Τα τελευταία χρόνια έχουν ενταθεί οι προσπάθειες για την ανάπτυξη νέων και φιλικών προς το περιβάλλον τεχνολογιών για την παραγωγή ενέργειας από ανανεώσιμες πηγές, όπως η ηλιακή ενέργεια, με χρήση ευρέως διαθέσιμων και χαμηλού κόστους πρώτων υλών, όπως το νερό και η βιομάζα. Μια πολλά υποσχόμενη διεργασία στην κατεύθυνση αυτή είναι η παραγωγή υδρογόνου μέσω της φωτοκαταλυτικής αναμόρφωσης προϊόντων και παραγώγων βιομάζας σε υδατικά αιωρήματα ημιαγωγών, κυρίως διοξειδίου του τιτανίου (TiO2). Στην παρούσα εργασία μελετάται η δυνατότητα ανάπτυξης φωτοκαταλυτών με βάση το TiO2, οι οποίοι θα χαρακτηρίζονται από υψηλότερη απόκριση στο ορατό και μεγαλύτερη ενεργότητα στην αντίδραση αναμόρφωσης των οργανικών ενώσεων. Οι φωτοκαταλύτες που μελετήθηκαν ήταν TiO2 (Degussa P25) ενισχυμένο με μικρές ποσότητες αμετάλλων (N, P) ή μετάλλων (Li, Na, K, Cs, Ca). Στα υλικά αυτά εναποτέθηκε λευκόχρυσος (0.5 wt.%) με στόχο τη μελέτη της επίδρασής του στη φωτοκαταλυτική ενεργότητα και εκλεκτικότητα Επιπρόσθετα, πραγματοποιήθηκε κινητική μελέτη της αντίδρασης της φωτοκαταλυτικής αναμόρφωσης της γλυκερόλης (εξ.1) σε αιώρημα καταλύτη 0.5% Pt/TiO2, το οποίο ακτινοβολείται με φως στην περιοχή που απορροφά το TiO2. (1) Από τα αποτελέσματα προκύπτει οτι :  H προσθήκη των αμετάλλων (Ν-Ρ) παρότι προκαλεί αύξηση της απόκρισης του φωτοκαταλύτη στο ορατό έχει αρνητικές επιπτώσεις στο ρυθμό παραγωγής υδρογόνου.  H προσθήκη του CaΟ οδηγεί στη δημιουργία νέων ζωνών στο ενεργειακό χάσμα του ημιαγωγού μετατοπίζοντας έτσι την περιοχή απορρόφησης του σε μήκη κύματος που αντιστοιχούν στο ορατό φάσμα, χωρίς όμως η μετατόπιση αυτή να συνοδεύεται από τη δημιουργία ημιαγωγών με βελτιωμένη φωτοκαταλυτική ενεργότητα.  H φωτοκαταλυτική ενεργότητα του TiO2 βελτιώνεται με την προσθήκη αλκαλίων σύμφωνα με την ακόλουθη σειρά TiO2<Na<Cs<Li<K.  Με άυξηση τόσο της έντασης της προσπίπτουσας ακτινοβολίας, όσο και της συγκέντρωσης της γλυκερόλης αλλά και του φωτοκαταλύτη, ο ρυθμός παραγωγής υδρογόνου αυξάνεται / During the last years, intensive efforts have been made for the development of new and environmentally friendly technologies for energy production from renewable sources such as solar energy, using widely available and low cost raw materials, such as water and biomass. A well promising procedure to achieve this goal is the production of hydrogen through the photocatalytic reforming of products and derivatives of biomass in aqueous suspensions, mainly titanium dioxide (TiO2). In the present study, we investigated the potential of developing photocatalysts based on TiO2, that could be characterized by higher response to visible light and higher photocatalytic activity in the reforming of organic compounds. The photocatalysts studied were based on TiO2 (Degussa P25) dopped with small quantities of non-metals (N, P) or metals (Li, Na, K, Cs, Ca). The above were impregnated with platinum (Pt) 0.5 wt.%, in order to study its effect on the photocatalytic activity and selectivity. Moreover, a kinetic study of the reaction of glycerol reforming (Eq.1) in suspension of 0.5% Pt/TiO2 catalyst, irradiated by light in the absorption area of TiO2 was further performed (1) The results show that :  Although the addition of non-metals (N,P) causes an increase in the response of the photocatalyst in visible light, it also has a negative effect on the hydrogen production rate.  The addition of CaΟ results in the formation of new band gap zones of the semiconductor, shifting its absorption area into wavelengths that correspond to visible light, although this shift was not associated with the formation of semiconductors with improved photocatalytic activity.  The photocatalytic activity of TiO2 was improved by the addition of alkali according to the following order TiO2<Na<Cs<Li<K.  The rate of hydrogen production increases by increasing both the power of the induced irradiation, as well as the concentration of glycerol and photocatalyst.

