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The aiin of this research is to investigate the process by which techniques for the remedial treatment of contaminated land evolve. This is accomplished through the study of the relationships between: environmental policy and law; industrial practice; and research and development. Previous studies of the barriers and driving forces of such development have tended to be from a technical point of view. However, this research aims to explore the dynamics of technological innovation. Structured interviews, questionnaires and case studies were used to collect qualitative data from a cross section of the contaminated land industry. Interview transcripts were produced and subsequently, after consultation with the interviewees, presented as synoptic summaries including contextual information. Ile interview, questionnairea nd case study information is critically assessedw ith referencet o relevant contextual information. The following areas are discussed: public opinion; regulation and policy; uncertainty and development; political lobbying; measures intended to stimulate the use of treatment techniques; and, the relationship between vendors, consultants and property developers. It is concluded that: the development of treatment techniques is dependent upon the incremental accumulation of knowledge by politicians, scientists and the developers of remedial treatment techniques and that differences in these phenomena can result in "friction" in relation to the development of remedial treatment techniques. Particular emphasis is placed upon the adoption of pragmatic, deregulatory approachest o the regulation of contaminatedl and and the adoption of risk managementa pproachesI.t is emphasised that uncertainty relating to the performance of treatment techniques remains, particularly in relation to treatment time and cost. It is concluded that the commercial success of a treatment technique depends as much upon its ability to comply with the managerial constraints on the redevelopment process as upon its technical proficiency.

Landfill leachate with its variable and complex characteristics poses a well established threat to the environment. Enhancement of the environmental quality through the minimization of the leachate problem should therefore be the major objective of good landfill management. The need to control and manage landfill leachate has resulted in various treatment alternatives which include both biological and physical-chemical processes. The research described in this thesis discusses the feasibility of biological and physical-chemical treatment of leachate based on laboratoryscale reactors. After a short introduction, a review of the relevant literature on solid waste disposal including landfilling, leachate generation and the treatment alternatives was presented. Comparative experimental studies were then carried out using an aerobic rotating biological contactor (RBC), an upflow anaerobic filter (UAF) and an activated carbon (AC) adsorption column for treating landfill leachate. The effect of a range of parameters on the performance and operation of the RBC, the UAF and the AC column has been evaluated in the study From the experimental results, an RBC was found to achieve a better performance when treating a low strength (LS) leachate, whereas a high strength (HS) leachate would be much better treated by a UAF. For the LS leachate treatment, a COD removal of 80% at a loading rate of 6 kg COD/m3.d was achieved by the RBC as compared to only 60% by the UAF. Whereas for the HS leachate the RBC achieved a COD removal of only 50% at the loading rate of 14 kg COD/m3.d as compared to 60% by the UAF. Direct physical-chemical treatment process in treating leachate using an AC adsorption was also investigated. The results obtained showed that the adsorption process was not capable of achieving the desired effluent requirement, with 20% residual organic fractions still remaining in the effluent. The need to remove this biodegradable organic matter by biological processes was found to be necessary. It is suggested that to achieve satisfactory treatment, anaerobic UAF treatment of leachate followed by aerobic RBC and a final polishing with AC column should be used.

