Esta dissertação tem como tema central a gestão e o espaço dos resíduos sólidos urbanos em Novo Hamburgo/RS. A partir da análise histórica e atual desta gestão, procuramos compreender transformações espaciais e do valor da terra no município. O trabalho com os resíduos sólidos urbanos, sua destinação e tratamento, tem local definido dentro de uma cidade: a periferia. O mapeamento dos antigos locais de destinação dos RSU e um levantamento histórico da urbanização de Novo Hamburgo permitiram analisar suas influências recíprocas. Os espaços ocupados foram áreas verdes, afastadas do centro e de propriedade da prefeitura. Sucessivas expansões da mancha urbana, remanejaram os lixões para locais cada vez mais distantes do centro. De maneira geral, marcas das localizações anteriores podem ser observadas na desvalorização atual de tais locais. Assim, os locais antigos e atuais dos RSU em Novo Hamburgo, caracteristicamente capitalista, são periféricos, como se pode notar no bairro Santo Afonso, em vilas do bairro Primavera e no entorno do antigo lixão da Roselândia. Porém, em alguns casos, como na Vila Kroeff, com a expansão de vias de transporte, ou no Buraco do Raio, com a construção de equipamentos de lazer, esta tendência não se concretiza. Além de conhecer os locais dos resíduos sólidos urbanos no passado e no presente, a pesquisa voltou-se a analisar os agentes envolvidos na cadeia da reciclagem e suas relações com as transformações espaciais em Novo Hamburgo. Um agente relevante é o poder público municipal, regulador e gestor do trabalho na base da cadeia da reciclagem. Outros protagonistas na gestão dos RSU são as cooperativas e associações de reciclagem, que buscam a melhoria do seu trabalho; os intermediários, que influenciam nos preços; e a população em geral, em sua relação com os resíduos sólidos, através da separação e destinação. A gestão dos RSU sempre foi algo secundário na história da administração pública de Novo Hamburgo: existiram projetos que não saíram do papel, longos períodos de exploração de trabalhadores no lixão da cidade, além de um histórico de irregularidades nos serviços de coleta terceirizada. O atual programa CataVida foi uma mudança positiva na gestão dos RSU no município, voltando-se para a inclusão de catadores no mercado de trabalho formal. / This dissertation has as main subject the urban solid waste management and its space, in the city of Novo Hamburgo/RS. Considering a historical and current analysis of this management, it is aimed to comprehend the main changes in land value and spatial aspect in the city. The work with solid urban waste, its destination and treatment, has a very specific place into the city: periphery. Mapping old places destined to solid waste destination and an urban historical research, from Novo Hamburgo, allowed us to analyze mutual influences. The occupied spaces were green areas, secluded from the downtown and from city hall‟s ownership. Successive urban sprawl relocated the dumps to far more distant places from the downtown. Generally, traces of the former places could be observed in the current devaluation of such parts of the city. Therefore, the old and current places destined to solid urban waste at Novo Hamburgo, peculiarly capitalist, are peripheral, as noticed at Santo Afonso‟s neighborhood, in villages of Primavera‟s neighborhood and around of the old Roselandia‟s landfill site. However, in some cases, as Kroeff village, with the transport expansion, or at “Buraco do Raio”, with leisure equipment‟s building, this tendency does not confirms. Besides knowing the places destined to solid urban waste – past and present – at Novo Hamburgo, this research analyzed which agents are involved in the recycling chain and their relations with spatial changes at Novo Hamburgo. A relevant agent is the city hall‟s public authority, the one who regulates and manages the work at the ground works of the recycling chain. Other leading figures in the solid urban waste management are the recycling associations and cooperatives which seek to improve its work; the intermediaries, the ones that influence the prices; and the general population and its relation with solid waste, through waste proper selection and destination. The solid urban waste management was always secondary, in the history of public governance from Novo Hamburgo: there were projects that never saw the light of the day, long periods of landfill site exploited workers, beside an irregularities‟ history in the outsourced collection services. The current program “CataVida” was a positive change at the solid urban waste management in the city, focused on the collectors inclusion at the formal labor market.