Το μεγαλύτερο μέρος της απορροφούμενης ηλιακής ακτινοβολίας από τα φωτοβολταϊκά (φβ) κύτταρα δεν μετατρέπεται σε ηλεκτρισμό αλλά σε θερμότητα, η οποία συντελεί στην αύξηση της θερμοκρασίας τους με συνέπεια την μείωση της ηλεκτρικής τους απόδοσης. Η απαγωγή της θερμότητας από τα φβ πλαίσια βοηθά όχι μόνο στη μείωση της θερμοκρασίας λειτουργίας τους αλλά μπορεί και να αξιοποιηθεί αυξάνοντας τη συνολική ενεργειακή τους απόδοση. Τα ηλιακά συστήματα που έχουν τη δυνατότητα να παρέχουν τόσο ηλεκτρική όσο και θερμική ενέργεια είναι τα υβριδικά φωτοβολταϊκά / θερμικά (φβ/θ ή PV/T) συστήματα, τα οποία αναπτύσσονται τελευταία και έχουν αρχίσει να χρησιμοποιούνται σε επιδεικτικές εφαρμογές.Στην εργασία αυτή παρουσιάζονται πειραματικά αποτελέσματα από μία σχεδίαση ηλιακού υβριδικού φωτοβολταϊκού/θερμικού (φβ/θ ή PV/T) συστήματος, το οποίο αποτελείται από διάταξη απαγωγής της θερμότητας, με κυκλοφορία νερού. / Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collectors, sometimes known as hybrid PV/T systems or PVT, are systems that convert solar radiation into thermal and electrical energy. These systems combine a photovoltaic cell, which converts electromagnetic radiation (photons) into electricity, with a solar thermal collector, which captures the remaining energy and removes waste heat from the PV module. The capture of both electricity and heat allow these devices to be more overall energy efficient than solar photovoltaic (PV) or solar thermal alone. In this work the PV/T system was studied with working fluid the water.

Apresenta-se uma avaliação técnico-econômica para o préaquecimento solar da água de reposição em caldeiras de sistemas de vapor abertos. São empregados, para compor um estudo de caso, os dados de uma indústria de laticínios de médio porte situada próximo da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Quarenta e oito simulações computacionais do sistema de aquecimento solar (SAS) foram realizadas em TRNSYS, correspondendo aos 5% melhores resultados econômicos de uma série de 2.700 simulações mais simples (método &#966;-f-chart), programados em MATLAB. Foram empregados dados horários de ano típico meteorológico (TMY) para a cidade do Rio de Janeiro. O ganho econômico foi baseado no consumo evitado dos três combustíveis mais comuns na indústria de laticínios, enquanto o custo de investimento foi composto a partir de valores comerciais e da literatura. Os resultados da avaliação econômica mostraram-se desfavoráveis para a substituição de óleo combustível, favoráveis no caso de caldeiras a gás natural, condicionado a existência de subsídios, e bem competitivos para a substituição de GLP. A eficiência térmica do sistema mostrou ser o parâmetro técnico chave para o desempenho econômico, consequentemente, uma vez que a eficiência se mostrou inversamente proporcional tanto ao volume do reservatório quanto à área de coletores, não há uma configuração ótima para o sistema. Não obstante, os resultados permitiram a proposição de políticas públicas para incentivar o uso da energia solar na indústria leiteira e, consequentemente, contribuir para a preservação ambiental. / It is presented a technical and economical feasibility assessment of solar preheating of steam boiler feed water for opened vapor systems. Data from a medium sized dairy industry near Rio de Janeiro city, in Brazil, is used to compose a case study. Forty eight solar heating system (SAS) computer simulations were carried out in TRNSYS, for a range of design parameters corresponding to the 5% best economical results of a series of 2700 simpler simulations (&#966;,f-chart method), programmed on MATLAB. Rio de Janeiro typical meteorological year (TMY) hourly weather data was used. Revenue was based on the avoided consumption of the three most used fuels on dairy industries, while investment cost was composed from both commercial and literature values. Economical assessment results showed unfavorable for the displacement of fuel oil, favorable for substituting natural gas, provided subsidizing, and well competitive against LPG. Systems thermal efficiency showed to be the key technical factor for economical performance, thus, as efficiency was found to be inversely proportional for both storage volume and collector area, there isnt an optimal system configuration. The results, though, made it possible to address environmentally sound public policies to encourage solar energy use on dairy industries.

