O presente trabalho tem por objetivo elaborar um código computacional utilizando o Método dos Elementos Finitos para determinar o campo térmico tridimensional de elementos estruturais em situação de incêndio. A consideração dos efeitos térmicos do meio no estudo das estruturas de aço, de concreto, de madeira e mistas comumente empregadas tem sido mais frequente nos projetos atuais, pois é cada vez mais clara a necessidade de avaliar as mudanças das propriedades térmicas e mecânicas que o material apresenta em resposta às variações térmicas do meio envolvente, o que pode em alguns casos levar a estrutura ao colapso. O desenvolvimento da presente proposta de trabalho tem como base o Código de Análises Térmicas (CAT) pertencente ao código SYSAF (System for Structural Analisys in Fire), desenvolvido e apresentado em Rigobello (2011). O CAT permite a realização de análises térmicas transientes das seções transversais de elementos estruturais, contemplando apenas a realização de análises bidimensionais. A fim de permitir a realização de análises em campo tridimensional, neste trabalho o elemento finito térmico sólido hexaédrico é acrescentado ao CAT, dando origem ao código denominado FEMFIRE-3D (Finite Element Method in Fire), o qual realiza análises térmicas em regime transiente, determinando o campo térmico em seções transversais e ao longo do comprimento dos elementos estruturais analisados. A validação dos resultados obtidos com o FEMFIRE-3D nas seções transversais e ao longo do comprimento dos elementos estruturais é feita por meio da comparação dos resultados obtidos em casos presentes na literatura técnica (inclusive casos presentes nas normas brasileiras e internacionais, quando for aplicável) e que contemplam estruturas usuais em situações de incêndio, ou mesmo com resultados fornecidos por códigos reconhecidos por sua eficiência em análises térmicas de estruturas em situação de incêndio. / The present work deals with the development of a computer code using the finite element method to determine the three-dimensional thermal field of structural elements in fire. The consideration of the thermal effects of the medium in the study of structures of steel, concrete, wood and mixed commonly employed has been more frequent in current projects, due to the necessity to evaluate the changes of thermal and mechanical properties that material presented in response to thermal variations of the environment, which can in some cases lead to the collapse of the structure. The development of this work is based on the Code of Thermal Analysis (CAT) belonging to SYSAF code (System for Structural Analysis in Fire), developed and presented in Rigobello (2011). The CAT allows performing transient thermal analysis of cross sections of structural elements, limited the realization of two-dimensional analyses. To enable the analysis in three-dimensional field, in this work the thermal hexahedral element is added to the CAT, giving rise to the code named FEMFIRE 3D (Finite Element Method in Fire), which performs in transient thermal analysis, determining the thermal field in cross section and along the length of the structural elements. The validation of the results obtained with the FEMFIRE-3D in cross sections and along the length of the structural elements is done by comparing the results obtained in the present cases in the technical literature (including cases present in the Brazilian and international standards, where applicable) and include the usual structures in fire situations, or even results provided by codes recognized for its efficiency in thermal analysis of structures in fire.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo elaborar um código computacional utilizando o Método dos Elementos Finitos para determinar o campo térmico tridimensional de elementos estruturais em situação de incêndio. A consideração dos efeitos térmicos do meio no estudo das estruturas de aço, de concreto, de madeira e mistas comumente empregadas tem sido mais frequente nos projetos atuais, pois é cada vez mais clara a necessidade de avaliar as mudanças das propriedades térmicas e mecânicas que o material apresenta em resposta às variações térmicas do meio envolvente, o que pode em alguns casos levar a estrutura ao colapso. O desenvolvimento da presente proposta de trabalho tem como base o Código de Análises Térmicas (CAT) pertencente ao código SYSAF (System for Structural Analisys in Fire), desenvolvido e apresentado em Rigobello (2011). O CAT permite a realização de análises térmicas transientes das seções transversais de elementos estruturais, contemplando apenas a realização de análises bidimensionais. A fim de permitir a realização de análises em campo tridimensional, neste trabalho o elemento finito térmico sólido hexaédrico é acrescentado ao CAT, dando origem ao código