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京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第23498号 / 工博第4910号 / 新制||工||1767(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 / (主査)教授 米田 稔, 教授 高岡 昌輝, 教授 平井 康宏 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Bioreactor landfills offer a sustainable way to achieve increased waste degradation along with benefits such as enhanced landfill gas (LFG) recovery, reduction in leachate pollution potential and rapid increase in landfill volumetric capacity. It also offers significant reduction in post closure management activities as leachate treatment, LFG impact on the environment and improves the potential for land reuse. The regulatory 30 year post-closure period is believed to account for attenuation of organics, metals and trace pollutants of adverse environmental consequences. Methodologies to improve the degradation rate and process are refuse shredding, nutrient addition, pH buffering, and temperature control along with moisture enhancement. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) settlement and field capacity are of significant beneficial interest to achieve maximum utility of landfill volume and compute water requirements for rapid degradation using bioreactor concepts. Physical and biochemical Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) characteristics were investigated with specific emphasis on the Bio-Chemical methane potential (BMP) test. The impact of waste characteristics on its compressibility and moisture retention capacity was evaluated on a laboratory scale. Traditional in-situ waste compression models from literature were used to compare with the obtained laboratory data. / Master of Science

There are more than three thousand landfills in the United States, in which approximately 55% (1998, U. S. EPA 1999) of the MSW generated in the US is buried. The majority of the landfills are conventional, but in the last two decades new types of landfills, called leachate recycle and bioreactor landfills, have been designed and tested as an enhanced environment for biochemical degradation of municipal solid waste. All the landfills are regulated under Subtitle D of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). The shortage of time and money has limited the amount of research done on waste stability analysis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the importance of lignocelluloses in biodegradation and the secondary settlement based on dry density and typical landfill evaluating parameters. Both parts of the study samples were collected and analyzed from eleven landfills. In the first part of the study, bioreactor landfills were found more effective, faster in the degradation of VS and cellulose as compared to conventional landfills. The time required for stabilization is reduced to about 1/3 that of conventional landfills. The lignocelluloses degradation that occurs in these landfills is happening in two phases. In the initial, rapid degradation phase, the primary degradation substrate is cellulose. In the second phase, after cellulose degraded to 15-20% of the waste, degradation of the remaining cellulose along with lignin and the hemicelluloses takes place. The start of lignin and hemicellulose degradation results in an increase in the biochemical methane potential (BMP). In the second part of the study, the addition of moisture to the landfills presented a contentious issue. Moisture is encouraged for MSW refuse degradation, but for settlement it reduces compressibility. In leachate recycle landfills, the dry density is higher than in conventional landfills; therefore there is more available room for further MSW load. The increase can reach up to 40 percent in total volume. / Master of Science

Os serviços de coleta e destinação final dos resíduos sólidos urbanos - RSU, são de responsabilidade dos municípios. As despesas decorrentes dos serviços são repassadas na forma de taxas, geralmente lançadas junto com o IPTU. O objetivo desta cobrança é o de recuperar os recursos despendidos neste serviço. O trabalho proposto busca apresentar algumas formas de definição da cota que cada município adota para definir o valor a ser cobrado de cada domicílio no Brasil e alguns casos do exterior, bem como fazer uma análise sobre as possíveis falhas de alguns processos mais utilizados. Outro objetivo é o de realizar levantamento de dados junto a domicílios, no município de Taiaçu-SP, de informações (peso de lixo por residência, consumo de energia elétrica, consumo de água), que possam mostrar possíveis relações entre o volume de lixo gerado e os consumos ligados à residência (água, energia elétrica, etc). Diante dos resultados obtidos, foi proposto um método que permitiu distribuir de forma proporcional a cada residência, o valor da taxa de coleta e destinação final dos resíduos sólidos domiciliares gerados / The urban solid waste - USW collection and final destination services, are the municipal responsibility. The expenses originated from the services are passed again in form of taxes, generally launched with the IPTU. The aim of this exaction is to restore the resource spent in this service. The proposed paper seeks to show some ways of the quota definition that every municipal district adopts to define the value to be charged of each home in Brazil and some cases abroad, as well as to do an analysis about possible faults of some most used process. Another objective is to come true the data survey with the residences in the municipal district of Taiaçu - SP, of information (trash weight per residence, the electrical energy consumption, water consumption), that can show possible relation between the generated trash volume and the consumptions linked to the residence (water, electric energy, etc). Before the acquired results, was proposed a method that allows a proportional way to distribute in each home, a collection tax value and final destination of generated solid waste