Orientador: Odivaldo José Seraphim / Coorientador: Anselmo José Spadotto / Banca: Erico Tadao Teramoto / Banca: Luis Roberto Almeida Gabriel Filho / Banca: Ricardo Rall / Banca: Maria Cristina Rodrigues Halmeman / Resumo: A possibilidade de redução na oferta de combustíveis convencionais aliada ao crescimento da demanda por energia e a crescente preocupação com o meio ambiente impulsionam a pesquisa e desenvolvimento de fontes alternativas de energia menos poluentes, renováveis e que produzam menor impacto ambiental. Dentre estas alternativas, destaca-se a energia solar, fonte disponível e passível de ser explorada a partir de todas as suas potencialidades. Atualmente, uma das vias tecnológicas de aproveitamento da fonte solar para geração de energia é a heliotermia, também conhecida como energia solar concentrada ou Concentrated Solar Power (CSP), baseada na utilização de superfícies espelhadas que refletem e concentram a radiação solar direta com o objetivo de convertê-la em energia térmica, a partir da qual se gera vapor d'água que irá acionar um ciclo termodinâmico reversível que converte calor em trabalho, conhecido como Rankine. O soiling consiste no depósito de diferentes tipos de sujeiras em uma superfície exposta em um dado ambiente. No caso de usinas CSP de torre central, o acúmulo gradativo de poeira, sujeira ou até mesmo de excremento de pássaros nas superfícies refletoras dos heliostatos causa uma redução significativa na quantidade de radiação solar que atinge o receptor posicionado no alto da torre e diminuição da eficiência de todo o sistema. Assim, faz-se necessário manter um alto fator de refletividade nas superfícies espelhadas dos heliostatos por meio de uma limpeza regular... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The possibility of reduction in the supply of conventional fuels, the continuous growing demand for energy and the current concern with the environmental scenario influence the development of researches regarding alternative, renewable and less polluting energy sources, which produces less environmental impact. Among these alternatives, it is worth mentioning the solar energy, available source and that can be explored from all its potentialities. Nowadays, one of many the technological process that uses solar energy for electricity generation is the solar thermal one, also known as Concentrated Solar Power (CSP), based on the use of mirrored surfaces that reflect and concentrate the direct sunlight in order to convert it into thermal energy, from which it generates water vapor that will initiate a reversible thermodynamic cycle which converts heat into energy (Rankine cicle). The phenomenon known as soiling consists in the depositing of different types of dirt on a surface exposed in a given environment. In the case of power tower CSP plants, the gradual accumulation of dust, dirt or even bird's excrements on the reflective surfaces of heliostats causes a significant reduction in the amount of solar radiation that reaches the receiver located at the top of the tower and decreases the efficiency of the entire system. Thus, it is necessary to maintain a high reflectivity factor in the mirrored surfaces of the heliostats through a regular cleaning. This work presents a proposal of an automated mechanism to clean up the reflective surfaces of heliostats. The development of this device, from its conception, through the stages of construction, installation and operation, regarding the cleaning efficiency standards, aimed at low production cost, ease of installation and minimizing the relevant environmental impacts, such as, low consumption of water during its operation. Through experiments in real .... / Doutor

