This dissertation examines the applicability of the iron-based degradative solidification/stabilization (DS/S-Fe(II)) to various chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) that are common chemicals of concern at contaminated sites. The research focuses on the transformation of 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA), 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-ethane (1,1,2,2-TetCA) and 1,2-dichloroehtane (1,2-DCA) by Fe(II) in cement slurries. It also investigates the degradation of 1,1,1-TCA by a mixture of Fe(II), cement and three iron-bearing phyllosilicates. Transformation of 1,1,1-TCA and 1,1,2,2-TetCA by Fe(II) in 10% cement slurries was characterized using batch reactors. Dechlorination kinetics of 1,1,1-TCA and TCE* (TCE that was produced by transformation of 1,1,2,2-TetCA) was strongly dependent on Fe(II) dose, pH and initial target organic concentration. Degradation of target organics in DS/S-Fe(II) process was generally described by a pseudo-first-order rate law. However, saturation relationships between the rate constants and Fe(II) dose or between the initial degradation rates and target organic concentration were observed. These behaviors were properly described by a modified Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model. This supports the working hypothesis of this research that reductive dechlorination of chlorinated ethanes occurs on the surface of active solids formed in mixtures of Fe(II) and cement. Transformation products for 1,1,1-TCA and 1,1,2,2-TetCA in mixtures of Fe(II) and cement were identified. The major product of the degradation of 1,1,1-TCA was 1,1-DCA, which indicates that the reaction followed a hydrogenolysis pathway. However, a small amount of ethane was also observed. TCE* was rapidly produced by degradation of 1,1,2,2-TetCA and is expected to undergo β-elimination to produce acetylene. Dechlorination of 1,1,1-TCA in suspension of Fe(II), cement and three soil minerals (biotite, vermiculite, montmorillonite) was characterized using batch reactors. A first-order rate model was generally used to describe the dechlorination kinetics of 1,1,1-TCA in this heterogeneous system. The rate constants for 1,1,1-TCA in mixtures of Fe(II), cement and soil minerals were influenced by soil mineral types, Fe(II) dose and the mass ratio of cement to soil mineral. It was demonstrated that structural Fe(II) and surface-bound Fe(II) in the soil minerals affect dechlorination kinetics and the effects vary with mineral types. Furthermore, it suggests that the reductant formed from Fe(II) and cement hydration components is also effective in systems that include soil minerals.

This dissertation examines the applicability of the iron-based degradative solidification/stabilization (DS/S-Fe(II)) to various chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) that are common chemicals of concern at contaminated sites. The research focuses on the transformation of 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA), 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-ethane (1,1,2,2-TetCA) and 1,2-dichloroehtane (1,2-DCA) by Fe(II) in cement slurries. It also investigates the degradation of 1,1,1-TCA by a mixture of Fe(II), cement and three iron-bearing phyllosilicates. Transformation of 1,1,1-TCA and 1,1,2,2-TetCA by Fe(II) in 10% cement slurries was characterized using batch reactors. Dechlorination kinetics of 1,1,1-TCA and TCE* (TCE that was produced by transformation of 1,1,2,2-TetCA) was strongly dependent on Fe(II) dose, pH and initial target organic concentration. Degradation of target organics in DS/S-Fe(II) process was generally described by a pseudo-first-order rate law. However, saturation relationships between the rate constants and Fe(II) dose or between the initial degradation rates and target organic concentration were observed. These behaviors were properly described by a modified Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model. This supports the working hypothesis of this research that reductive dechlorination of chlorinated ethanes occurs on the surface of active solids formed in mixtures of Fe(II) and cement. Transformation products for 1,1,1-TCA and 1,1,2,2-TetCA in mixtures of Fe(II) and cement were identified. The major product of the degradation of 1,1,1-TCA was 1,1-DCA, which indicates that the reaction followed a hydrogenolysis pathway. However, a small amount of ethane was also observed. TCE* was rapidly produced by degradation of 1,1,2,2-TetCA and is expected to undergo β-elimination to produce acetylene. Dechlorination of 1,1,1-TCA in suspension of Fe(II), cement and three soil minerals (biotite, vermiculite, montmorillonite) was characterized using batch reactors. A first-order rate model was generally used to describe the dechlorination kinetics of 1,1,1-TCA in this heterogeneous system. The rate constants for 1,1,1-TCA in mixtures of Fe(II), cement and soil minerals were influenced by soil mineral types, Fe(II) dose and the mass ratio of cement to soil mineral. It was demonstrated that structural Fe(II) and surface-bound Fe(II) in the soil minerals affect dechlorination kinetics and the effects vary with mineral types. Furthermore, it suggests that the reductant formed from Fe(II) and cement hydration components is also effective in systems that include soil minerals.