denominado FEMFIRE-3D (Finite Element Method in Fire), o qual realiza análises térmicas em regime transiente, determinando o campo térmico em seções transversais e ao longo do comprimento dos elementos estruturais analisados. A validação dos resultados obtidos com o FEMFIRE-3D nas seções transversais e ao longo do comprimento dos elementos estruturais é feita por meio da comparação dos resultados obtidos em casos presentes na literatura técnica (inclusive casos presentes nas normas brasileiras e internacionais, quando for aplicável) e que contemplam estruturas usuais em situações de incêndio, ou mesmo com resultados fornecidos por códigos reconhecidos por sua eficiência em análises térmicas de estruturas em situação de incêndio. / The present work deals with the development of a computer code using the finite element method to determine the three-dimensional thermal field of structural elements in fire. The consideration of the thermal effects of the medium in the study of structures of steel, concrete, wood and mixed commonly employed has been more frequent in current projects, due to the necessity to evaluate the changes of thermal and mechanical properties that material presented in response to thermal variations of the environment, which can in some cases lead to the collapse of the structure. The development of this work is based on the Code of Thermal Analysis (CAT) belonging to SYSAF code (System for Structural Analysis in Fire), developed and presented in Rigobello (2011). The CAT allows performing transient thermal analysis of cross sections of structural elements, limited the realization of two-dimensional analyses. To enable the analysis in three-dimensional field, in this work the thermal hexahedral element is added to the CAT, giving rise to the code named FEMFIRE 3D (Finite Element Method in Fire), which performs in transient thermal analysis, determining the thermal field in cross section and along the length of the structural elements. The validation of the results obtained with the FEMFIRE-3D in cross sections and along the length of the structural elements is done by comparing the results obtained in the present cases in the technical literature (including cases present in the Brazilian and international standards, where applicable) and include the usual structures in fire situations, or even results provided by codes recognized for its efficiency in thermal analysis of structures in fire.

<p>The Mechanics of Structural Genome (MSG) is a unified homogenization theory used to find equivalent constitutive models for beam, plate, and solid structures. It has been proven accurate for periodic structures. However, for certain applications such as non-prismatic wind turbine blades and helicopter flexbeams featuring ply drop-off, where there is no repeating structure and the periodic boundary condition cannot be used, MSG's accuracy is limited. In this work, we aim to extend MSG to find element stiffness matrices directly for aperiodic structures, instead of beam properties or three-dimensional (3D) solid material properties. Two finite elements based on MSG have been developed: Heterogeneous Beam Element (HBE) and Heterogeneous Solid Element (HSE).</p> <p><br></p> <p>For beam modeling, the beam-like structure is homogenized into a series of 3-node Heterogeneous Beam Elements (HBE) with 18×18 effective beam element stiffness matrices. These matrices are used as input for one-dimensional (1D) beam analysis using the Abaqus User Element subroutine (UEL). Using the macroscopic beam analysis results as input, we can also perform dehomogenization to predict the stresses and strains in the original structure. We use three examples (a prismatic composite beam, an isotropic homogeneous tapered beam, and a composite tapered beam) to demonstrate the capability of HBE and show its advantages over the MSG cross-sectional analysis approach. HBE can capture macroscopic behavior and detailed stresses due to non-prismatic geometry.</p> <p><br></p> <p>The Heterogeneous Solid Element (HSE) is developed based on MSG to model a heterogeneous body as an equivalent solid element using an effective element stiffness matrix. HSE modeling includes homogenization, macroscopic global analysis, and dehomogenization to recover local strains/stresses. HSE avoids the local periodicity assumption for traditional multiscale modeling techniques for composite structures that compute effective material properties instead. Abaqus composite solid element and MSG-based traditional multiscale modeling are used to validate the accuracy of HSE. All example results show that HSE is more accurate in predicting global structural behavior and local strains/stresses.</p> <p><br></p> <p>HBE and HSE provide a new concept for modeling aperiodic composite structures by modeling structures into equivalent beam or solid elements instead of beam properties of the reference line in 1D beam analysis or material properties of material points in solid structural analysis.</p>