Orientador: Odivaldo José Seraphim / Coorientador: Celso Eduardo Lins de Oliveira / Banca: Celso da Costa Carrer / Banca: Luis Roberto Almeida Gabriel Filho / Banca: Luiz Antonio Rossi / Banca: Alexandre Dal Pai / Resumo: A pesquisa apresentada nessa tese foi estruturada em quatro capítulos. O capítulo 1 apresenta, de forma introdutória, o estudo da arte da tecnologia CSP no mundo, bem como os conceitos tecnológicos e princípios físicos de funcionamento. Mais além, demonstrar o potencial solar brasileiro do ponto de vista exploratório. O capítulo 2, apresenta uma previsão de performance e rendimento energético de um sistema CSP com torre central integrado a atividades agroindustriais no Brasil, por meio de uma simulação transiente. O capítulo 3, apresenta de forma detalhada a adaptação e aplicação de uma análise paramétrica para determinação do custo mínimo por unidade de área de heliostato, o custo mínimo do primeiro heliostato produzido no Brasil, como também o custo nivelado da eletricidade gerada. No capítulo 4, foi apresentado um estudo do marco legal jurídico regulatório para sistemas CSP com torre central: geração e comercialização de energia elétrica de fonte solar no brasil. Por fim, foram apresentadas perspectivas de novas pesquisas a serem realizadas e as considerações finais. / Abstract: The search for new energy sources has been driven by an international standard that limits the emission of atmospheric pollutants. The establishment of renewable energy generation technologies will consolidate the future of sustainable development. The new technologies promise to economic opportunities and social benefits to remote places of the world, or where energy is scarce. Among the new sources or alternative sources of energy, solar is the most promising in terms of availability and well accepted by popular opinion. Historically, the sun's energy is being harnessed in different productive sectors and several countries. Furthermore, the concentrated solar power (CSP) runs through well-defined and known methods, based on well-established physical principles of engineering and using available materials and conventional. In order to present the theoretical conceptions of the operation of CSP technology, the objective of this chapter was to develop the current state of the art of technology and to correlate with the brazilian... / Doutor

Thesis (Master of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. / Transparent conductive oxides (TCOs), which are widely used in transparent electronics, possess a spectral selectivity that is suitable for a solar material absorber. TCO materials have a plasma wavelength in the infrared region. Consequently electromagnetic waves shorter than a plasma wavelength are transmitted through the material, while longer electromagnetic waves are reflected on the surface. In contrast to the opaque solar selective absorbers, the plasma wavelength in TCO materials can be easily tuned by controlling the heavy doping process to match the peak shift of thermal radiation at higher temperatures. Furthermore, the use of TCO in conjunction with a solar absorber relaxes the spectral selectivity of the latter and thus widens the selection of the solar absorber; subsequently the only requirement is a thermally stable black body. Aluminum doped Zinc Oxide (AZO) is a class of TCO materials which is cost effective to manufacture due to abundance ZnO, and Aluminum raw materials. This thesis is based on the synthesis of Al doped ZnO thin films nanostructure using radio frequency RF magnetron sputtering process. The influence of the deposition parameters, including argon working pressure and substrate temperature, on the structural and optical properties of the AZO thin films is investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and optical spectroscopy (UV-VIS-NIR). The optical constants of AZO films are extracted from transmittance and reflectance spectra using a combination of Drude and Lorentz dielectric function model. A computer simulation is developed to calculate the radiative properties of Al doped ZnO thin films nanostructure. The thermal emittance and solar absorptance is predicted indirectly from optical reflectance and transmittance of AZO films by invoking Kirchhoff’s law. A Special attention has been paid to the parameters that influence the spectral properties of the AZO films including carrier’s mobility, Al doping concentration and film thickness. Carrier’s mobility turned out to have the most significant influence on the spectrally selective performance of AZO films.