The remediation of two contaminated soils in the Tyne and Wear Metropolitan district was examined. These were a sediment dredged from the river bed at Dunston Coal Staiths on the River Tyne (downstream from Derwenthaugh coke work site) and coke work-contaminated soil from the Derwenthaugh site, Blaydon, Nr. Newcastle-upon-Tyne. The river Tyne dredgings were of a very fine material (70% silt; 24% clay) with high water retention capacity. Levels of (EDTA available) Zn (490mg/kg), total Cd (7.5mg/kg) and total Pb (510mg/kg) were above the Department of Environment's (1987) threshold values for soil contaminants. Barley (Hordeuin vulgare L. cv Kym) sown in the drcdgings in ten outdoor plots (Irn x 0.5m), grew very poorly (yield = 2.4g dry wt. /plant, compared with that on an uncontaminatedc. ontrol soil (7.4g dry wt./ plant). The barley exhibited all the classic signs of metal phytotoxicity despite the addition of fcrtiliscr and organic waste (straw and spent mushroom compost). When lime was added to raise the pH of the dredgings in the plots to over pH 7.1, the growth rate and the yield of barley improved significantly (yield = 6.8g dry wt. /plant). Levels of available Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu in the limed dredgings were now lower than in the unlimed dredgings. Copper and zinc levels in leaves of barley raised on the limed material were lower than levels in barley grown on unlimed dredgings. There was no significant difference in yield or growth rate between the different plots of dredgings in which organic supplementation parameters were varied. In conclusion, pH was the dominant factor in the remediation of the heavy metal phytotoxicity in the dredged material. Gas chromatography/mass spectrophotometry analysis showed the principal contaminants of the coke works soil to be organic. The soil was heavily contaminated with coal tars (19.0%) consisting of a complex mixture of aliphatic, polycyclic and aromatic compounds including phenols (160mg/kg). Viable counts of the soil microflora, on selective media, showed the presence of bacteria capable of degrading phenol and several of its alkylated homologues and thiocyanate, which was converted to ammonia and used as aN source. The coke works soil was treated on a laboratory scale using microbially based clean-up methods. Soil was incubated in glass jars under laboratory conditions. Nu trients (yeast extract) and microbial biomass (a mixed culture, previously isolated and enriched by growth on cresol and thiocyanate, but capable of oxidising a wide range of alkylated phenols), were inoculated into the contaminated soil. The addition of such biomass (106 organisms /g soil) led to a marked improvement in the rate of phenolic degradation in the soil (26% loss in'22 weeks, compared with 9% in the untreated control. ). Degradation rates decreased after 14 days but a repeated application of biomass (106 organisms/g soil) caused further phenolic loss (47% total loss). Cresol (100mg/kg) subsequently added to the bacterial ly-amended soil disappeared within 7 days, showing that the biomass amendment was still biochemically very active. These findings demonstrate the importance and the effectiveness of two different treatment methods in the rcmediation of contaminated soil.

The increasing yield of municipal solid waste (MSW) is one of the main by-products of modern society. Among various MSW treatment methods, plasma gasification in a fixed-bed melting reactor (PGM) is a new technology, which may provide an efficient and environmental friendly solution for problems related to MSW disposals. General objectives of this work are to develop mathematical models for the PGM process, and using these models to analyze the characteristics of this new technology. In this thesis, both experimental measurement and numerical analysis are carried out to evaluate the performance of both air gasification and air&steam gasification in a PGM reactor. Furthermore, parameter studies were launched to investigate the effect of three main operation parameters: equivalence ratio (ER), steam feedstock mass ratio(S/F) and plasma energy ratio (PER). Based on the above analysis, the optimal suggestions aiming at providing highest syngas calorific value, as well as system energy efficiency, are given. Six experimental tests were conducted in a demonstration reactor. These tests are classified into two groups: air gasification (case 1 and 2) and air&steam gasification (case 3 to 6). In all these cases, the plasma gasification and melting of MSW produced a   syngas with a lower heating value of 6.0-7.0 