Esta dissertação tem como tema central a gestão e o espaço dos resíduos sólidos urbanos em Novo Hamburgo/RS. A partir da análise histórica e atual desta gestão, procuramos compreender transformações espaciais e do valor da terra no município. O trabalho com os resíduos sólidos urbanos, sua destinação e tratamento, tem local definido dentro de uma cidade: a periferia. O mapeamento dos antigos locais de destinação dos RSU e um levantamento histórico da urbanização de Novo Hamburgo permitiram analisar suas influências recíprocas. Os espaços ocupados foram áreas verdes, afastadas do centro e de propriedade da prefeitura. Sucessivas expansões da mancha urbana, remanejaram os lixões para locais cada vez mais distantes do centro. De maneira geral, marcas das localizações anteriores podem ser observadas na desvalorização atual de tais locais. Assim, os locais antigos e atuais dos RSU em Novo Hamburgo, caracteristicamente capitalista, são periféricos, como se pode notar no bairro Santo Afonso, em vilas do bairro Primavera e no entorno do antigo lixão da Roselândia. Porém, em alguns casos, como na Vila Kroeff, com a expansão de vias de transporte, ou no Buraco do Raio, com a construção de equipamentos de lazer, esta tendência não se concretiza. Além de conhecer os locais dos resíduos sólidos urbanos no passado e no presente, a pesquisa voltou-se a analisar os agentes envolvidos na cadeia da reciclagem e suas relações com as transformações espaciais em Novo Hamburgo. Um agente relevante é o poder público municipal, regulador e gestor do trabalho na base da cadeia da reciclagem. Outros protagonistas na gestão dos RSU são as cooperativas e associações de reciclagem, que buscam a melhoria do seu trabalho; os intermediários, que influenciam nos preços; e a população em geral, em sua relação com os resíduos sólidos, através da separação e destinação. A gestão dos RSU sempre foi algo secundário na história da administração pública de Novo Hamburgo: existiram projetos que não saíram do papel, longos períodos de exploração de trabalhadores no lixão da cidade, além de um histórico de irregularidades nos serviços de coleta terceirizada. O atual programa CataVida foi uma mudança positiva na gestão dos RSU no município, voltando-se para a inclusão de catadores no mercado de trabalho formal. / This dissertation has as main subject the urban solid waste management and its space, in the city of Novo Hamburgo/RS. Considering a historical and current analysis of this management, it is aimed to comprehend the main changes in land value and spatial aspect in the city. The work with solid urban waste, its destination and treatment, has a very specific place into the city: periphery. Mapping old places destined to solid waste destination and an urban historical research, from Novo Hamburgo, allowed us to analyze mutual influences. The occupied spaces were green areas, secluded from the downtown and from city hall‟s ownership. Successive urban sprawl relocated the dumps to far more distant places from the downtown. Generally, traces of the former places could be observed in the current devaluation of such parts of the city. Therefore, the old and current places destined to solid urban waste at Novo Hamburgo, peculiarly capitalist, are peripheral, as noticed at Santo Afonso‟s neighborhood, in villages of Primavera‟s neighborhood and around of the old Roselandia‟s landfill site. However, in some cases, as Kroeff village, with the transport expansion, or at “Buraco do Raio”, with leisure equipment‟s building, this tendency does not confirms. Besides knowing the places destined to solid urban waste – past and present – at Novo Hamburgo, this research analyzed which agents are involved in the recycling chain and their relations with spatial changes at Novo Hamburgo. A relevant agent is the city hall‟s public authority, the one who regulates and manages the work at the ground works of the recycling chain. Other leading figures in the solid urban waste management are the recycling associations and cooperatives which seek to improve its work; the intermediaries, the ones that influence the prices; and the general population and its relation with solid waste, through waste proper selection and destination. The solid urban waste management was always secondary, in the history of public governance from Novo Hamburgo: there were projects that never saw the light of the day, long periods of landfill site exploited workers, beside an irregularities‟ history in the outsourced collection services. The current program “CataVida” was a positive change at the solid urban waste management in the city, focused on the collectors inclusion at the formal labor market.