A presente pesquisa realizou um estudo que investiga a viabilidade técnica para a reciclagem do resíduo sólido gerado pelo descarte das areias de fundição aglomeradas com argila, para aplicação no setor da construção civil. Para isso, o trabalho estabelece uma metodologia, a qual avalia a estabilização do resíduo em matrizes solidificadas de cimento Portland, melhoradas através de adições de argila bentonita sódica e/ou sílica ativa. A estabilização do resíduo foi verificada através de ensaio de solubilização, o qual submete as matrizes solidificadas a contatos dinâmico e estático com água destilada. Os desempenhos mecânico e físico das matrizes foram avaliados em ensaios de resistência à compressão, absorção de água e permeabilidade ao ar. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que, tanto a bentonita sódica, quanto a sílica ativa contribuem para o aumento da eficiência de fixação dos metais \'AL\', \'FE\' e \'CR\' por parte das matrizes de cimento Portland. As composições que obtiveram os melhores desempenhos mecânico, físico e químico foram utilizadas na confecção de tijolos maciços, visando aplicação na execução de alvenarias. Para a moldagem dos tijolos foi empregada uma prensa hidráulica, o que possibilitou manter a regularidade dimensional das faces. Ao mesmo tempo, o formato dos tijolos foi concebido com design diferenciado, proporcionando modulação e encaixes que podem reduzir significativamente o consumo da argamassa de assentamento. Os tijolos foram submetidos aos ensaios de solubilização, resistência à compressão e absorção de água, apresentando resultados satisfatórios e comprovando a viabilidade técnica para aplicação na execução de alvenarias. / In this research, a study that investigates the technical feasibility for the recycling of solid waste generated by the disposal of the foundry sands bonded with clay, for implementation in the construction industry, was conducted. For this reason, the work establishes a method, which assesses the stabilization of waste in solidified matrices of Portland cement, improved by the additions of sodium bentonite clay and/or silica fume. The stabilization of the waste was verified by solubilization test, which puts the solidified matrices in static and dynamic contacts with distiled water. The mechanical and physical performances of the matrices were evaluated in tests of resistance to compression, absorption of water and air permeability. The results show that both the sodium bentonite, and the active silica contribute to increase the fixation efficiency of the metals \'AL\', \'FE\' and \'CR\' by the matrices of Portland cement. The compositions that have the best mechanical, physical and chemical performance were used in the manufacture of massive bricks, seeking their use in the implementation of masonry. For the molding of bricks a hydraulic press was used, which allowed to keep the dimensional regularity of the faces. At the same time, the format of the bricks was designed with different shapes, providing modulation and fitting that can significantly reduce the consumption of settlement mortar. The bricks were subjected to tests of solubilization, resistance to compression and absorption of water, showing satisfactory results that confirm the technical feasibility for being used in the implementation of masonry.

A presente pesquisa realizou um estudo que investiga a viabilidade técnica para a reciclagem do resíduo sólido gerado pelo descarte das areias de fundição aglomeradas com argila, para aplicação no setor da construção civil. Para isso, o trabalho estabelece uma metodologia, a qual avalia a estabilização do resíduo em matrizes solidificadas de cimento Portland, melhoradas através de adições de argila bentonita sódica e/ou sílica ativa. A estabilização do resíduo foi verificada através de ensaio de solubilização, o qual submete as matrizes solidificadas a contatos dinâmico e estático com água destilada. Os desempenhos mecânico e físico das matrizes foram avaliados em ensaios de resistência à compressão, absorção de água e permeabilidade ao ar. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que, tanto a bentonita sódica, quanto a sílica ativa contribuem para o aumento da eficiência de fixação dos metais \'AL\', \'FE\' e \'CR\' por parte das matrizes de cimento Portland. As composições que obtiveram os melhores desempenhos mecânico, físico e químico foram utilizadas na confecção de tijolos maciços, visando aplicação na execução de alvenarias. Para a moldagem dos tijolos foi empregada uma prensa hidráulica, o que possibilitou manter a regularidade dimensional das faces. Ao mesmo tempo, o formato dos tijolos foi concebido com design diferenciado, proporcionando modulação e encaixes que podem reduzir significativamente o consumo da argamassa de assentamento. Os tijolos foram submetidos aos ensaios de solubilização, resistência à compressão e absorção de água, apresentando resultados satisfatórios e comprovando a viabilidade técnica para aplicação na execução de alvenarias. / In this research, a study that investigates the technical feasibility for the recycling of solid waste generated by the disposal of the foundry sands bonded with clay, for implementation in the construction industry, was conducted. For this reason, the work establishes a method, which assesses the stabilization of waste in solidified matrices of Portland cement, improved by the additions of sodium bentonite clay and/or silica fume. The stabilization of the waste was verified by solubilization test, which puts the solidified matrices in static and dynamic contacts with distiled water. The mechanical and physical performances of the matrices were evaluated in tests of resistance to compression, absorption of water and air permeability. The results show that both the sodium bentonite, and the active silica contribute to increase the fixation efficiency of the metals \'AL\', \'FE\' and \'CR\' by the matrices of Portland cement. The compositions that have the best mechanical, physical and chemical performance were used in the manufacture of massive bricks, seeking their use in the implementation of masonry. For the molding of bricks a hydraulic press was used, which allowed to keep the dimensional regularity of the faces. At the same time, the format of the bricks was designed with different shapes, providing modulation and fitting that can significantly reduce the consumption of settlement mortar. The bricks were subjected to tests of solubilization, resistance to compression and absorption of water, showing satisfactory results that confirm the technical feasibility for being used in the implementation of masonry.