MJ/Nm3. By comparing the syngas yield and calorific value, the study found out that the steam and air mixture is a better gasification agent than pure air. It is also discovered that the operation parameters seriously influence the operation of the PGM process. A zero-dimensional kinetic free model was built up to investigate the influence of operation parameters. The model was developed using the popular process simulation software Aspen Plus. In this model, the whole plasma gasification and melting process was divided into four layers: drying, pyrolysis, char combustion&gasificaiton, and plasma melting. Mass and energy balances were considered in all layers. It was proved that the model is able to give good agreement of the syngas yield and composition. This model was used to study the influence of ER, S/F and PER on average gasification temperature, syngas composition and syngas yield. It is pointed out that a common problem for the PGM air gasification is the incomplete char conversion due to low ER value. Both increasing plasma power and feeding steam is helpful for solving this problem. The syngas quality can also be improved by reasonably feeding high temperature steam into the reactor.   In order to provide detailed information inside the reactor, a two-dimensional steady model was developed for the PGM process. The model used the Euler-Euler multiphase approach. The mass, momentum and energy balances of both gas and solid phases are considered in this model. The model described the complex chemical and physical processes such as drying, pyrolysis, homogeneous reactions, heterogeneous char reactions and melting of the inorganic components of MSW. The rates of chemical reactions are controlled by kinetic rates and physical transport theories. The model is capable of simulating the pressure fields, temperature fields, and velocity fields of both phase, as well as variations of gas and solid composition insider the reactor. This model was used to simulate both air gasification and air&steam gasification of MSW in the PGM reactor. For PGM air gasification, simulated results showed that when ER varies from 0.043 to 0.077, both the syngas yield and cold gas efficiency demonstrated a trend of increasing. This is explained mainly by the increase of char conversion rate with ER. However, the increase of ER was restricted by peak temperature inside the fixed-bed reactor. Therefore, it is not suggested to use only air as gasification in the PGM process. The influence of plasma power is not obvious when PER varies from 0.098 to 0.138.  The positive influences of steam addition on cold gas efficiency and syngas lower-heating-value are confirmed by the simulation results of PGM air&steam gasification. The main effect of steam addition is the rouse of water shift reaction, which largely accelerates the char conversion and final yields of hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The effect of steam injection is affected by steam feeding rate, air feeding rate and plasma power. Based on the above modeling work, Interactions between operation parameters were discussed. Possible operation extents of operation parameters are delimitated. The optimal points aiming at obtaining maximum syngas LHV and system CGE are suggested.

Orientador: Alcides Lopes Leão / Banca: Adriano Wagner Ballarin / Banca: Holmer Savastano Junior / Resumo: Com o aumento populacional, consomem-se mais recursos naturais, aumenta-se a produção de bens de consumo e, por decorrência, a geração de resíduos sólidos. Diante de todo lixo gerado, os resíduos plásticos, como o Polipropileno - PP, o Polietileno de alta densidade - PEAD e o Acrilonitrila Butadieno Estireno - ABS merecem atenção, pois, mesmo quando destinados corretamente, nos aterros sanitários, causam problemas, formando uma camada impermeável que dificulta a compactação do lixo, afetando as trocas de líquidos e gases gerados, diminuindo a eficiência do processo de biodegradação da matéria orgânica. Portanto, são necessários estudos que viabilizem o aproveitamento desses resíduos. Com isso, temos a vantagem de diminuir a quantidade de resíduos gerados e desperdiçados nesses aterros, preservar os recursos naturais, diminuir os impactos ambientais, economizar energia, e, como objetivo principal, utilizá-los como matéria-prima para a produção de materiais. Uma maneira de utilizar esses resíduos é por meio de sua mistura com reforços lignocelulósicos, como resíduos agroindustriais - resíduos da palmeira pupunha (bainhas externas e medianas), formando um compósito, para produção de painéis. Como objetivos