Esta dissertação tem como tema central a gestão e o espaço dos resíduos sólidos urbanos em Novo Hamburgo/RS. A partir da análise histórica e atual desta gestão, procuramos compreender transformações espaciais e do valor da terra no município. O trabalho com os resíduos sólidos urbanos, sua destinação e tratamento, tem local definido dentro de uma cidade: a periferia. O mapeamento dos antigos locais de destinação dos RSU e um levantamento histórico da urbanização de Novo Hamburgo permitiram analisar suas influências recíprocas. Os espaços ocupados foram áreas verdes, afastadas do centro e de propriedade da prefeitura. Sucessivas expansões da mancha urbana, remanejaram os lixões para locais cada vez mais distantes do centro. De maneira geral, marcas das localizações anteriores podem ser observadas na desvalorização atual de tais locais. Assim, os locais antigos e atuais dos RSU em Novo Hamburgo, caracteristicamente capitalista, são periféricos, como se pode notar no bairro Santo Afonso, em vilas do bairro Primavera e no entorno do antigo lixão da Roselândia. Porém, em alguns casos, como na Vila Kroeff, com a expansão de vias de transporte, ou no Buraco do Raio, com a construção de equipamentos de lazer, esta tendência não se concretiza. Além de conhecer os locais dos resíduos sólidos urbanos no passado e no presente, a pesquisa voltou-se a analisar os agentes envolvidos na cadeia da reciclagem e suas relações com as transformações espaciais em Novo Hamburgo. Um agente relevante é o poder público municipal, regulador e gestor do trabalho na base da cadeia da reciclagem. Outros protagonistas na gestão dos RSU são as cooperativas e associações de reciclagem, que buscam a melhoria do seu trabalho; os intermediários, que influenciam nos preços; e a população em geral, em sua relação com os resíduos sólidos, através da separação e destinação. A gestão dos RSU sempre foi algo secundário na história da administração pública de Novo Hamburgo: existiram projetos que não saíram do papel, longos períodos de exploração de trabalhadores no lixão da cidade, além de um histórico de irregularidades nos serviços de coleta terceirizada. O atual programa CataVida foi uma mudança positiva na gestão dos RSU no município, voltando-se para a inclusão de catadores no mercado de trabalho formal. / This dissertation has as main subject the urban solid waste management and its space, in the city of Novo Hamburgo/RS. Considering a historical and current analysis of this management, it is aimed to comprehend the main changes in land value and spatial aspect in the city. The work with solid urban waste, its destination and treatment, has a very specific place into the city: periphery. Mapping old places destined to solid waste destination and an urban historical research, from Novo Hamburgo, allowed us to analyze mutual influences. The occupied spaces were green areas, secluded from the downtown and from city hall‟s ownership. Successive urban sprawl relocated the dumps to far more distant places from the downtown. Generally, traces of the former places could be observed in the current devaluation of such parts of the city. Therefore, the old and current places destined to solid urban waste at Novo Hamburgo, peculiarly capitalist, are peripheral, as noticed at Santo Afonso‟s neighborhood, in villages of Primavera‟s neighborhood and around of the old Roselandia‟s landfill site. However, in some cases, as Kroeff village, with the transport expansion, or at “Buraco do Raio”, with leisure equipment‟s building, this tendency does not confirms. Besides knowing the places destined to solid urban waste – past and present – at Novo Hamburgo, this research analyzed which agents are involved in the recycling chain and their relations with spatial changes at Novo Hamburgo. A relevant agent is the city hall‟s public authority, the one who regulates and manages the work at the ground works of the recycling chain. Other leading figures in the solid urban waste management are the recycling associations and cooperatives which seek to improve its work; the intermediaries, the ones that influence the prices; and the general population and its relation with solid waste, through waste proper selection and destination. The solid urban waste management was always secondary, in the history of public governance from Novo Hamburgo: there were projects that never saw the light of the day, long periods of landfill site exploited workers, beside an irregularities‟ history in the outsourced collection services. The current program “CataVida” was a positive change at the solid urban waste management in the city, focused on the collectors inclusion at the formal labor market.