No description available.

A reciclagem de resíduos tem sido tema de diversos estudos e pesquisas, já que o meio ambiente vem sofrendo muitos impactos ambientais por conta do desenvolvimento da indústria mundial. Nessa linha, muitas empresas têm adotado estratégias mercadológicas ditas sustentáveis, procurando atender a um requisito que, atualmente, interessa a toda a sociedade: desenvolvimento sustentável. E uma das maneiras de haver desenvolvimento econômico sustentável, minimizando os impactos ao meio ambiente, é utilizar os resíduos gerados aplicandoos em outros processos de produção. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho propõe utilizar a cinza, que resulta da queima do carvão mineral adicionado ao calcário dolomítico e a areia, gerada pelo reator de leito fluidizado circulante de uma indústria produtora de alumínio localizada na área industrial de São Luís do Maranhão. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a melhor utilização desse resíduo sólido industrial em matrizes cimentícias. A investigação experimental inicia com a classificação e caracterização do resíduo in natura, avaliando seu potencial pozolânico. Com os resultados dos ensaios foi possível indicar que o seu melhor uso é como agregado, devido sua característica de não pozolânico. Também, devido a sua composição granulométrica de característica mais fina e sua elevada superfície específica, propõese que a cinza seja adicionado como filler. A etapa seguinte compreende a produção de matrizes compostas de cimento, areia e cinza (utilizada como filler), nessa etapa foram testados vários traços, aferindo suas propriedades mecânicas e eficiência de estabilização da matriz. O traço que melhor respondeu a essas questões foi o 1 : 1,5 : 1,5 (cimento:areia:cinza), pois apresentou bom desempenho mecânico utilizando grande quantidade de resíduo. Definida a matriz, essa foi submetida a ensaios complementares, para então ser aplicada na produção dos blocos prensados. Os blocos apresentaram bom desempenho mecânico e físico. A eficiência da estabilização do resíduo na matriz apresentou bons índices nos extratos solubilizados e até 100% de estabilização por solidificação, porém alguns parâmetros ainda apresentaram resultado acima do estabelecido por norma. Concluise então, que os blocos de cinza volante podem ser utilizados na construção civil, desde que sejam seguidas algumas recomendações quanto a produção e utilização dos mesmos. / The recycling of waste has been the subject of several studies and research, since the environment has undergone many environmental impacts due to the development of the industry worldwide. For that reason, many companies have adopted socalled sustainable marketing strategies, trying to meet a requirement that currently involves the whole society: the sustainable development. And one way to achieve sustainable economic development while minimizing impacts on the environment is the use of generated waste by applying it to different production processes. Therefore, this research proposes the use of ash from burning coal added to the lime and sand, generated by circulating fluidized bed reactor of an industry that produces aluminum located in the industrial area of São Luís, Maranhão. The aim of this study is to evaluate the best use of industrial solid waste in cementitious matrices. The experimental investigation starts with the classification and characterization of the waste in nature, evaluating its pozzolanic potential. From the test results it was possible to indicate that its best use is as an aggregate, due to its nonpozzolanic characteristic. Also, due to its small granulometry and high specific surface, it is proposed the ash to be added as a filler. The next step involves the production of matrices composed by cement, sand and ash (used as filler). At this stage various compositions were tested, assessing their mechanical properties and efficiency on the matrix stabilization. The composition that better responded to these questions was 1: 1.5: 1.5 (cement: sand: ash), once it showed good mechanical performance using large amounts of waste. This matrix was subjected to further testing and was subsequently used to produce the compressed blocks. The blocks showed good mechanical and physical performance. The efficiency of waste stabilization in the matrix showed good levels in solubilized extracts and up to 100% stabilization by solidification, but some parameters still showed results above the established by the norm. We conclude that the blocks made using fly ash can be used in construction, since some recommendations regarding their production and use are followed.