secundários, temos uma maior divulgação da plantação em lavoura da pupunha, substituindo a extração predatória e ilegal de palmito de palmeiras nativas; e também deixar evidenciado que a destinação final dos resíduos é custosa para empresas e prefeituras, sendo interessante para ambas a transformação dos resíduos em produtos, auferindo lucro. Foram avaliadas as propriedades dos painéis compósitos, testados em laboratório, utilizando as bainhas da pupunheira e resíduos termoplásticos, em diferentes proporções, variando de 0 a 100% em volume. Avaliaram-se as propriedades físicas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Given the increasing population, more natural resources are consumed and the production of consumption goods is increased. Consequently, is the generation of solid waste. Among all this, the plastic waste, such as Polypropylene - PP, High Density Polyethylene - HDPE and Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene - ABS deserve special attention, as, even when it is properly destined into landfills, they still cause problems, forming an impermeable layer posing difficulty for the waste compaction, affecting the liquids exchange and the generated gases, decreasing the efficiency of the organic matter biodegradation process. Therefore, studies that allow the recovery of such waste are required. This way, there is the advantage of reducing the amount of generated waste deposited into landfills, of keeping natural resources, of reducing environmental impacts, of saving energy, and, as a primary goal, their use as raw material for producing materials. By mixing this waste with lignocellulosic reinforcements, such as agro-industrial waste - waste of peach palm (sheaths), composites for panel production can be formed. The wider dissemination of peach palm crop planting, which replaces the predatory and illegal extraction of heart of palm from native palms and also the fact that the final disposal of waste is expensive for both companies and city halls are sub goals that mean the transformation of waste into products is interesting for earning profit. The properties of composite panels, tested in laboratory using sheaths of peach palm and plastic waste in different proportions, ranging from 0 to 100% in volume have been evaluated. The physical properties (density, moisture content, thickness swelling - 2 and 24 hours of immersion, water absorption - 2 and 24 hours of immersion), the mechanical properties... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Os grandes centros comerciais ou Shopping Centers são grandes geradores de resíduos sólidos. O que se observa na maioria dos empreendimentos são iniciativas que visam o aumento do consumo, sem a preocupação com a massa de resíduo gerado e sua destinação. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho objetiva identificar e quantificar os resíduos sólidos provenientes de um shopping center na cidade de Porto Alegre. A metodologia consiste em transportar os resíduos em veículo apropriado até o seu destino para a realização de sua segregação, quantificação e qualificação, para então ser comercializado. Verificou-se que o resíduo é composto por uma série de materiais que podem ser reutilizados. A taxa de reciclagem variou de 36 % a 56 %, enquanto que o potencial teórico ficou em torno de 94%. Os meses de maior geração de resíduos coincidem com os meses festivos e de férias de inverno, quando há um aumento do público circulante. Observou-se um aumento nos últimos anos na produção de resíduos no empreendimento, entretanto o mesmo não ocorreu na proporção de material reciclado. / The great commercial centers, or Shopping centers, are great creators of solid wastes. It is observed in most shopping centers initiatives aiming the increase in consumption, without actions in reduction of solid wastes and their destination. The present work aims to identify and to quantify the solid wastes originating from a Shopping Center in the city of Porto Alegre. The methodology consisted in transporting the waste in an appropriate vehicle for segregation, quantification and qualification, to be sold. It was found that the residue consists of a series of materials that can be reused. The recycling rate ranged from 36% to 56%, while the theoretical potential was around 94%. The months of greatest waste generation coincided with the festive months and winter holidays, when there is an increase in the circulating public. There was an increase in recent years in the production of waste, however the same increase was not found in the proportion of the recycled material.

