadecyltrimethoxysilane (ODTMS), phenyltrimethoxysilane (PTMS), 3-aminopropyltriethoxy silane (APTES), 3-isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane (ICPTES) and chloropropyltrimethoxysilane (CPTMS). The samples were analyzed employing the following techniques: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), molecular absorption spectroscopy in the ultraviolet and visible (UV-Vis), confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS). The results have shown that both the organoalkoxysilane nature and the anthocyanins are capable of greatly affect textural properties of the resulting hybrid silicas.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O presente trabalho à dedicado aos estudos de preparaÃÃo e caracterizaÃÃo de ferritas de nÃquel Estas ferritas foram sintetizadas pelo processo de sol-gel em suspensÃo de Ãgua de como natural (cocos nucifera) filtrada preparada pela equipe do Dr. Marcelo A Macedo do Departamento de FÃsica da UFSE Esta nova rota de sÃntese permitiu obtermos nanopartÃculas de ferritas de nÃquel que sÃo preparadas pela tÃcnica de formaÃÃo de micelas mistas obtidas da Ãgua de coco natural As molÃculas dessa suspensÃo sÃo chamadas de tensoativos sÃo molÃculas anfifÃlicas caracterizadas por possuÃrem ambas as regiÃes estruturais hidrofÃlica e hidrofÃbica que dinamicamente se associam espontaneamente em soluÃÃo aquosa a partir de uma determinada concentraÃÃo denominada concentraÃÃo micelar crÃtica (CMC) Acima dessa concentraÃÃo as molÃculas do tensoativo formam grandes agregados moleculares de dimensÃes coloidais Do ponto de vista analÃtico uma das mais importantes propriedades dessas estruturas organizadas à sua capacidade de solubilizar solutos de diferentes caracterÃsticas As amostras foram calcinadas durante 4 horas desde 400ÂC atà 1200ÂC seguida de um esfriamento rÃpido atà a temperatura ambiente e a 1200ÂC atà a temperatura de nitrogÃnio lÃquido A difraÃÃo de raios-X (XRD) as espectroscopias Raman Infra-Vermelho e a Microscopia EletrÃnica de Varredura (SEM) foram aplicadas para estudarmos a dependÃncia dos tamanhos das nanopartÃculas de ferrita de nÃquel com a temperatura dos tratamentos tÃrmicos e sua correlaÃÃo com as propriedades magnÃticas Os tamanhos dos cristalitos aumentaram de 5nm (na temperatura de tratamento tÃrmico de 400ÂC) atà aproximadamente 67nm (na temperatura de tratamento tÃrmico de 1200ÂC resfriada à temperatura do nitrogÃnio lÃquido) A cristalinidade das nanopartÃculas aumenta com o aumento da temperatura de tratamento tÃrmico Os resultados da microscopia MÃssbauer mostram que as ferritas calcinadas a 1200ÂC e resfriadas à temperatura do nitrogÃnio lÃquido apresentam a fase de spinel misto

O presente trabalho descreve a síntese, a caracterização e o estudo das propriedades de materiais híbridos nanoestruturados constituídos de sílica e do grupo orgânico 1,4- diazabiciclo[2,2,2]octano (dabco). A síntese desses materiais foi realizada pelo método solgel, partindo-se de precursores organosilanos desenvolvidos em nosso laboratório. Foram sintetizados materiais híbridos contendo o grupo orgânico covalentemente ligado à estrutura da sílica na forma pendente, contendo uma carga positiva (1-aza-4-azoniabiciclo[2,2,2] octano) e também materiais contendo o grupo orgânico na forma duplamente carregada, constituindo pontes (1,4-diazoniabiciclo[2,2,2]octano). Para o híbrido que apresenta o grupo orgânico na forma de pontes, foram sintetizadas amostras variando-se o conteúdo orgânico. Nas amostras com baixo conteúdo orgânico (até 3 %) observou-se que o diâmetro dos microporos está relacionado com o tamanho da cadeia desse grupo. Nas amostras com maior conteúdo orgânico a análise por difração de raios X evidenciou uma organização nanoestrutural que apresentou espaçamentos interplanares impostos pelo grupo orgânico positivamente carregado. A presença de birrefringência óptica nos materiais confirmou a existência de organização estrutural anisotrópica. Adicionalmente, as amostras mostraram-se transparentes e termicamente estáveis. A presença do contra-íon cloreto nos híbridos permitiu seu uso como trocadores aniônicos na adsorção de Cr (IV) de soluções aquosas. Adicionalmente, foi possível imobilizar espécies eletroativas aniônicas, tais como o hexacianoferrato e o corante amarelo brilhante. Foram preparados eletrodos de pasta de carbono modificados com essas amostras e realizados estudos de voltametria cíclica, onde foi observado que essas espécies eletroativas encontram-se fortemente adsorvidas nos poros. O eletrodo de pasta de carbono modificado com uma amostra de híbrido contendo sílica/titânia e corante amarelo brilhante foi utilizado como mediador na eletroxidação do ácido ascórbico, possibilitando o desenvolvimento de um sensor para vitamina C. Na perspectiva de estudar