Rapid and deep transport of solutes in soils can potentially pollute groundwater resources. Field estimates of solute leaching depth based on randomized sampling provide extremely variable field average estimates that confound the treatment effects of the leaching study with the high spatial variation of soil hydraulic properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the spatial scale of variation of solute (Bromide) leaching depth, and apply this scale of variation to study the leaching depth of Bromide as a function of a sinusoidal application of transport causing factors, i.e., rainfall amount, intensity and application time delay. Solute leaching depth varied over different spatial scales. The deepest leaching was observed on plots where the Br center of mass ranged from 19-30 cm depth. Deep leaching occurred with large quantities of low intensity precipitations (5.5 to 6 cm/day) and short time delays (≤ 17 hours), respectively. The hydraulic gradient presented cyclic variation at 8 m wavelength across the 10-30cm depth compartment. Spectral analysis indicated that spatial variation of the leaching depth was mainly affected by precipitation amount and intensity and only a small portion of the leaching depth variation was caused by time delay. Cross-spectral analysis identified common cyclic variation between the Br leaching depth and precipitation amount, intensity and time delay over 32, 32 and 8 m wavelengths, respectively. Simulated Br concentration over depth and horizontal distance and soil water matric potential ψm were in good agreement with experimental observations, the latter revealing a satisfactory Br and water mass balance.

Molecular modeling has come a long way during the past decades and in the current thesis modeling of biological membranes is the focus. The main method of choice has been classical Molecular Dynamics simulations and for this technique a model Hamiltonian, or force field (FF), has been developed for lipids to be used for biological membranes. Further, ways of more accurately simulate the interactions between solutes and membranes have been investigated. A FF coined Slipids was developed and validated against a range of experimental data (Papers I-III). Several structural properties such as area per lipid, scattering form factors and NMR order parameters obtained from the simulations are in good agreement with available experimental data. Further, the compatibility of Slipids with amino acid FFs was proven. This, together with the wide range of lipids that can be studied, makes Slipids an ideal candidate for large-scale studies of biologically relevant systems. A solute's electron distribution is changed as it is transferred from water to a bilayer, a phenomena that cannot be fully captured with fixed-charge FFs.  In Paper IV we propose a scheme of implicitly including these effects with fixed-charge FFs in order to more realistically model water-membrane partitioning. The results are in good agreement with experiments in terms of free energies and further the differences between using this scheme and the more traditional approach were highlighted. The free energy landscape (FEL) of solutes embedded in a model membrane is explored in Paper V. This was done using biased sampling methods with a reaction coordinate that included intramolecular degrees of freedom (DoF). These DoFs were identified in different bulk liquids and then used in studies with bilayers. The FELs describe the conformational changes necessary for the system to follow the lowest free energy path. Besides this, the pitfalls of using a one-dimensional reaction coordinate are highlighted.

Heterogeneities in fractured rock are found at all scales; from the scale of individual fractures, to the scale of fracture networks, and to the largest regional scales. These heterogeneities cause challenges for modelling and parameter estimation of flow and solute transport. The heterogeneities in fracture aperture, characterization of the flow channelling they are causing, and implementation of this information into numerical simulation models of the solute transport in fractured media are the subjects of this thesis. Aperture variability within a fracture causes the flow channelling, where the water flow is focused in a few channels and other areas of the fracture have practically stagnant water. The flow-wetted surface is the area where the flowing water is in contact to the fracture area. Contaminants are transported with the flowing water and therefore the flow-wetted surface is an important parameter that influences the diffusion into the rock matrix and sorption to the fracture rock surface. The specific flow-wetted surface (sFWS) is the flow-wetted surface divided by the total fracture area. The sFWS is systematically analyzed for different fracture aperture distribution characteristics. The local aperture is linked to the local hydraulic conductivity K. Increasing standard deviation of the hydraulic conductivity K field (σln K) leads to decreased sFWS. The sFWS is found to be independent of the correlation length (λ) of the field. An empirical relationship is developed, which describes the sFWS as a function of the σln K. A method is also introduced to determine this key parameter by analysis of the breakthrough curve from a single-well injection-withdrawal (SWIW) test. Further, an approach is presented to incorporate the effect of fracture level heterogeneity into fracture network models and to analyze the effect on sorption and matrix diffusion, by including the sFWS parameter into the transport calculations. The results show that the median transport time is proportional to the square of the sFWS-value. The results also suggest that there are an averaging behaviour in the fracture network, the sFWS-value of each individual fracture is not important for the transport over the domain, but a mean-value can be utilized