<p>U radu je ispitana distribucija metala u sistemu sediment/voda na najugroženijim vodotocima u<br />AP Vojvodini. Na osnovu dobivenih podataka urađena je procena rizika na osnovu analize<br />porne vode, kiselog volatilnog sulfida i simultano ekstrahovanih metala i sekvencijalne<br />ekstrakcione procedure. Procena mobilnosti metala u sistemu sediment/voda određena je<br />promenom fizičko-hemijskih uslova u realnom sistemu (vodotok) i u laboratorijskim uslovima.<br />Ispitana je efikasnost in-situ (aeracijom sistema sediment/voda) i ex-situ remedijacije<br />sedimenta metodama termičkog tretmana i solidifikacije/stabilizacije.<br />Rezultati su ukazali da u svakom vodotoku i za&scaron;tićenoj zoni postoji lokacija u kojoj je sediment<br />barem po jednom metalu klasifikovan (holandski sistem klasifikacije sedimenata) kao zagađen<br />(klasa 3) ili izuzetno zagađen sediment (klasa 4). Generalno, kvalitet sedimenta manjih<br />vodotoka (Krivaja, Nadela, Kudo&scaron;, Veliki Bački kanal i Begej) je lo&scaron;iji u odnosu na ostale<br />ispitivane vodotoke.<br />Procena dostupnosti metala u sedimentu Velikog Bačkog kanala ukazala je da na svakom<br />ispitivanom profilu postoji minimum jedan metal i jedna metoda koja defini&scaron;e sediment kao<br />visoko rizičan. Takođe je zaključeno da je sediment na delu od 2+000 do 4+900 km zagađeniji,<br />jer postoji veći broj metala i metoda koji ga defini&scaron;u kao visoko rizičnim. Ovako dobijeni<br />rezultati ukazuju da nije dovoljan jednostavan i samo jedan pristup u oceni kvaliteta sedimenta<br />i proceni rizika koji metali mogu da ispolje u akvatičnom ekosistemu.<br />Ukazano je da pomeranje sedimenta (npr. otvaranja ustave), dovodi do promene fizičkohemijskih<br />uslova u sistemu sediment/voda, resuspenzije i transporta sedimenta. Usled ovih<br />promena povećava se dostupnost metala i dolazi do povećanja njihove koncentracije u vodenoj<br />fazi čime se znatno povećava rizik i mogućnost ispoljavanja negativnih efekata na akvatični<br />ekosistem.<br />U slučaju resuspenzije sedimenta u sistemu sediment/voda pronađena je zavisnost između<br />koncentracije metala u suspendovanim materijama i vodi od sadržaja određenih frakcija u<br />suspendovanim materijama (sadržaj organskih materija i frakcije do 63 &mu;m).<br />Remedijacione tehnike često su ekonomski neprihvatljive zbog velike zapremine zagađenog<br />sedimenta. Ukazano je da primena in-situ aeracije, omogućava smanjenje količine sedimenta<br />(čime se smanjuju tro&scaron;kovi eventualno naknadnog tretmana sedimenta), a da je tretman<br />solidifikacije/stabilizacije sedimenta sa glinom i termičke remedijacije zadovoljavjući sa<br />aspekta izluživanja metala. Dobijeni rezultati izvedenih testova izluživanja ukazali su na<br />moguću primenu ovih tretmana u pogledu re&scaron;avanja problema sedimenta koji je zagađen<br />metalima, bilo u pogledu sigurnog odlaganja na deponiju ili u smislu njegove upotrebe kao<br />dodatka pri proizvodnji građevinskog materijala (opeke), osnove za puteve, uređenje obale<br />(nasipa) itd. Na taj način mogu se znatno umanjiti tro&scaron;kovi izmuljivanja i manipulacije<br />kontaminiranog sedimenta, a sama remedijacija učiniti mnogo prihvatljivijom</p> / <p> This work investigates the distribution of metals in the sediment / water systems of the most<br /> endangered rivers in Vojvodina. Utilizing the data obtained, risk assessments are carried out<br /> based on analysis of pore water, acidic volatile sulphides and simultaneously extracted metals<br /> and sequential extraction procedure. The assessment of metal mobility in the sediment / water<br /> system is determined by the changing physical and chemical conditions in real systems<br /> (waterways) and under laboratory conditions. The effectiveness of in-situ (aeration of sediment<br /> / water) and ex-situ remediation of sediment by thermal treatment methods and solidification /<br /> stabilization are investigated.<br /> The results show that in each waterbody and protected area, certain locations have sediment<br /> which for at least one metal, is classified (by the Dutch system of sediment classification ) as<br /> polluted (class 3) or highly polluted (class 4). In general, the quality of sediment in smaller<br /> rivers (Krivaja, Nadela, Kudo&scaron;, Veliki Bački canal and Begej) is inferior to the other rivers<br /> studied.<br /> Assessment of the metals availability in the sediments of the Veliki Bački canal indicates that<br /> in each profile examined, at least one metal and one method defines the sediment as very<br /> hazardous. It is also shown that the sediment at the section from 2 +000 to 4 +900 km is the<br /> most polluted, with a number of metals and methods that define it as a high risk. The results<br /> indicate that it is inadequate to have a simple singular approach to sediment quality assessment<br /> and the assessment of the risks posed by metals detected in aquatic ecosystems.<br /> This work shows that sediment movement (e.g. from opening a sluice gate) leads to changes in<br /> the physical-chemical conditions of the sediment / water system, with resuspension and<br /> sediment transport. These changes increase metals availability and increase their<br /> concentrations in the aqueous phase, significantly increasing the posed risk and the possibility<br /> of adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems.<br /> In the case of sediment resuspension in the sediment / water system, a relationship was found<br /> between the concentration of metals in suspended matter and the concentration in the water for<br /> certain fractions of suspended matter (organic matter content and the fraction up to 63 &mu;m).