A eletricidade é um insumo cujo impacto nos custos dos serviços públicos municipais varia de acordo com a maneira como ela é utilizada e a forma como é adquirida da empresa fornecedora. A gestão de seu uso resulta em economia e em aprimoramento da eficiência e da qualidade na prestação dos serviços, incluindo a iluminação pública, além de mitigar impactos ambientais e desenvolver ações de orientação da sociedade sobre padrões de consumo eficientes de energia. O setor público representa parcela significativa do consumo final de eletricidade no Brasil, com tendência de aumento, mas identifica-se nas prefeituras municipais potencial de redução do consumo e aumento da eficiência energética. O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar conceitos e estabelecer diretrizes que possam servir de bases para uma política pública de gestão da energia elétrica no âmbito da administração municipal. Este documento relata o desenvolvimento de estudos teóricos e pesquisas empíricas sobre o uso eficiente da energia elétrica em serviços públicos em cidades de diferentes países e analisa os resultados da aplicação de modelos que vão sucessivamente se aprimorando na realidade de municípios da região metropolitana de São Paulo. Conclui que cabe à municipalidade um papel muito mais relevante que o de um mero consumidor institucional de eletricidade, propondo bases para uma intervenção na realidade do município. / Electricity is an input whose impact on the costs of the municipal public services varies according to the manner it is used and to the way it is obtained from the supplying company. The management of its use results in savings and in greater efficiency and quality of the delivered services - including the public lighting - besides, it softens environmental impacts and develops actions to orientate society towards energy-efficient consumption habits. The public sector has a significant share in the electricity final consumption in Brazil, trending to increase, but a room for consumption reduction and increase in energy efficiency can be seen in the municipalities. The purpose of this thesis is to identify concepts and set parameters that can be the basis of a public policy on electrical power management at the ambit of municipality. This paper reports a series of theoretical studies and empirical researches concerning the efficient use of electrical power in public services in cities of different countries and analyses the results reached from the application of models that successively work in the reality of cities from the Sao Paulo metropolitan area. It concludes that the municipality must play a role much more relevant than being a simple institutional electricity consumer, by proposing the basis for an intervention in the municipal reality.

A eletricidade é um insumo cujo impacto nos custos dos serviços públicos municipais varia de acordo com a maneira como ela é utilizada e a forma como é adquirida da empresa fornecedora. A gestão de seu uso resulta em economia e em aprimoramento da eficiência e da qualidade na prestação dos serviços, incluindo a iluminação pública, além de mitigar impactos ambientais e desenvolver ações de orientação da sociedade sobre padrões de consumo eficientes de energia. O setor público representa parcela significativa do consumo final de eletricidade no Brasil, com tendência de aumento, mas identifica-se nas prefeituras municipais potencial de redução do consumo e aumento da eficiência energética. O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar conceitos e estabelecer diretrizes que possam servir de bases para uma política pública de gestão da energia elétrica no âmbito da administração municipal. Este documento relata o desenvolvimento de estudos teóricos e pesquisas empíricas sobre o uso eficiente da energia elétrica em serviços públicos em cidades de diferentes países e analisa os resultados da aplicação de modelos que vão sucessivamente se aprimorando na realidade de municípios da região metropolitana de São Paulo. Conclui que cabe à municipalidade um papel muito mais relevante que o de um mero consumidor institucional de eletricidade, propondo bases para uma intervenção na realidade do município. / Electricity is an input whose impact on the costs of the municipal public services varies according to the manner it is used and to the way it is obtained from the supplying company. The management of its use results in savings and in greater efficiency and quality of the delivered services - including the public lighting - besides, it softens environmental impacts and develops actions to orientate society towards energy-efficient consumption habits. The public sector has a significant share in the electricity final consumption in Brazil, trending to increase, but a room for consumption reduction and increase in energy