in the numerical model. / Heterogeniteter i sprickigt berg finns i alla skalor, från millimeterskala till en skala på hundratals kilometer. Dessa heterogeniteter orsakar problem vid beräkning av vattenflöde och ämnestransport. Aperturen i en spricka är öppningen mellan de två omslutande bergsidorna, den varierar både inom och mellan olika sprickor. Ämnet för denna avhandling är heterogeniteter i aperturerna inom enskilda sprickor, karaktärisering av den flödeskanalisering som uppstår på grund av dessa heterogeniteter och hur man kan använda denna information till en numerisk modell.Variabilitet av aperturen i en enskild spricka gör att vattenflödet blir fokuserat i ett fåtal kanaler, medan andra områden av sprickan kan ha praktiskt taget stillastående vatten. Den flödesvätta ytan är det område där det strömmande vattnet kommer i kontakt med sprickytan. Den flödesvätta ytan som påverkar diffusionen in i bergmatrisen och sorptionen till sprickytan är en viktig parameter eftersom föroreningar transporteras med det strömmande vattnet. Den specifika flödesvätta ytan (sFWS) är den flödesvätta ytan dividerad med den totala sprickarean. I avhandlingen analyserades sFWS systematiskt för olika statistik över sprickaperturen. Den lokala aperturen är kopplad till den lokala hydrauliska konduktiviteten K. En ökad standardavvikelse för det hydrauliska konduktivitetsfältet (σln K) ledde till minskad sFWS. sFWS visades vara oberoende av konduktivitetsfältets korrelationslängd (λ). En empirisk relation utvecklades som beskriver sFWS som en funktion av σln K. Ett SWIW-test är en typ av spårämnesförsök, där ett spårämne injiceras i en brunn följt av vatten i en bestämd tidsperiod, innan flödet vänds och en genombrottskurva registreras. Testet används traditionellt för att bestämma bergets diffusions- och sorptionsegenskaper. En metod presenterades för att bestämma den specifika flödesvätta ytan genom analys av genombrottskurvan för ett SWIW-test. Ett tillvägagångssätt introducerades för att analysera effekterna av sorption och matrisdiffusion i heterogena sprickor i en spricknätverksmodell genom att inkludera sFWS-parametern i transportberäkningar. Resultaten visade att medianvärdet för transporttiden är proportionell mot kvadraten på sFWS-värdet. Resultaten visade också att transporten genom spricknätverket inte är beroende av sFWS-värdet i de individuella sprickorna, utan att medelvärdet kan användas för modellering.

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / The evolution of atomistic-level nanostructure during the early stages of both standard, high-temperature T6 heat treatment, and low-temperature secondary ageing after interruption of the former (T6I4), has been investigated in rapid hardening Al-Cu-Mg alloys using a variety of microscopy and microanalytical techniques, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) and atom probe tomography (APT). In order to carry out this objective, quantitative data-analysis methods were developed with respect to new cluster-finding algorithms, specifically designed for use with three-dimensional APT data. Prior to this detailed characterisation work, the actual thermal impact from both heat treatment and quenching of small, lab-scale specimens was determined through correlation of both experimental results and calculations that modelled the heat transfer conditions using the lumped capacitance method. Subsequently, the maximum diffusion distance by random walk of the solute atoms was calculated for these periods, bearing significance on the propensity for these atoms to have the ability to cluster together, rather than segregate to the dislocation loops in the microstructure, which have a relatively larger interspacing distance. Age-hardening curves for the Al-1.1Cu-xMg (x = 0, 0.2, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.7 at.%) alloys at 150ºC show that the rapid hardening phenomenon (RHP) exists for Mg compositions ≥ 0.5Mg. Given that zone-like precipitate structures were unable to be detected by TEM or APT during the early stages of ageing at 150ºC, and that statistically significant dispersions of clusters were found in the APT data after ageing for 60 s, the RHP is attributed to these clustering reactions. Identification of clusters in the APT data has been achieved using the core-linkage algorithm and they have been found to be quite small, containing only a few atoms up to a couple of tens of atoms. The RHP is governed by some critical number density of both Mg clusters and Cu-Mg co-clusters of a critical size, whereas Cu clusters do not contribute significantly to the hardening mechanism. Significance testing indicates that Mg clusters are more significant at smaller clusters sizes and Cu-Mg co-clusters more important at larger cluster sizes. Hardness results also confirm the existence of rapid early hardening during secondary ageing at 65ºC in Al-1.1Cu-1.7Mg. The mechanism of secondary rapid hardening involves a combination of both secondary clustering from solute (mainly Mg atoms) residual in solution, and pre-existing amorphous primary clusters that have slower growth kinetics at the lower secondary ageing temperature. The latter occurs mainly by vacancy-assisted diffusion of Mg atoms as evidenced by the gradual increase of the Mg:Cu ratio of co-clusters. From an alloy design point of view it is important to fully understand the solute distribution in the microstructure to be able to subsequently optimise the configuration for enhanced material properties. The change in dispersion of solute atoms during ageing was determined by combining calculations of % vacancy-solute associations with detailed measurements of the dislocation loops to estimate the solute distribution within the microstructure. The implication of the balance of solute atoms segregated to the loops compared with that in the matrix is then discussed in the context of hardnening mechanisms.