<br /> Remediation techniques are often not economically viable due to the large volume of<br /> contaminated sediments involved. It is shown that the implementation of in-situ aeration<br /> reduces the amount of sediment (which reduces the costs of subsequent sediment treatment),<br /> and that solidification / stabilization treatment with clay and thermal remediation results in<br /> satisfactory remediation with respect to metals leaching. Leaching test results show the<br /> potential of these treatments to solve the problem of sediments which are contaminated with<br /> metals, either in terms of safe disposal in landfill or in terms of its use as a supplement in the<br /> production of building materials (brick), as road foundation, or for river bank reinforcement<br /> (dams), etc.. Thus, the costs of dredging and manipulating contaminated sediments can be<br /> significantly reduced, making remediation itself much more applicable.</p>

A reciclagem de resíduos tem sido tema de diversos estudos e pesquisas, já que o meio ambiente vem sofrendo muitos impactos ambientais por conta do desenvolvimento da indústria mundial. Nessa linha, muitas empresas têm adotado estratégias mercadológicas ditas sustentáveis, procurando atender a um requisito que, atualmente, interessa a toda a sociedade: desenvolvimento sustentável. E uma das maneiras de haver desenvolvimento econômico sustentável, minimizando os impactos ao meio ambiente, é utilizar os resíduos gerados aplicandoos em outros processos de produção. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho propõe utilizar a cinza, que resulta da queima do carvão mineral adicionado ao calcário dolomítico e a areia, gerada pelo reator de leito fluidizado circulante de uma indústria produtora de alumínio localizada na área industrial de São Luís do Maranhão. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a melhor utilização desse resíduo sólido industrial em matrizes cimentícias. A investigação experimental inicia com a classificação e caracterização do resíduo in natura, avaliando seu potencial pozolânico. Com os resultados dos ensaios foi possível indicar que o seu melhor uso é como agregado, devido sua característica de não pozolânico. Também, devido a sua composição granulométrica de característica mais fina e sua elevada superfície específica, propõese que a cinza seja adicionado como filler. A etapa seguinte compreende a produção de matrizes compostas de cimento, areia e cinza (utilizada como filler), nessa etapa foram testados vários traços, aferindo suas propriedades mecânicas e eficiência de estabilização da matriz. O traço que melhor respondeu a essas questões foi o 1 : 1,5 : 1,5 (cimento:areia:cinza), pois apresentou bom desempenho mecânico utilizando grande quantidade de resíduo. Definida a matriz, essa foi submetida a ensaios complementares, para então ser aplicada na produção dos blocos prensados. Os blocos apresentaram bom desempenho mecânico e físico. A eficiência da estabilização do resíduo na matriz apresentou bons índices nos extratos solubilizados e até 100% de estabilização por solidificação, porém alguns parâmetros ainda apresentaram resultado acima do estabelecido por norma. Concluise então, que os blocos de cinza volante podem ser utilizados na construção civil, desde que sejam seguidas algumas recomendações quanto a produção e utilização dos mesmos. / The recycling of waste has been the subject of several studies and research, since the environment has undergone many environmental impacts due to the development of the industry worldwide. For that reason, many companies have adopted socalled sustainable marketing strategies, trying to meet a requirement that currently involves the whole society: the sustainable development. And one way to achieve sustainable economic development while minimizing impacts on the environment is the use of generated waste by applying it to different production processes. Therefore, this research proposes the use of ash from burning coal added to the lime and sand, generated by circulating fluidized bed reactor of an industry that produces aluminum located in the industrial area of São Luís, Maranhão. The aim of this study is to evaluate the best use of industrial solid waste in cementitious matrices. The experimental investigation starts with the classification and characterization of the waste in nature, evaluating its pozzolanic potential. From the test results it was possible to indicate that its best use is as an aggregate, due to its nonpozzolanic characteristic. Also, due to its small granulometry and high specific surface, it is proposed the ash to be added as a filler. The next step involves the production of matrices composed by cement, sand and ash (used as filler). At this stage various compositions were tested, assessing their mechanical properties and efficiency on the matrix stabilization. The composition that better responded to these questions was 1: 1.5: 1.5 (cement: sand: ash), once it showed good mechanical performance using large amounts of waste. This matrix was subjected to further testing and was subsequently used to produce the compressed blocks. The blocks showed good mechanical and physical performance. The efficiency of waste stabilization in the matrix showed good levels in solubilized extracts and up to 100% stabilization by solidification, but some parameters still showed results above the established by the norm. We conclude that the blocks made using fly ash can be used in construction, since some recommendations regarding their production and use are followed.