Os serviços de coleta e destinação final dos resíduos sólidos urbanos - RSU, são de responsabilidade dos municípios. As despesas decorrentes dos serviços são repassadas na forma de taxas, geralmente lançadas junto com o IPTU. O objetivo desta cobrança é o de recuperar os recursos despendidos neste serviço. O trabalho proposto busca apresentar algumas formas de definição da cota que cada município adota para definir o valor a ser cobrado de cada domicílio no Brasil e alguns casos do exterior, bem como fazer uma análise sobre as possíveis falhas de alguns processos mais utilizados. Outro objetivo é o de realizar levantamento de dados junto a domicílios, no município de Taiaçu-SP, de informações (peso de lixo por residência, consumo de energia elétrica, consumo de água), que possam mostrar possíveis relações entre o volume de lixo gerado e os consumos ligados à residência (água, energia elétrica, etc). Diante dos resultados obtidos, foi proposto um método que permitiu distribuir de forma proporcional a cada residência, o valor da taxa de coleta e destinação final dos resíduos sólidos domiciliares gerados / The urban solid waste - USW collection and final destination services, are the municipal responsibility. The expenses originated from the services are passed again in form of taxes, generally launched with the IPTU. The aim of this exaction is to restore the resource spent in this service. The proposed paper seeks to show some ways of the quota definition that every municipal district adopts to define the value to be charged of each home in Brazil and some cases abroad, as well as to do an analysis about possible faults of some most used process. Another objective is to come true the data survey with the residences in the municipal district of Taiaçu - SP, of information (trash weight per residence, the electrical energy consumption, water consumption), that can show possible relation between the generated trash volume and the consumptions linked to the residence (water, electric energy, etc). Before the acquired results, was proposed a method that allows a proportional way to distribute in each home, a collection tax value and final destination of generated solid waste

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T17:47:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao-DyegoBrunoSenaLima.pdf: 338966 bytes, checksum: 42760e1be4e90aba04cbc228e1827e08 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-19 / FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA E AO DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTIFICO E TECNOLÓGICO DO MARANHÃO / The research objective was to evaluate the situation of solid waste recycling in São Luís, Maranhão, from January 2009 to December 2011. Therefore, we carried out a survey of information from the organs of the state and municipal levels. Quantitative and qualitative data of recyclable materials marketed as well as their market values were provided by the Secretaria de Estado de Meio Ambiente e Recursos Naturais SEMA (State Department of Environment and Natural Resources SEMA) and the Secretaria Municipal de Meio Ambiente - SEMMAM (Municipal Environment SEMMAM). Additional data were obtained from the Associação de Catadores de Materiais Recicláveis ASCAMAR (Association of Recyclable Materials ASCAMAR) and Cooperativa de Recicladores de São Luís - COOPRESL (Recyclers Cooperative of São Luís COOPRESL), in consultation with their virtual files. Qualitative and quantitative data of solid waste to landfill Municipal of Ribeira were acquired by the Secretaria Municipal de Obras e Serviços Públicos - SEMOSP (Municipal Public Works and Services SEMOSP), manager of the landfill, in consultation with their virtual portal. There was found a total of 671,112kg materials collected by two cooperatives. The cardboard stood out as the main material traded between recyclables (70.%). As for materials destined for landfill Municipal of Ribeira, a greater amount of organic waste (47.%). Found 16 points of open dumps. Market values of recyclable vary from R$ 0.13 / kg to R$ 2.20 / kg, these prices below the national average. In this context, it is known that the recycling market, as well as socioeconomic status and work of recyclers lack of incentives and policies that promote the proper functioning of the recycling process in São Luís, so that the inadequate provision does not jeopardize the public health and welfare of the population. / O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar a situação da reciclagem de resíduos sólidos no município de São Luís, Maranhão, no período de janeiro de 2009 a dezembro de 2011.Trata-se de um estudo descritivo. Realizou-se um levantamento de informações junto a órgãos das esferas estadual e municipal. Dados quantitativos e qualitativos dos materiais recicláveis comercializados bem como seus valores de mercado foram disponibilizados pela Secretaria de Estado de Meio Ambiente e Recursos Naturais - SEMA e pela Secretaria Municipal de Meio Ambiente - SEMMAM. Dados complementares foram obtidos na Associação de Catadores de Materiais Recicláveis ASCAMAR e na Cooperativa de Recicladores de São Luís COOPRESL, mediante consulta aos seus arquivos virtuais. Dados qualitativos e quantitativos de resíduos sólidos destinados ao Aterro Municipal da Ribeira foram adquiridos junto à Secretaria Municipal de Obras e Serviços Públicos - SEMOSP, gestora do aterro, mediante consulta ao seu portal virtual. Encontrou-se um montante de 671.112kg de materiais recolhidos por duas cooperativas. O papelão destacou-se como principal material comercializado entre os recicláveis (70%). Quanto aos materiais destinados ao Aterro Municipal da Ribeira, houve maior quantidade de resíduo orgânico (47%). Foram encontrados 16 pontos de lixões a céu aberto. Valores de mercado dos recicláveis variam de R$ 0,13/kg a R$ 2,20/kg, preços esses abaixo da média nacional. Nesse contexto, é sabido que o mercado da reciclagem, bem como a situação socioeconômica e de trabalho dos catadores carecem de incentivos e de políticas públicas que fomentem o bom funcionamento do processo da reciclagem no município de São Luís, de forma que a disposição inadequada não venha a comprometer a saúde pública e o bem estar da população.