efficiency can be seen in the municipalities. The purpose of this thesis is to identify concepts and set parameters that can be the basis of a public policy on electrical power management at the ambit of municipality. This paper reports a series of theoretical studies and empirical researches concerning the efficient use of electrical power in public services in cities of different countries and analyses the results reached from the application of models that successively work in the reality of cities from the Sao Paulo metropolitan area. It concludes that the municipality must play a role much more relevant than being a simple institutional electricity consumer, by proposing the basis for an intervention in the municipal reality.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Amid the climate change crisis of the 21st century, South Africa faces its own, tailor-made challenges. In its attempt to contribute to the global effort to mitigate climate change and achieve sustainable development, South Africa faces the challenge of a history steeped in cheap electricity - the curse of an abundance of coal. The municipality, as the lowest leg of governance, currently finds itself at a tough nexus, involving; municipal mandates to provide basic services; the possible financial risks of implementing RETs; the regulatory ambiguity surrounding electricity generation and distribution jurisdiction; and the necessary implementation of RETs as a means of addressing the growing risk of revenue loss from reduced electricity sales as consumers install their own RETs, and as a contribution to national climate change mitigation. This nexus is herein referred to as the ‘municipal dilemma’. This thesis, via a complex systems approach, explores the major barriers and policy opportunities in the implementation of renewable energy technologies (RETs) by municipalities embedded within the larger ambit of the South African government, as they attempt to address what the author has termed the ‘municipal dilemma’. What is especially interesting and relevant about a complex systems approach is the notion of learning and therefore adaptability. In light of municipalities and their role in the South African context, the notion of systems learning affords a unique perspective into the municipal dilemma and means of overcoming it. From a literature analysis of policy, through to a specific case study of Hessequa municipality, this study sought to assist municipalities in addressing this dilemma. South Africa’s energy and municipal management policies starting from the Constitution, is found to be conducive to the growth of RETs. Furthermore, there are clear channels through which municipalities can engage with these new technologies to address the municipal dilemma. What is seen to hinder this process is a web of institutional, political and regulatory barriers stemming from the over-politicization of the country’s energy sector - a direct result of a long history entrenched in coal-fired electricity generation. What was found lacking in the South African energy debate was the perspective of the municipality itself, which is ultimately tasked with catering for the energy needs of South African citizens while participating in national efforts. The notion that municipalities are best positioned to be influential in the growth of RETs is reinforced by the literature explored and through a complex systems approach. To effectively play their role, municipalities must: (a) be creative and bold in their development of appropriate policies to support RETs; (b) align their efforts with provincial and national programmes and simultaneously influence these programmes through municipal experience; (c) take advantage of systems in place, such as the Integrated Development Plan (IDP) process, to gradually build capacity within the municipality to manage increasingly complex RET implementation; (d) develop long-term strategies which, as per the tenets of complex systems theory, must feed from and into the ever-changing national and global landscape. This thesis posits that the municipal dilemma not only needs to be addressed, but offers the municipality a unique opportunity to rethink its role in the South African context. It has been found that a conducive regulatory environment is on the rise in the South African energy context. This environment, however, still requires much input from municipalities which are well positioned to offer direction to the policy creation process. In doing so, municipalities not only address the municipal dilemma, by also take their place as custodians of sustainable development. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Te midde van die krisis van die 21ste eeu, naamlik die uitdaging van klimaatverandering, staar Suid-Afrika sy eie, unieke uitdagings in die gesig. Met die nodigheid om by te dra tot die globale poging om klimaatsverandering te versag en volhoubare ontwikkeling mee te bring, is Suid-Afrika gekonfronteer met die uitdaging van 'n geskiedenis ‘ryk’ in goedkoop elektrisiteit - die vloek van 'n oorvloed steenkool. Hierdienooreenkomstig bevind die munisipaliteit, as die laagste been van regering, homself in 'n moeilike krisispunt, naamlik die handhawing van die grondwetlike mandaat om basiese dienste te verskaf, en om ekonomiese ontwikkeling te verseker, maar tog by te dra tot die land se volhoubare ontwikkeling. Dit is uiters moeilik om alle aspekte genoegsaam aan te spreek, en hierna word verwys as die munsipale dilemma. Ter oorweging van die munisipaliteit as ingebed in 'n groter stelsel, naamlik die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks, en met 'n komplekse stelselsbenadering om die munisipale dilemma aan te spreek, ondersoek hierdie tesis die groot struikelblokke tot, en beleidsgeleenthede vir, die implementering van hernubare energietegnologie deur munisipaliteite. In terme van die komplekse stelsels benadering is veral belangrik die opvattings van leer en dus aanpasbaarheid van die stelsels en hul relevansie vir die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks. Uit 'n ontleding van die beleidsliteratuur, en deur ‘n spesifieke gevallestudie van Hessequa munisipaliteit, poog hierdie studie om munisipaliteite te help in die aanspreek van hul dilemma. Daar is gevind dat Suid-Afrika se energie- en munisipale bestuursbeleid, vanaf die Grondwet, die groei van hernubare energietegnologie bevorder. Verder is daar duidelike kanale waardeur munisipaliteite betrokke kan raak by hierdie nuwe tegnologie ten einde die munisipale dilemma aan te spreek. Hierdie proses word wel verhinder deur 'n web van institusionele, politieke en regulatoriese hindernisse, wat spruit uit die oorverpolitisering van die land se energie-sektor; 'n direkte gevolg van 'n lang geskiedenis verskans in steenkool-aangedrewe opwekking van elektrisiteit. Wat ontbreek in die Suid-Afrikaanse energie-debat is die perspektief van die munisipaliteit self, wat uiteindelik getaak is met die adressering van die behoeftes van die Suid-Afrikaanse samelewing, met gelyktydige deelname aan nasionale pogings. Die plaaslike en globale gevallestudies lig talle gemeenskaplike temas uit en vorm die basis van die gevolgtrekkings van hierdie tesis. Die idee dat munisipaliteite die beste geposisioneer is om invloedryk te wees in die groei van hernubare energietegnologie word versterk deur die literatuur ondersoek en deur middel van 'n komplekse sisteem benadering tot die gevallestudies. Om effektief te wees in hul rol, moet munisipaliteite (a) kreatief en dapper wees in hul ontwikkeling van toepaslike beleide om dié tegnologieë te ondersteun; (b) hul pogings in lyn bring met provinsiale en nasionale programme en terselfdertyd hierdie programme beïnvloed deur munisipale ervaring; (c) voordeel trek uit stelsels wat reeds in plek is om geleidelik kapasiteit op te bou binne die munisipaliteit om die toenemend komplekse hernubare energie implementering te bestuur; en (d) langtermyn strategieë ontwikkel in die steeds veranderende nasionale en internasionale landskap. Hierdie tesis postuleer dus dat die munisipale dilemma nie net aangespreek moet word nie, maar bied die munisipaliteit 'n unieke geleentheid om sy rol in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks te heroorweeg. Wat bevind is, is dat toepaslike beleid reeds bestaan en dat munisipaliteite hul plek kan inneem as bewaarders van volhoubare ontwikkeling.

Jusqu’en 1481, Marseille fait partie d’un Etat indépendant, le comté de Provence et en est la plus grande ville sans en être toutefois la capitale. Or, en 1481, le dernier comte de Provence meurt sans héritier et il lègue l’ensemble de ses territoires au roi de France, Louis XI. Cependant, en Provence, les structures et pratiques politiques sont différentes du royaume de France, et Marseille appartient à un espace politico-culturel méditerranéen où la vie politique des villes est marquée par le modèle de la commune, également présent en Italie du nord et du centre. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’observer le passage d’un espace politico-culturel marqué par l’héritage des comtes de Provence et des cadres politiques de la commune à un espace politico-culturel dominé par le roi de France, où la relation entre le souverain et les villes s’inscrit dans le cadre de la « bonne ville ». Pour mener à bien ce travail, nous avons choisi de nous intéresser au conseil de ville, qui est la pièce maîtresse du pouvoir municipal, et à ses membres, afin d’observer les mutations introduites par ce transfert de souveraineté. Nous avons décidé de voir ces mutations en ce qui concerne la culture et l’identité du groupe dirigeant de la ville afin de s'inscrire dans une histoire culturelle du pouvoir municipal. Toute ville peut se définir comme un système politique où différents pouvoirs coexistent et se réajustent en permanence les uns par rapport aux autres au gré des événements et des changements qui peuvent surgir. La première partie examine les réajustements aux XIVe et XVe siècles à Marseille, qui permettent au pouvoir municipal de devenir dominant à Marseille face aux autres pouvoirs sous le règne de René Ier d’Anjou (1434-1480). La deuxième partie étudie les hommes à le tête du conseil de ville, les fondements de leur pouvoir et leurs modifications autour du rattachement de 1481. Enfin, la dernière partie examine les changements de culture et d’identité du groupe introduits par le transfert de souveraineté et les nouvelles ambitions en Méditerranée du groupe dirigeant, qui jettent les bases d’une véritable thalassocratie qui s’épanouira au XVIIe siècle. / Until 1481, Marseilles is a part of an independant state, the county of Provence and it’s the biggest city, even if it’s not the capital. But, in 1481, the last count of Provence died without a son and he gives in his testament all his goods and territories to the king of France Louis XI. After that, Marseilles, like the rest of the former county is integrated in the French royal domain. But, in Provence the cultural and political structures and practices are different from the kingdom of France, and Marseilles belongs to a politico-cultural space where the political life is influenced by the model of “commune”, we can also see in the north of Italy. My aim in this thesis is to study the mobility between a politico-cultural space influences by the counts of Provence and the political structures and culture of the “commune” to a politico-cultural space dominated by the king of France thanks to a structure called “bonne ville”. I decided to study the council of the city which is the main structure of the municipal power and the leaders who are in this council in order to see the modifications after 1481 about the culture and the identity of this ruling class. I propose with this thesis an essay of cultural history of the municipal power. Each city is a political system, where different powers coexist. Those powers move and fix themselves towards the other ones. In the 1st part, I study how the municipal power becomes the most important one in Marseilles during the reign of René the 1st of Anjou. Then, in the second part, I study the leaders of the council, the foundations of their power and the modifications after 1481. Finally, in the 3rd part, I study the new ambitions of the leaders of Marseilles which lead in the 17th century to build a real thalassocracy in the Mediterranean world. / Fino al 1481, Marsiglia è la città più grande della contea di Provenza, uno stato indipendente, pur senza esserne la capitale. In quell’anno, l'ultimo conte di Provenza muore senza eredi e dona la sua contea al re di Francia, Luigi XI. Le strutture e le pratiche politiche della Provenza sono però molto diverse rispetto a quelle del regno di Francia: Marsiglia fa parte di uno spazio politico-culturale del Mediterraneo, dove la vita politica urbana è segnata da un modello comunale del tutto simile a quello che si riscontra nelle città dell'Italia centro-settentrionale. L’obiettivo di questa tesi è di studiare il passaggio di questo spazio politico-culturale, segnato dall’eredità angioina e da un governo di tipo comunale, a quello dominato dal re di Francia, nel quale la relazione tra il sovrano e le città è costruita attorno al modello della "bonne ville". Per studiare questo tema, si è scelto di concentrarsi sul consiglio della città di Marsiglia, l'istituzione simbolo del potere municipale, e sugli uomini che lo componevano, al fine di apprezzare le mutazioni dovute al cambiamento di sovranità avvenute al suo interno. L’intento è di analizzare i cambiamenti legati alla cultura e all’identità della classe dirigente, nell’ottica di una storia culturale del potere municipale. Tutte le città possono definirsi come un sistema politico all’interno del quale si trovano a coesistere diversi poteri, che si relazionano fra loro in base agli avvenimenti e ai cambiamenti interni ed esterni alla città stessa. La prima parte della tesi si concentra sul processo mediante il quale il potere municipale ha preso il sopravvento a Marsiglia sotto il regno di Renato I (1434-1480). Nella seconda, invece, si analizzano gli uomini che formano il consiglio della città, l’origine del loro potere e le mutazioni che avvengono dopo il 1481. Infine, l’ultima parte ha per oggetto le trasformazioni nell’identità e nella cultura del gruppo dirigente cittadino in seguito al cambiamento di sovranità, evento che getterà le basi della talassocrazia marsigliese del XVII secolo.