<p>Predmet&nbsp; izučavanja&nbsp; ove&nbsp; disertacije&nbsp; bio&nbsp; je&nbsp; ispitivanje&nbsp; mogućnosti&nbsp; kori&scaron;ćenja&nbsp; piritne&nbsp;izgoretine&nbsp; u&nbsp; tretmanu&nbsp; otpadnih&nbsp; voda&nbsp; tekstilne&nbsp; industrije&nbsp; kao&nbsp; i&nbsp; dalji&nbsp; tretman&nbsp; mulja&nbsp; nastalog&nbsp;nakon ovog procesa. Naime, nakon iskori&scaron;ćenja ovog otpada &nbsp;u Fenton procesima, iskori&scaron;ćena&nbsp;piritna izgoretina u najvećem procentu čini mulj koji zaostaje nakon tretmana. Kako se piritna&nbsp;ruda jo&scaron; u procesu proizvodnje sumporne kiseline&nbsp; koristi nepreči&scaron;ćena, zaostali&nbsp; mulj koji je&nbsp;potencijalno&nbsp; toksičan&nbsp; i&nbsp; ne&nbsp; može&nbsp; se&nbsp; direktno&nbsp; odlagati&nbsp; bez&nbsp; prethodnog&nbsp; tretmana.&nbsp; Stoga,&nbsp;primenjena&nbsp; je&nbsp; tehnika&nbsp; stabilizacija&nbsp; i&nbsp; solidifikacija&nbsp; (S/S)&nbsp; uz&nbsp; kori&scaron;ćenje&nbsp; portland&nbsp; cementa,&nbsp;kalcijum-oksida, prirodnog zeolita, letećeg pepela, kaolinita,&nbsp; bentonita i&nbsp; autohtone&nbsp; gline &nbsp;za&nbsp;imobilizaciju metala. Istraživanja u ovoj disertaciji vr&scaron;ena su u dve faze. Prva faza imala je za&nbsp;cilj&nbsp; optimizaciju&nbsp; operativnih&nbsp; uslova&nbsp; Fenton&nbsp; tretmana&nbsp; pri&nbsp; kojima&nbsp; se&nbsp; postiže&nbsp; najvi&scaron;i&nbsp; stepen&nbsp;obezbojavanja&nbsp; i&nbsp; mineralizacije&nbsp; ispitivanih&nbsp; efluenata.&nbsp; Takođe&nbsp; ispitivanje&nbsp; je&nbsp; uključilo&nbsp; i&nbsp;karakterizaciju nastalih efluenata kako bi se procenila efikasnost primenjenog, i mogućnost&nbsp;daljeg&nbsp; tretmana.&nbsp; Druga&nbsp; faza&nbsp; uključivala&nbsp; je&nbsp; karakterizaciju&nbsp; nastalog&nbsp; mulja&nbsp; nakon&nbsp; tretmana&nbsp;obojenih&nbsp; efluenata&nbsp; i&nbsp; njegov&nbsp; tretman&nbsp; solidifikacijom&nbsp; i&nbsp; stabilizacijom.&nbsp; Vr&scaron;eno&nbsp; je&nbsp; određivanje&nbsp;efikasnosti&nbsp; primenjenih&nbsp; imobilizacionih&nbsp; agenasa&nbsp; u&nbsp; S/S tretmanu&nbsp; i&nbsp; dominantnog&nbsp; mehanizma&nbsp;<br />izluživanja&nbsp; metala&nbsp; koji&nbsp; opisuju&nbsp; njihov&nbsp; transport&nbsp; iz&nbsp; dobijenih&nbsp; solidifikata.&nbsp; Primenjeni&nbsp; su&nbsp; i&nbsp;modifikovani&nbsp; testovi&nbsp; izluživanja&nbsp; sa&nbsp; ciljem&nbsp; &scaron;to&nbsp; bolje&nbsp; simulacije&nbsp; realnih&nbsp; uslova.&nbsp; Rezultati&nbsp;dobijeni&nbsp; simulacijom&nbsp; uslova&nbsp; će&nbsp; dalje&nbsp; omogućiti&nbsp; modelovanje&nbsp; pona&scaron;anja&nbsp; metala&nbsp; u&nbsp; smislu&nbsp;dugoročnog&nbsp; &quot;izluživanja&quot;&nbsp; iz&nbsp; tretiranog&nbsp; otpada&nbsp; kao&nbsp; i&nbsp; procenu&nbsp; najefikasnijih&nbsp; agenasa&nbsp; za&nbsp;imobilizaciju različitih metala u ovom tipu otpada. TakoĎe primenjeni su testovi izluživanja&nbsp;sa jednom ekstrakcijom kako bi se osiguralo&nbsp; slaganje rezultata sa maksimalno dozvoljenim&nbsp;koncentracijama&nbsp; aktuelnih&nbsp; pravilnika.&nbsp; Na&nbsp; osnovu&nbsp; dobijenih&nbsp; rezultata&nbsp; zaključeno&nbsp; je&nbsp; da&nbsp; se&nbsp;piritna izgoretina može uspe&scaron;no koristiti kao izvor katalitičkog gvožđa u Fenton tretmanima&nbsp;obojenih&nbsp; efluenata&nbsp; i&nbsp; može&nbsp; se&nbsp; smatrati&nbsp; efektivnom&nbsp; metodom &nbsp; predtretmana&nbsp; za&nbsp;nebiodegradabilne&nbsp; otpadne&nbsp; vode,&nbsp; čineći&nbsp; ih&nbsp; pogodnijim&nbsp; za&nbsp; konvencionalni&nbsp; biolo&scaron;ki&nbsp; tretman.&nbsp;Takođe&nbsp; u&nbsp; drugoj&nbsp; fazi&nbsp; istraživanja,&nbsp; na&nbsp; osnovu&nbsp; dobijenih&nbsp; rezultata,&nbsp; zaključeno&nbsp; je&nbsp; da&nbsp; je&nbsp; mulj&nbsp;tertian&nbsp; sa&nbsp; navedenim&nbsp; imobilizacionim&nbsp; agensima&nbsp; uspe&scaron;no&nbsp; solidifikovan&nbsp; i&nbsp; stabilizovan&nbsp;materijal.&nbsp; Optimalane&nbsp; su&nbsp; sme&scaron;e&nbsp; koje&nbsp; kao&nbsp; jedan&nbsp; od&nbsp; imobilizacionih&nbsp; agenasa&nbsp; sadrže&nbsp; leteći&nbsp;<br />pepeo, prevashodno u kombinaciji sa cementom i krečom. Dobijeni podaci su &nbsp;neprocenjivi sa&nbsp;aspekta ekonomski i ekolo&scaron;ki prihvatljivog upravljanja opasnim industrijskim otpadom.