fatores que afetam as características morfológicas e texturais de materiais resultantes de sínteses em sistemas híbridos, apresenta-se também, a preparação de xerogéis microporosos de sílica, com área superficial elevada, acima de 800 m2g-1. Esses xerogéis foram obtidos estudando-se alguns parâmetros experimentais como a temperatura de gelificação, solvente e catalisadores, sendo que a presença do ácido acético mostrou-se o fator primordial. / The present work describes the synthesis, the characterization and the study of properties of the hybrid nanostructured materials constituted by silica and the organic group 1,4-diazabicycle[2,2,2]octane (dabco). The synthesis of the materials was performed using the sol-gel method, starting from organosilane precursors developed in our laboratory. Hybrid materials with the organic group covalently bonded to silica structure in the pendant form were prepared, containing one positive charge (1-aza-4-azoniabicycle[2,2,2]octane), and also hybrid materials with the organic group in the double charged form, forming bridges (1,4- diazoniabicycle[2,2,2]octane). For the hybrid presenting the organic group in the bridged form, samples varying the organic content were prepared. In the samples with low organic content (up to 3 %) it was observed that the diameter of the micropores was related to the chain length of the organic group. In the samples with high organic content the X-ray diffraction analysis showed nanostructural organization with interplanar distances imposed by the positively charged organic group. The presence of optical birefringence in the materials confirmed the existence of anisotropic structural organization. Additionally the samples were transparent and thermally stable. The presence of chloride contra-ions in the hybrids afforded their use as anionic exchangers in the adsorption of Cr (VI) from aqueous solutions. Additionally, it was possible to immobilize anionic electroactive species like hexacyanoferrate and brilliant yellow dye. Modified carbon paste electrodes were prepared with these samples and cyclic voltammetry studies were performed. It was observed that these electroactive species are strongly adsorbed in the pores. The carbon paste electrode modified with a hybrid containing silica/titania and brilliant yellow dye was used as mediator in the electroxidation of ascorbic acid, enabling the development of a sensor for vitamin C. In the perspective to study the factors that affect morphological and textural characteristics of materials resulting from syntheses in hybrid systems, it was also presented the preparation of silica microporous xerogels with high surface area, above 800 m2 g-1. These xerogels were obtained studying some experimental parameters as gelation temperature, solvent and catalyst, being that the presence of acetic acid was significant.

Os compostos amônio quaternários (CAQ) e as nanopartículas de prata (AgNPs) são extensamente conhecidos por suas atividades antibacterianas. Neste contexto o silsesquioxano iônico contendo o grupo catiônico 1,4-diazôniabiciclo[2,2,2]octano (SiDb(NO3)2) foi utilizado como agente estabilizante de AgNPs em meio aquoso, possibilitando a obtenção de nanopartículas de prata estáveis na forma esféricas com diâmetros médios inferiores a 10 nm. Mesmo em concentrações baixas de prata (1.1 μg.mL-1), o sistema AgNPs/SiDb(NO3)2 apresenta excelente atividade antibacteriana contra as bactérias E. coli e S. aureus, como também baixa citotoxicidade. Também foram produzidos filmes finos, sobre substratos de vidro, com o sistema AgNPs/SiDb(NO3)2. Os filmes de AgNPs apresentaram excelentes atividades bacteriostática e bactericida contra as bactérias E. coli e S. aureus. Portanto, o sistema AgNPs/SiDb(NO3)2 é muito promissor para ser aplicado como agente antibacteriano na forma de dispersão aquosa ou de filme fino. / The quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely known for their antibacterial activities. In this context, the ionic silsesquioxane containing the cationic group 1,4- diazoniabicyclo [ 2,2,2 ] octane and the nitrate group as counter ion (SiDb(NO3)2) was used as a stabilizing agent of AgNPs in aqueous medium, making possible to obtain stable silver nanoparticles with spherical shape and average diameters below 10 nm. Even at low silver concentration (1.1 μg.mL-1), the AgNPs/SiDb(NO3)2 system shows excellent antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus bacteria, as well as low cytotoxicity. Thin films of AgNPs/SiDb(NO3)2 system were made on glass substrates. The films of AgNPs showed excellent bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity against E. coli and S. aureus bacteria. Therefore, the AgNPs/SiDb(NO3)2 system is very promising to be applied as antibacterial agent as water dispersion or film form.