Mass, solute (chloride), isotope (deuterium) and thermal balances were completed at Perry Lakes, two semi-permanent 'water table' lakes near Perth, Western Australia. All balance components except groundwater discharge/recharge were measured independently. These difficult to measure groundwater components of lake-aquifer interaction were estimated by integrating mass, solute and chloride data in sequential 4 day balances spanning two years. Before urbanisation, such wetlands functioned predominantly as flow-through lakes. Now, large winter storm water inputs (and summer artificial level maintenance pumped locally from groundwater) dominate. In East Lake these inputs together comprise 42% of the annual water budget; groundwater discharge is reduced to just 2%. Even under flow-through conditions, these 'non natural' inputs are so large East Lake always tends towards a recharge state and commonly becomes a local groundwater mound. Flow-through is established in both lakes over winter. Initially each lake functions separately however as winter progresses shared capture and release zones are established. Maintenance of lake levels in early summer forces East Lake back to recharge status. Sediment heat flux (Qse) is significant in these very shallow lakes. Over summer Qse was negative, with a net movement of heat from the water into the sediments which act as a seasonal heat sink. In winter Qse was positive and stored summer heat was returned to the water column. This flux at times exceeded 40 W m-2. Evaporation was determined independently by floating pan, leaving Qse as the thermal balance residual. Ignoring Qse, annual evaporation determined by thermal balance was over estimated by 7%. Over and under estimates of individual 12 day balance period evaporation exceeded 50%. Monthly Class A (Perth airport) pan coefficients varied from 0.54 (January) to 0.86 (September). Ten empirical equations for evaporation were calibrated and compared with the East Lake floating pan. Best performer was the Makkink which tracked the floating pan closely throughout all seasons. Poorest were the Penman, DeBruin-Keijman, Priestly-Taylor and Brutsaert-Stricker which grossly over estimated late winter evaporation. Transpiration from Typha orientalis, estimated using hydrograph techniques was 43% of open water evaporation in summer and 28% annually. Temperature controlled evaporation pans (tracking lake temperature) experimentally determined the local deuterium content of lake evaporate ƒÔE, required for isotopic balances. Techniques employing pans evaporated to dryness and pans evaporated at constant volume were run in tandem continuously for two years. This study singularly integrates mass, solute and isotope balances thereby allowing groundwater components to be accurately quantified. The isotope balances are unique, being the only such balances incorporating experimentally derived local deuterium values of lake evaporate. This study represents the only thermal balance, the only accurate determination of pan-lake coefficients and the first calibration of commonly used empirical evaporation equations for Swan Coastal Plain wetlands. Groundwater levels in the western suburbs of Perth have declined over 40 years and a disproportionate larger decline now seriously threatens Perry Lakes. Modelling suggests regional groundwater extraction exceeds recharge. Wetland managers can no longer maintain East Lake via local groundwater extraction. Artificial recharge using imported surface and waste water are possible future management options.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2004--Köln.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:53:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 3289443 bytes, checksum: 4d66bf903ab37fb13797e07c37eec75b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Among many products that exist to reduce the loss of nitrogen fertilizer we give importance to the use of urea inhibitor (NBPT). There are many studies in the literature history that confirms the efficiency of this inhibitor, mainly for the harvest of corn, sugarcane and rice. However, studies that verify the risk of contamination of the water table that occurs because of the loss by leaching NO3- are rare. Mainly for the people that harvest coffee grounds under elevated doses of N. Therefore this study was developed, whose objective was to evaluate the loss of NO3- leaching and the volatilization of NO3-. The experiment was made in a commercial upland coffee field. They adopted