&nbsp;</p> / <p>This work is concerned with exploring the possibility of using pyrite cinders in the treatment&nbsp;of&nbsp; textile&nbsp; industry&nbsp; effluents&nbsp; and&nbsp; further&nbsp; treatment&nbsp; of&nbsp; sludge&nbsp; generated&nbsp; after&nbsp; this&nbsp; process.&nbsp;Namely,&nbsp; after&nbsp; the&nbsp; utilization&nbsp; of&nbsp; this&nbsp; waste&nbsp; in&nbsp; Fenton&nbsp; processes&nbsp; slag&nbsp; that&nbsp; remains&nbsp; after&nbsp;treatment is mostly composed of used pyrite cinder. As the pyrite ore, in the production of&nbsp;sulfuric&nbsp; acid,&nbsp; is&nbsp; used&nbsp; untreated,&nbsp; sludge&nbsp; that&nbsp; remains&nbsp; is&nbsp; potentially&nbsp; toxic&nbsp; and&nbsp; cannot&nbsp; be&nbsp;disposed&nbsp; directly&nbsp; without&nbsp; treatment.&nbsp; Therefore,&nbsp; the&nbsp; stabilization&nbsp; and&nbsp; solidification&nbsp; (S/S)&nbsp;technique&nbsp; with&nbsp; the&nbsp; usage&nbsp; of&nbsp; portland&nbsp; cement,&nbsp; calcium&nbsp; oxide,&nbsp; zeolite,&nbsp; fly&nbsp; ash,&nbsp; kaolinite,&nbsp;bentonite and native clay was used for metal immobilization. The research in this dissertation&nbsp;was carried out in two phases. The first phase aimed to optimize the operational conditions of&nbsp;Fenton&nbsp; treatment&nbsp; in&nbsp; which&nbsp; the&nbsp; highest&nbsp; degree&nbsp; of&nbsp; decolourization&nbsp; and&nbsp; mineralization&nbsp; was&nbsp;achieved in tested effluents. Also the research has included the characterization of generated&nbsp;effluents in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment applied, and the possibility of&nbsp;further&nbsp; treatment.&nbsp; The&nbsp; second&nbsp; phase&nbsp; involved&nbsp; the&nbsp; characterization&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; generated&nbsp; sludge&nbsp;after the treatment of effluents that contained dyes and its treatment with solidification and&nbsp;stabilization technique.&nbsp; The determination of used immobilization agents effectiveness was&nbsp;Conducted&nbsp; to&nbsp; determine&nbsp; the&nbsp; efficacy&nbsp; of&nbsp; immobilization&nbsp; agents&nbsp; in&nbsp; S&nbsp; /&nbsp; S&nbsp; treatment&nbsp; and&nbsp; the&nbsp;dominant&nbsp; mechanism&nbsp; of&nbsp; leaching&nbsp; of&nbsp; metals&nbsp; that&nbsp; describe&nbsp; their&nbsp; transport&nbsp; from&nbsp; the&nbsp; received&nbsp;solidificate . Were applied and modified leaching tests with the aim of better simulation of&nbsp;real&nbsp; conditions.&nbsp; The&nbsp; results&nbsp; obtained&nbsp; by&nbsp; condition&nbsp; simulation&nbsp; will&nbsp; enable&nbsp; the&nbsp; modeling&nbsp; of&nbsp;behavior of metals in terms of long-term leaching period from the treated sludge and assess&nbsp;the most effective agents for the immobilization of various metals in this type of waste. Also,&nbsp;single-extraction leaching tests were applied to ensure the accordance of obtained results &nbsp;with&nbsp;the maximum permissible concentrations of current regulations. Based on these results, it was&nbsp;concluded&nbsp; that&nbsp; the&nbsp; pyrite&nbsp; cinders&nbsp; can&nbsp; be&nbsp; successfully&nbsp; used&nbsp; as&nbsp; a&nbsp; source&nbsp; of&nbsp; catalytic&nbsp; iron&nbsp; in&nbsp;Fenton&nbsp; treatment&nbsp; of&nbsp; effluents&nbsp; containing&nbsp; dyes,&nbsp; and&nbsp; can&nbsp; be&nbsp; considered&nbsp; an&nbsp; effective&nbsp;pretreatment&nbsp; method&nbsp; for&nbsp; non-biodegradable&nbsp; waste&nbsp; waters,&nbsp; making&nbsp; them&nbsp; amenable&nbsp; to&nbsp;conventional biological treatment. Also in the second phase, based on the results obtained, it&nbsp;was concluded that the sludge treated with&nbsp; aforementioned&nbsp; immobilization agents represents&nbsp;a successfully solidified and stabilized material. The optimal mixtures are those that contain&nbsp;fly ash as one of the used immobilization agents, primarily in combination with cement and&nbsp;lime.&nbsp; The&nbsp; obtained&nbsp; data&nbsp; are&nbsp; invaluable&nbsp; in&nbsp; terms&nbsp; of&nbsp; economic&nbsp; and&nbsp; environmentally&nbsp; sound&nbsp;management of hazardous industrial waste.</p>