Esta dissertação tem como tema central a gestão e o espaço dos resíduos sólidos urbanos em Novo Hamburgo/RS. A partir da análise histórica e atual desta gestão, procuramos compreender transformações espaciais e do valor da terra no município. O trabalho com os resíduos sólidos urbanos, sua destinação e tratamento, tem local definido dentro de uma cidade: a periferia. O mapeamento dos antigos locais de destinação dos RSU e um levantamento histórico da urbanização de Novo Hamburgo permitiram analisar suas influências recíprocas. Os espaços ocupados foram áreas verdes, afastadas do centro e de propriedade da prefeitura. Sucessivas expansões da mancha urbana, remanejaram os lixões para locais cada vez mais distantes do centro. De maneira geral, marcas das localizações anteriores podem ser observadas na desvalorização atual de tais locais. Assim, os locais antigos e atuais dos RSU em Novo Hamburgo, caracteristicamente capitalista, são periféricos, como se pode notar no bairro Santo Afonso, em vilas do bairro Primavera e no entorno do antigo lixão da Roselândia. Porém, em alguns casos, como na Vila Kroeff, com a expansão de vias de transporte, ou no Buraco do Raio, com a construção de equipamentos de lazer, esta tendência não se concretiza. Além de conhecer os locais dos resíduos sólidos urbanos no passado e no presente, a pesquisa voltou-se a analisar os agentes envolvidos na cadeia da reciclagem e suas relações com as transformações espaciais em Novo Hamburgo. Um agente relevante é o poder público municipal, regulador e gestor do trabalho na base da cadeia da reciclagem. Outros protagonistas na gestão dos RSU são as cooperativas e associações de reciclagem, que buscam a melhoria do seu trabalho; os intermediários, que influenciam nos preços; e a população em geral, em sua relação com os resíduos sólidos, através da separação e destinação. A gestão dos RSU sempre foi algo secundário na história da administração pública de Novo Hamburgo: existiram projetos que não saíram do papel, longos períodos de exploração de trabalhadores no lixão da cidade, além de um histórico de irregularidades nos serviços de coleta terceirizada. O atual programa CataVida foi uma mudança positiva na gestão dos RSU no município, voltando-se para a inclusão de catadores no mercado de trabalho formal. / This dissertation has as main subject the urban solid waste management and its space, in the city of Novo Hamburgo/RS. Considering a historical and current analysis of this management, it is aimed to comprehend the main changes in land value and spatial aspect in the city. The work with solid urban waste, its destination and treatment, has a very specific place into the city: periphery. Mapping old places destined to solid waste destination and an urban historical research, from Novo Hamburgo, allowed us to analyze mutual influences. The occupied spaces were green areas, secluded from the downtown and from city hall‟s ownership. Successive urban sprawl relocated the dumps to far more distant places from the downtown. Generally, traces of the former places could be observed in the current devaluation of such parts of the city. Therefore, the old and current places destined to solid urban waste at Novo Hamburgo, peculiarly capitalist, are peripheral, as noticed at Santo Afonso‟s neighborhood, in villages of Primavera‟s neighborhood and around of the old Roselandia‟s landfill site. However, in some cases, as Kroeff village, with the transport expansion, or at “Buraco do Raio”, with leisure equipment‟s building, this tendency does not confirms. Besides knowing the places destined to solid urban waste – past and present – at Novo Hamburgo, this research analyzed which agents are involved in the recycling chain and their relations with spatial changes at Novo Hamburgo. A relevant agent is the city hall‟s public authority, the one who regulates and manages the work at the ground works of the recycling chain. Other leading figures in the solid urban waste management are the recycling associations and cooperatives which seek to improve its work; the intermediaries, the ones that influence the prices; and the general population and its relation with solid waste, through waste proper selection and destination. The solid urban waste management was always secondary, in the history of public governance from Novo Hamburgo: there were projects that never saw the light of the day, long periods of landfill site exploited workers, beside an irregularities‟ history in the outsourced collection services. The current program “CataVida” was a positive change at the solid urban waste management in the city, focused on the collectors inclusion at the formal labor market.