a block division at random, in a division of (3x2) + 1, with 4 repetitions being three nitrogen doses: 200, 400, 600 kg ha-1, two kinds of urea: normal and with the urea inhibitor, a additional treatment with no nitrogen doses. To obtain the flow of the solution in the ground it was installed three tension measurement in each layer 0,90; 1,00; 1,10 m fixed to the mercury manometer. Yet it was installed, in each layer a solution extractor from the earth like 1m deep to determine the concentration of NO3- in the soil solution. To quantify the loss of NH3 by volatilization were installed NH3 collectors, like semi-open. It was registered a total of 1172mm precipitation during the experiment, from all these 620 mm were percolated, that corresponds a 52,90 %. It wasn t observed any statistic difference between the treatments, for an internal drainage. The related numbers of losses by volatilization of ammonia didn t suffer any influence of the dose, in average the urea with NBPT was showed losses of 3,51 % and the normal urea showed 11,21 %. As a result it can be concluded that the urea with NBPT was statistically more effective to reduce the losses by volatilization. When we take into consideration the losses by leaching, it can be observed that this one suffers strong influence by climate factors like the precipitation, mainly in the time distribution of the rains. The results allow us to conclude that the losses by leaching suffered influence of the fertilizer dose used. It was shown that the treated urea with the inhibitor of urea brings the high risk of contamination of the water table with NO3-; we can conclude that the use of treated urea with urea inhibitor is a good alternative to reduce the losses by volatilization, but the use of that above 200 kg ha-1 can represent reasonable risk of contamination of the water table with NO3-; compared to the proportioned risk by the use of normal urea. Furthermore, it shows meaningful losses of fertilizers. Yet we can conclude that the use of elevated doses of N didn t add amounts of productivity, nor it led to the content increase of nutrients in the leaves of the plants. / Dentre os diversos produtos existentes para reduzir as perdas de fertilizantes nitrogenados destaca se o uso do inibidor de urease (NBPT). Existem na literatura inúmeros trabalhos que confirmam a eficiência deste inibidor, principalmente para as culturas do milho, cana e arroz. No entanto, estudos que verifiquem os riscos de contaminação do lençol freático promovido pelas perdas por lixiviação de NO3- são raros, principalmente para a cultura do cafeeiro sob elevadas doses de N. Diante disso desenvolveu se este estudo, cujo objetivo foi avaliar as perdas de N por lixiviação de NO3- e volatilização de NH3. O experimento foi montado em uma lavoura comercial de café de sequeiro. Adotou se um delineamento em blocos ao acaso, em um fatorial de (3 x 2) + 1, com 4 repetições, sendo três doses de nitrogênio: 200, 400 e 600 kg ha-1, duas formas de ureia: comum e a com inibidor de uréase, um tratamento adicional sem aplicação nitrogenada. Para se obter o fluxo de solução no solo foram instalados três tensiômetros em cada parcela, nas profundidades de 0,90; 1,00 e 1,10 m acoplados ao manômetro de mercúrio. Foram instalados ainda, em cada parcela, um extrator de solução do solo na profundidade de 1 m, para se determinar a concentração de NO3- na solução no solo. Para se quantificar as perdas por volatilização de NH3 foram instalados coletores de NH3, do tipo semi aberto. Registrou se um total de 1172 mm de precipitação, durante o experimento, destes 620 mm foram percolados, correspondente a 52,90 %. Não se observou diferença estatística entre os tratamentos, para a drenagem interna. Os valores relativos de perdas por volatilização de amônia não sofreram influência da dose, em média a ureia com NBPT apresentou perdas de 3,51 % e a ureia comum de 11,21 %. Pode - se concluir que a ureia com NBPT foi estatisticamente mais eficiente em reduzir as perdas por volatilização. Quando se analisa as perdas por lixiviação, pode se observar que esta sofre forte influência dos fatores climáticos, como a precipitação, principalmente na distribuição temporal das chuvas. Os resultados permitem concluir que as perdas por lixiviação sofreram influência da dose do fertilizante aplicado. Ficou demonstrado que a ureia tratada com inibidor de urease apresenta maior risco de contaminação do lençol freático com NO3-. Pode se concluir que o uso de ureia tratada com inibidor de uréase é uma boa alternativa para se reduzir as perdas por volatilização, porém o uso em doses acima de 200 kg ha-1, pode representar risco considerável de contaminação do lençol freático com NO3-, comparado ao risco proporcionado pelo uso de ureia comum. Além de configurar perdas significativas de fertilizantes. Conclui se ainda que o uso de elevadas doses de N não acarretou em incrementos de produtividade, nem promoveu aumento no teor de nutrientes nas folhas das plantas