Anaerobic digestion of the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste (OFMSW) generates a mixture of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). Beyond the field capacity the water generated is collected and recirculated as leachate in Bioreactor Landfills (BLs.) Leachate recirculation has a profound advantage on biodegradation of the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste (OFMSW) in the landfills. Mature leachate from older sections of landfills (>20 years) and young leachate were blended prior to recirculation in the ratios 3/3 mature, 3/3 young, 1/3 mature-2/3 young and 2/3 old-1/3 young and their effect on biodegradation and biogas production monitored. In addition to analysis of the effect of blending old and new leachates, the study also analyses the effect of an open vs. a closed recirculation loop and the effect of organic loading rates of OFMSW in landfills. Data collected from initial batch tests supplement column bioreactors simulating bioreactor landfills with real world OFMSW from operational landfill facilities in Ontario, Canada. The results are conclusive that the biogas generation can be improved by up to 92% by blending the leachate in an open loop recirculation system as compared to a conventional closed loop system employed in landfills today.

LULU (Locally Unwanted Land Use) and NIMBY (Never In My Back Yard) are often cited as two major hurdles to overcome for successful siting of a noxious facility. Among various types of waste in Korea, food waste has been posing a serious problem for its high rate of moisture and salt component (MOE 2001). This has necessitated siting of large scale composting facilities around the country. Although there has been an increasing number of studies on NIMBY towards siting of noxious facilities, one can hardly find a study on NIMBY attitudes toward a composting facility from an economic perspective. To analyze NIMBY attitude of residents in Cheju City, Korea toward hosting a composting facility, we base our theoretical analysis on the expected utility theory and subsequently use a MNLM (muitinomial logit model) for empirical analysis. This study consists of four major parts: theoretical analysis, data management, MNLM estimations, and interpretation. A theoretical model is constructed by maximizing expected utility: first, a two-choice model, then extending it to a three-choice model to incorporate residents' uncertain attitudes toward a composting facility, providing a theoretical basis for using MNLM model. Our empirical results show with statistical significance that the higher the income, the stronger the NIMBY attitude towards siting a composting facility. Further, it shows that the negative effect of economic benefits on NIMBY attitude is (marginally) stronger than the positive effect of environmental concern, which contrast with what is usually observed in US where the effect of environmental concern dominates over that of economic benefits. Socio-demographic variables included to have the economic variables controlled for are mostly insignificant. Further, from our empirical results is deduced that the residents gave uncertain responses are tilted towards accepting the composting facility.

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-11T15:29:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DÉBORA KARENINE BOVO MENDES LACERDA ARNAUD - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGRN) 2015.pdf: 10231676 bytes, checksum: f58ebb96d1395f8d4794664589a511cf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-11T15:29:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DÉBORA KARENINE BOVO MENDES LACERDA ARNAUD - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGRN) 2015.pdf: 10231676 bytes, checksum: f58ebb96d1395f8d4794664589a511cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-20 / Capes / Com o novo modelo de federalismo brasileiro trazido pela Constituição de 1988, transferiu-se para os municípios uma responsabilidade bem maior do que a que era conferida antes. Com isto, muitas políticas públicas tiveram sua execução delegada em sua maior parte ao poder público municipal.Uma das maiores e atuais preocupações da sociedade internacional tem sido os resíduos sólidos. Especificamente no Brasil, há muito se vem tentando contornar este obstáculo que cresce a cada dia. Em 2010 foi aprovada a Política nacional de Resíduos Sólidos que veio como um marco legislativo para o país. Esta política descentralizou a gestão de resíduos e deixou nas mãos do município a maior parcela de responsabilidade. Acredita-se que com este novo instrumento normativo as prefeituras municipais se façam mais fortes para o combata ao crescimento residual desordenado e que este venha a deixar de ser um problema muito em breve. Contudo, verifica-se desde a entrada em vigor desta lei que as prefeituras encontram sérias dificuldades na implementação desta política e que cada vez mais o problema com os resíduos cresce. Desta maneira, com uma extensa revisão bibliográfica e pesquisa de campo, verificamos que, mesmo com o aparente desenvolvimento financeiro das pequenas cidades, a população não esta preparada para participar da implantação desta política pública ativamente, fazendo-se necessário uma maior atuação do poder publico em relação a educação dos munícipes dentre outras atitudes. / With the new Brazilian federalism model brought by the 1988 Constitution, was transferred to the municipalities a much bigger responsibility than that which was given before. With this, many public policies have had their implementation delegated mostly to municipal public power. One of the biggest and current concerns of the international society has been solid waste. Specifically in Brazil, have long been trying to work around this obstacle that grows every day. In 2010 approved the National Policy on Solid Waste that came as a legislative framework for the country. This policy decentralized waste management and left in the hands of county greatest responsibility. It is believed that with this new legal instrument municipal governments be made strong for the fight to the disorderly residual growth and that it will no longer be a problem very soon. However, it appears from the entry into force of this law that municipalities are serious difficulties in implementing this policy and that more and more the problem with waste grows. Thus, with an extensive literature review and field research, we found that even with the apparent financial development of small towns, the population is not ready to participate in the implementation of this policy actively publishes, making it necessary further actions of the public power regarding the education of citizens among other attitudes.