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-12-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:53:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 brito_ap_me_bauru.pdf: 812773 bytes, checksum: 4bbe78996d9465fa29a1fe1678dab01f (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente trabalho tratou de incineração dos Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU) para fins de geração de energia e como meio de dispor adequadamente dos resíduos sólidos gerados na região de Bauru. Nesse contexto propõe-se a formação de um consórcio intermunicipal como mecanismo para a criação de uma usina de incineração com sistema de cogeração de energia. Para o estudo de viabilidade econômica da implantação e instalação de Usina incineradora com sistema de aproveitamento energético, faz-se uma análise financeira baseada no Fluxo de Caixa. Para tal estudo, consideram-se as receitas provenientes do tratamento do lixo, da venda de energia elétrica dos créditos de carbono gerados. Foram realizadas simulações sobre os custos de capital para a construção e manutenção do incinerador regional, adotaram-se os seguintes métodos de análise: Valor Presente Líquido (VPL), Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR), Payback e o Benefício/Custo. Os resultados demonstraram que a rentabilidade do projeto depende fortemente dos preços da energia elétrica práticados pelo mercado e dos preços para a disposição do lixo em aterros. Observa-se que o projeto será uma opção atraente considerando a necessidade de espaços cada vez maiores para deposição dos RSU, e que existe uma significativa tendência de que os preços para deposição em aterros sanitários tornem-se elevado. Este fato justifica o investimento no tratamento térmico, visto que o projeto contempla a disposição dos resíduos de forma sustentável tratando a gestão e manejo como uma solução aceitável ao meio ambiente / This work deals with the incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW) of energy generation purposes and as a means to dispose properly of solid waste generated in the region of Bauru, In this context was proposing the formation of an inter-municipal consorptium as a mechanism for the creation of and incineration plan with a system of co-generation of energy. For economic feasibiblity study of the implementation and installation of plant incinerator with energy recovery system, it is a financial analysis based on Cash Flow. For this study, was considering the revenue from waste treatment, the sale of electricity and carbon credits generated. Simulations were performed on the capital costs for the construction and maintenance of regional incinerator adopted the following methods of analysis. Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Payback and Benefit/Cost. The results showed that the profitability of the project depends heavily on the price of eletricity charged by the market and price for waste disposal in landfills. It is observed that the projects will be and attractive option considering the need forever larger space for disposal of MSW, and that there is a significant trend that prices for disposal in landfills become high. This justifies the investments in heat treatment, since the design involves the disposal of waste in a sustainable manner by treating the management and handling an acceptable solution to the environment

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-10-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:04:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 nascimento_mls_dr_rcla.pdf: 2786679 bytes, checksum: db97a7480bf65788c421d7c4624f6b35 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / No estudo apresentado, buscou-se compreender o sistema de gestão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos de Guaratinguetá, com suas implicações econômicas, sociais e ambientais e apresentar uma proposta para a utilização da área do antigo lixão, após a desativação e saneamento do local. Desta forma, o Parque Ambiental Santa Luzia, por meio de sua estrutura pedagógica, fundamentada na abordagem sistêmica, percepção e educação ambiental inclusiva, tornou-se um excelente recurso didático para atividades de educação ambiental. O jardim dos sentidos propicia a sensibilização através da percepção dos sentidos. A infra-estrutura de esporte e lazer tornou-se um ponto de referência topofílica, principalmente, para os moradores do bairro Santa Luzia e bairros adjacentes. O Centro Sensorial, através da reciclagem artesanal de papel, respeitando a individualidade e habilidade de seus integrantes, tem revelado um meio positivo e um instrumento de grande importância na inserção social das pessoas com deficiência. No sentido mais amplo da educação inclusiva, esta pesquisa permitiu ações concretas de aproximação entre a educação especial e a educação ambiental, iniciando no município de Guaratinguetá, mesmo que ainda de forma incipiente, um olhar para a prática da inclusão das pessoas com deficiência. / The aim of this project was to comprehend the urban solid waste management in Guaratinguetá, considering its economical, social and environmental implications, and to present a proposal for the utilization of the landfill area, after its deactivation and local sanitation. In this way, Santa Luzia Environmental Park, through its pedagogical structure, based on a systemic approach, on an environmental point of view and on an inclusive environmental education, has become an excellent didactic resource for activities of environmental education. The Sensorial Center, through the craftsmanship paper recycle, by respecting the individuality and ability of its members has pointed to a positive way and a very important instrument to achieve the social inclusion of handicapped people. In a broader approach of inclusive education, this research made it possible to have an approximation between special education and environmental education. Although still in an incipient way, this research has helped the town of Guaratinguetá to pay more attention to the social inclusion of handicapped people.