abstract: Evacuated tube solar thermal collector arrays have a wide range of applications. While most of these applications are limited in performance due to relatively low maximum operating temperatures, these collectors can still be useful in low grade thermal systems. An array of fifteen Apricus AP-30 evacuated tube collectors was designed, assembled, and tested on the Arizona State University campus in Tempe, AZ. An existing system model was reprogrammed and updated for increased flexibility and ease of use. The model predicts the outlet temperature of the collector array based on the specified environmental conditions. The model was verified through a comparative analysis to the data collected during a three-month test period. The accuracy of this model was then compared against data calculated from the Solar Rating and Certification Corporation (SRCC) efficiency curve to determine the relative performance. It was found that both the original and updated models were able to generate reasonable predictions of the performance of the collector array with overall average percentage errors of 1.0% and 1.8%, respectively. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Mechanical Engineering 2011

abstract: Plasmon resonance in nanoscale metallic structures has shown its ability to concentrate electromagnetic energy into sub-wavelength volumes. Metal nanostructures exhibit a high extinction coefficient in the visible and near infrared spectrum due to their large absorption and scattering cross sections corresponding to their surface plasmon resonance. Hence, they can serve as an attractive candidate for solar energy conversion. Recent papers have showed that dielectric core/metallic shell nanoparticles yielded a plasmon resonance wavelength tunable from visible to infrared by changing the ratio of core radius to the total radius. Therefore it is interesting to develop a dispersion of core-shell multifunctional nanoparticles capable of dynamically changing their volume ratio and thus their spectral radiative properties. Nanoparticle suspensions (nanofluids) are known to offer a variety of benefits for thermal transport and energy conversion. Nanofluids have been proven to increase the efficiency of the photo-thermal energy conversion process in direct solar absorption collectors (DAC). Combining these two cutting-edge technologies enables the use of core-shell nanoparticles to control the spectral and radiative properties of plasmonic nanofluids in order to efficiently harvest and convert solar energy. Plasmonic nanofluids that have strong energy concentrating capacity and spectral selectivity can be used in many high-temperature energy systems where radiative heat transport is essential. In this thesis&#65292;the surface plasmon resonance effect and the wavelength tuning ranges for different metallic shell nanoparticles are investigated, the solar-weighted efficiencies of corresponding core-shell nanoparticle suspensions are explored, and a quantitative study of core-shell nanoparticle suspensions in a DAC system is provided. Using core-shell nanoparticle dispersions, it is possible to create efficient spectral solar absorption fluids and design materials for applications which require variable spectral absorption or scattering. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Mechanical Engineering 2012

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-09-14T11:45:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ARLEIDE RICARTE DE OLIVEIRA - TESE (PPGEP) 2007.pdf: 4819651 bytes, checksum: 1cc38913961211c387807eb81998c764 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-14T11:45:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ARLEIDE RICARTE DE OLIVEIRA - TESE (PPGEP) 2007.pdf: 4819651 bytes, checksum: 1cc38913961211c387807eb81998c764 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-31 / Capes / A falta de água potável em algumas localidades do mundo, mais precisamente no semi-árido, é um problema de caráter secular, agravado pela poluição, distribuição irregular e existência de águas subterrâneas de utilização bastante limitada por causa dos altos índices de salinidade. Por outro lado, essas regiões possuem um grande potencial de irradiação solar que favorece a utilização de painéis fotovoltaicos, principalmente em locais distante da rede elétrica. Visando melhorar a qualidade de vida e minimizar o problema da falta de água potável nessas regiões, esse trabalho tem como objetivo estudar o desempenho de um protótipo de equipamento para fins de dessalinizar águas salobras via osmose inversa, fazendo uso de um gerador fotovoltaico com a utilização de um circuito eletrônico, no qual substitui acumuladores de carga (baterias). Com o uso do circuito eletrônico foi possível produzir água potável sem a necessidade da utilização de acumuladores de carga (baterias) e sem danificar o motor-bomba. A ausência do banco de baterias proporciona uma redução dos custos e da necessidade de manutenção; mas o sistema torna-se subordinado às condições instantâneas da radiação solar e da temperatura ambiente. Esse sistema foi instalado no Laboratório de Referência em Dessalinização (LABDES), na Universidade Federal de Campina Grande. O desempenho do sistema foi avaliado com soluções de cloreto de sódio com concentração de 1.000 mg/L e 2.500 mg/L e água de poço com concentração de 3.800 mg/L. As variáveis de medidas, como: tensão, corrente, vazão e pressão foram obtidas em tempo real no Software Data Aquisition, através de sensores elétricos. A partir desses dados foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: potência elétrica, vazão do permeado e do concentrado, recuperação e consumo de energia por m3 de água produzida. As condições meteorológicas e as concentrações da água de alimentação influenciam diretamente na pressão, e consequentemente na produção de água. Mesmo com a grande variação de tensão em função da irradiação solar, o sistema mostrou condições técnicas de produzir 0,25 m3/h de água dessalinizada. A pressão máxima obtida foi de 8,2 kgf/cm2. O balanço econômico, que representa o custo-benefício de implantação, operacional e manutenção para atender comunidades isoladas, mostrou que o menor custo de água dessalinizada é obtido quando o sistema de dessalinização é instalado em localidade na qual já possui o poço tubular e um local para servir de abrigo para o sistema de dessalinização. Para essas localidades é viável o uso de painéis fotovoltaicos. / The lack of drinking water in some places of the world, more precisely in the semi-arid region of Brazil, is an old problem, worsened by the pollution, irregular distribution and high salinity of underground waters. On the other hand, those areas possess a great solar irradiation rate that favors the use of photovoltaic panels, mainly where the electric net is not available. Seeking to improve the life quality and to minimize the problem of the lack of drinking water in those areas, the objective of this work is to study and evaluate an osmosis reverse desalination system, using photovoltaic solar energy coupled to an electronic circuit. This electronic circuit replaces the use of batteries without damaging the motor-bomb. The absence of batteries provides a reduction of the cost and maintenance need; but the system is subordinated to the instantaneous conditions of the solar radiation. This system was installed at the Reference Laboratory of Desalination (LABDES) in the Federal University of Campina Grande. The system was evaluated with sodium chloride solutions of 1,000 and 2,500 mg/L NaCl concentrations, and a well water of 3,800 mg/L TDS concentration. The meteorological conditions and the concentrations of the feeding water influence directly the applied pressure and consequently the permeate production. Even with the intermittent energy delivered by the solar photovoltaic panels, the desalination system showed good technical conditions to produce 0.25 m3/h of potable water. The economical statements , that the implantation cost-benefit represents, operational and maintenance to take care of isolated communities, showed that the lesser desalinizaded water cost is gotten when the desalination system is installed in locality in which already possesss the well and a place to serve of shelter for the desalination system. For these localities the use of photovoltaics panels is viable.

Este trabalho busca alternativas para fabricação de coletores solares planos aplicando técnicas inovadoras em conformação de chapas metálicas. O objetivo é desenvolver um processo de fabricação flexível para placa absorvedora, empregando a técnica da Estampagem Incremental. Esta técnica utiliza uma matriz de suporte de PU, um prensa-chapas e um pequeno punção em conjunto com um centro de usinagem CNC. A Ferramenta utilizada consiste um punção de ponta esférica de fácil fabricação que "desenha" o canal de passagem da água diretamente na chapa, promovendo uma deformação pontual e progressiva. Para compor o canal utilizou-se a técnica de solda por atrito (Friction Stir Welding) com uma ferramenta simples que aproveita o mesmo ferramental da estampagem incremental em um “set-up” rápido da CNC. Foram utilizadas chapas de alumínio de 1mm de espessura. O novo coletor apresenta uma eficiência aprimorada em comparação aos fabricados pelo método tradicional, com uma geometria que favoreça a área de contato com a água. Este processo permite uma formidável flexibilização, viabilizando a produção de pequenos lotes e tornando possível produzir uma enorme variedade de produtos e componentes de geometrias complexas a partir de um ferramental simples e tempos de “set-up” reduzidos. / This work searches alternatives for solar energy collectors manufacture, applying new technologies of sheet metal forming. The objective is to develop a flexible fabrication process for the absorber sheet, using Incremental Sheet Forming. It consists in a PU support die, a blank holder and a small tool, applied in a CNC machine Center. The tool consists in a spherical edge punch of easy fabrication that “draws” the water channel directly into the sheet, promoting a punctual and progressive deformation. To compose the channel, it was used a second sheet jointed by Friction Stir Welding technique, with a simple tool that uses the same tooling of the Incremental Forming in a quick setup of the CNC. Aluminum sheets of 1mm tick were used. It is expected that this new collector panel should improve the thermal efficiency when compared to the traditionally fabricated, and with a geometry that benefits the contact area with the water. This process allows a formidable flexibilization, making the low volume production feasible, allowing the production of a great variety of products and components with complex geometries from simple tooling and reduced setup times.