L’institution municipale est restée à l’écart des recherches menées en histoire sur le 19e siècle sinon sous l’angle d’une prosopographie des maires et sous celui des élections municipales de la monarchie de Juillet. Les apports des autres sciences sociales – sociologie, anthropologie, ethnologie – ont renouvelé les approches, ainsi que l’histoire sociale fine. Cette recherche propose une analyse sociale et politique de cette institution, inscrite sur la longue durée (1800-1940) et sur un terrain resserré (un arrondissement et plus particulièrement cinq communes). Au moyen de bases de données relationnelles permettant une agrégation des données à différentes échelles de temps et d’espaces, elle vise à identifier les édiles (maires, adjoints, conseillers municipaux) pour eux-mêmes, dans une approche prosopographique, puis relativement pour définir leur représentativité (échelle de l’arrondissement) et pour les inscrire dans les relations qu’ils entretiennent avec les autres acteurs de la vie municipale (échelle communale).Cette analyse permet de mettre au jour une institution municipale que les villageois se sont appropriés au cours du 19e siècle, en reconnaissant une autorité au maire qui s’est construite d’abord dans l’opposition à celle du desservant et qui dépasse le cadre donné par la loi. De fait, les outrages à leur encontre sont peu nombreux et permettent d’appréhender non les limites de l’autorité consentie à la fonction mais le défaut d’exercice de son dépositaire. De même, les élections municipales font l’objetd’une préparation, d’une mobilisation et d’un contrôle – parfois jusqu’à la protestation électorale qui constitue alors un troisième tour – qui donnent la légitimité aux élus.L’identification des édiles a également permis de nuancer le portrait qu’il en est généralement dressé : s’il existe bien des familles éligibles parfois très anciennement implantées dans les communes d’exercice, la part de conseillers municipaux mobiles reste forte pendant tout le 19e siècle avant de se réduire progressivement. La reconstitution des carrières municipales montre aussi que l’accession au conseil municipal n’est pas définitivement acquise du fait d’une compétition électorale réelle.Quoiqu’un cadre légal précis préside la prise de décision au sein de l’institution municipale, la comparaison des modes de gouvernement d’une commune à l’autre fait émerger deux extrêmes, de l’exercice solitaire du maire à une décision prise collégialement par le conseil municipal dont le maire se fait le porteur. Entre ces deux extrêmes, les situations sont nombreuses et, si dans certaines communes, l’un s’impose davantage que l’autre, il existe aussi des mouvements de fluctuation en fonction des rapports de force qui se dessinent.Enfin, ce politique défini comme organisation du pouvoir au sein de la société, n’est pas enfermé dans les limites communales : les conflits au sein des conseils municipaux mettent au jour des réseaux sociaux qui sont également culturels et porteurs de sensibilités politiques ; c’est alors à une échelle intercommunale qu’ils prennent sens, marqués par les scansions nationales. / Historical researches on the nineteenth century have left aside Municipal institutions, except from the point of view of a prosopography of mayors and municipal elections of the July Monarchy. The contributions of other social sciences - sociology, anthropology, ethnology - have renewed the approaches, as well as the one on precise social history. This research puts forward a social and political analysis of this institution, registered on the long term (1800-1940) and on a tightened ground (a district and more particularly five localities).By means of relational databases allowing the aggregation of data at different scales of time and spaces, it aims at identifying the city councilors (mayors, deputies, councilors) for themselves, in a prosopographic approach, then relatively to define their representativeness (district scale) and to register them in the relationships they maintain with the other actors in municipal life (municipal scale).This analysis brings to light a municipal institution that villagers took over during the 19th century, by recognising an authority to the mayor and which was first shaped in opposition to that of the parish priest and which then overtook the given law framework. In fact, the outrages against them are few and allow to understand not the limits of the authority granted to the function but the lack of exercise of its depositary. In the same way, municipal elections deal with preparation, mobilisation and control -sometimes up to the electoral protest which constitutes then a third roundwhich brings legitimacy to the elected ones.The identification of the city councilors has also qualified the portrait that is generally drawn up: if there are many eligible families sometimes anciently established in the municipalities of exercise, the share of the moveable city councilors remains strong throughout the 19th century before gradually decreasing. The reconstitution of the municipal careers also shows that the access to the municipal council is not definitively acquired because of a real electoral competition.