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-07-01T13:48:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MarieleLunkes.pdf: 2185395 bytes, checksum: 0e139b106b90af719386462d648c9ec7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-01T13:48:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarieleLunkes.pdf: 2185395 bytes, checksum: 0e139b106b90af719386462d648c9ec7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / CNPQ – Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / FAPERGS - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / FINEP - Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / A utilização de resíduos perigosos em produtos construtivos, técnica denominada estabilização por solidificação (E/S), requer um conhecimento aprofundado de sua composição, viabilidade técnica e econômica, além de uma avaliação ambiental ao longo do uso e pós-uso do produto. Quando se trata da avaliação de um produto da E/S durante a fase de uso, o Brasil não dispõe de um procedimento adequado que considere a integridade física da amostra e as características do cenário onde o resíduo encapsulado se encontra. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa é avaliar a lixiviação de cromo total em monólitos de cerâmica vermelha durante a fase de uso, por imersão e irrigação. Foram confeccionados corpos de prova com adição de 0,05% de óxido de cromo III (Cr2O3), além de corpos de provas referência (sem adição Cr2O3). Com base no regime pluviométrico da região metropolitana de Porto Alegre/RS desenvolveram-se dois testes de lixiviação para a avaliação da efetividade da E/S: imersão e irrigação. O primeiro com o propósito de simular um ambiente hostil em situação de prolongado contato da cerâmica com o lixiviante e o segundo para uma condição de exposição à chuva ácida ou ciclos de molhagem e secagem, possibilitando a avaliação do desempenho ambiental do material. A E/S do Cr na cerâmica vermelha foi acima de 99,90%. Nos corpos de prova com Cr2O3 a concentração de Cr lixiviado foi de 0,1243 ppm no teste de imersão, 0,01183ppm no teste de irrigação e 0,023 ppm no teste de lixiviação da norma ambiental brasileira para resíduos sólidos. As duas formas de avaliação da lixiviação de cromo total em monólitos de cerâmica vermelha, durante a fase de uso, propostas nesta pesquisa, apresentaram baixo coeficiente de variação e resposta técnica em 28 dias, representaram o fenômeno da difusão e se diferenciaram em seus cenários. / The use of hazardous waste in products constructive, technique known as stabilization by solidification (E/S), requires a thorough knowledge of its composition, technical and economic viability, and environmental assessment along the use and post-use of the product. When it comes to assessment of E/S product's during the phase of use, Brazil does not have an appropriate procedure to consider the physical characteristics of the sample and the scenario that encapsulated residue is exposed. The objective of this research is to evaluate the leaching of total chromium (Cr) in red ceramic monoliths during the use phase, by immersion and irrigation. Samples were prepared with addition of 0.05% chromium III oxide (Cr2O3), besides samples reference (without addition Cr2O3). Based on the pluviometric regime in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre/RS, it was developed two methods for leaching to assess the effectiveness of E/S: immersion test and irrigation test. The first was carried out in order to simulate a hostile environment in a situation of long contact between the ceramic and the leachant and the second to a condition of exposure to acid rain or cycles of wetting and drying, allowing the assessment of the environmental performance of the material. A E/S Cr in red ceramic was above 99.90%. In samples with addition of Cr2O3 was leached 0.1243 ppm total Cr from immersion test, 0,01183 ppm from the irrigation test and 0.023 ppm in the standard leaching test of the Brazilian environmental standard for solid waste. The two forms of assessment the leachingin of total chromium in red ceramic monoliths during the use phase, proposal in this study, showed low coefficient of variation e technical answer in 28 days, exhibited the phenomenon of diffusion and differentiated themselves in their scenarios.