L’objectif de ce travail porte sur le développement d’un modèle d’interaction fluide-structure adapté à la dynamique des éoliennes de grandes tailles avec des pales flexibles qui se déforment de manière significative sous l’effet de la pression exercée par le vent. Le modèle développé est basé sur une approche efficace d’IFS partitionnée pour un fluide incompressible et non visqueux en interaction avec une structure flexible soumise a des grandes transformations. Il permet de fournir une meilleure estimation de la charge aérodynamique et de la réponse dynamique associée du système (pales, mat, attachements, câbles) avec un temps de calcul raisonnable et pour des simulations sur des longues périodes. Pour la modélisation structurale, un élément fini de type solide 3D est développé pour l’étude dynamique des pales d’éolienne soumises à des grands déplacements et des grandes rotations. Une amélioration du comportement en flexion est proposée par l’introduction des degrés de liberté en rotation et l’enrichissement du champ de déplacements afin de décrire plus précisément la flexibilité des pales. Cet élément solide est apte de capter des modes de hautes fréquences qui peuvent s’avérer néfastes pour la stabilité du calcul. Deux techniques sont donc proposées pour les contrôler : la régularisation de la matrice masse et le développement des schémas d’intégration robustes de conservation et de dissipation d’énergie. Les chargements aérodynamiques sont modélisés en utilisant la Panel Method. Il s’agit d’une méthode aux frontières, relativement rapide par rapport à la CFD mais suffisamment précise pour calculer la distribution de la pression exercée sur la pale. Les modèles fluide et structure interagissent via un algorithme de couplage partitionné itératif dans lequel des considérations particulières sont prises en compte dans le contexte des grandes transformations. Dans un effort visant à instaurer un indicateur de fatigue dans la méthodologie proposée, des câbles précontraints sont introduits reliant le mat de l’éolienne au support. Une nouvelle formulation complémentaire en termes de contraintes est ainsi développée pour l’analyse dynamique des câbles 3D en comportement élasto-visco-plastique. Chaque méthode proposée a été d’abord validée sur des cas tests pertinents. Par la suite, des simulations numériques d’éoliennes avec des pales flexibles sont effectuées en vue d’affiner la compréhension de leur comportement dynamique et l’intérêt que la flexibilité des pales peut apporter à leur fonctionnement. / In this work, a numerical model of fluid-structure interaction is developed for dynamic analysis of giant wind turbines with flexible blades that can deflect significantly under wind loading. The model is based on an efficient partitioned FSI approach for incompressible and inviscid flow interacting with a flexible structure undergoing large transformations. It seeks to provide the best estimate of true design aerodynamic load and the associated dynamic response of such system (blades, tower, attachments, cables). To model the structure, we developed a 3D solid element to analyze geometrically nonlinear statics and dynamics of wind turbine blades undergoing large displacements and rotations. The 3D solid bending behavior is improved by introducing rotational degrees of freedom and enriching the approximation of displacement field in order to describe the flexibility of the blades more accurately. This solid iscapable of representing high frequencies modes which should be taken under control. Thus, we proposed a regularized form of the mass matrix and robust time-stepping schemes based on energy conservation and dissipation. Aerodynamic loads are modeled by using the 3D Vortex Panel Method. Such boundary method is relatively fast to calculate pressure distribution compared to CFD and provides enough precision. The aerodynamic and structural parts interact with each other via a partitioned coupling scheme with iterative procedure where special considerations are taken into account for large overall motion. In an effort to introduce a fatigue indicator within the proposed framework, pre-stressed cables are added to the wind turbine, connecting the tower to the support and providing more stability. Therefore, a novel complementary force-based finite element formulation is constructed for dynamic analysis of elasto-viscoplastic cables. Each of theproposed methods is first validated with differents estexamples.Then,several numerical simulations of full-scale wind turbines are performed in order to better understand its dynamic behavior and to eventually optimize its operation.