abstract: Commercially pure (CP) and extra low interstitial (ELI) grade Ti-alloys present excellent corrosion resistance, lightweight, and formability making them attractive materials for expanded use in transportation and medical applications. However, the strength and toughness of CP titanium are affected by relatively small variations in their impurity/solute content (IC), e.g., O, Al, and V. This increase in strength is due to the fact that the solute either increases the critical stress required for the prismatic slip systems ({10-10}<1-210>) or activates another slip system ((0001)<11-20>, {10-11}<11-20>). In particular, solute additions such as O can effectively strengthen the alloy but with an attendant loss in ductility by changing the behavior from wavy (cross slip) to planar nature. In order to understand the underlying behavior of strengthening by solutes, it is important to understand the atomic scale mechanism. This dissertation aims to address this knowledge gap through a synergistic combination of density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics. Further, due to the long-range strain fields of the dislocations and the periodicity of the DFT simulation cells, it is difficult to apply ab initio simulations to study the dislocation core structure. To alleviate this issue we developed a multiscale quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics approach (QM/MM) to study the dislocation core. We use the developed QM/MM method to study the pipe diffusion along a prismatic edge dislocation core. Complementary to the atomistic simulations, the Semi-discrete Variational Peierls-Nabarro model (SVPN) was also used to analyze the dislocation core structure and mobility. The chemical interaction between the solute/impurity and the dislocation core is captured by the so-called generalized stacking fault energy (GSFE) surface which was determined from DFT-VASP calculations. By taking the chemical interaction into consideration the SVPN model can predict the dislocation core structure and mobility in the presence and absence of the solute/impurity and thus reveal the effect of impurity/solute on the softening/hardening behavior in alpha-Ti. Finally, to study the interaction of the dislocation core with other planar defects such as grain boundaries (GB), we develop an automated method to theoretically generate GBs in HCP type materials. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Mechanical Engineering 2014

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar diferentes tÃcnicas de superaÃÃo de dormÃncia, o comportamento germinativo sob condiÃÃes salinas e de dÃficit hÃdrico, o desenvolvimento de plÃntulas submetidas a diferentes potenciais de solutos com NaCl e relacionar as condiÃÃes estressantes com a mobilizaÃÃo de reservas cotiledonares em plÃntulas de copaÃba (Copaifera langsdorffii Desf.). Os tratamentos de superaÃÃo de dormÃncia constituÃram-se de imersÃes em Ãgua/24, 48 e 72 h; Ãgua quente, 50, 75 ÂC e fervente/10, 15 e 20 min, em H2SO4 (98,08)/15, 30 e 60 min e controle. Para as condiÃÃes estressantes, as sementes foram imersas em 100 mL de soluÃÃo de NaCl ou de PEG 6.000 com potenciais de solutos: [0,0 -0,2, -0,4, -0,6, -0,8 e -1,0 MPa]. Avaliaram-se a embebiÃÃo (durante 168 h), percentagem de germinaÃÃo (%G) Ãndice de velocidade de germinaÃÃo (IVG) e tempo mÃdio de germinaÃÃo (TMG). Para a mobilizaÃÃo das reservas, os tratamentos foram os mesmos potencias de solutos com NaCl. A semeadura foi em papel germitest e a germinaÃÃo em cÃmara do tipo BOD a 25 ÂC com fotoperÃodo de 12 horas, com cinco repetiÃÃes de 25 sementes por tratamento. Os estudos dos efeitos do NaCl nas plÃntulas de copaÃba fez-se em trÃs estÃdios de desenvolvimento: ED 1 (raiz com 5Â2 cm); ED 2 (emissÃo dos protÃfilos) e ED 3 (protÃfilos expandidos), Quinze plÃntulas por repetiÃÃo foram separadas em cotilÃdones e eixos embrionÃrios. Quantificaram-se a massa seca dos cotilÃdones e dos eixos embrionÃrios, os teores de lipÃdios, proteÃnas, amido, aÃÃcares solÃveis, aminoÃcidos e Ãons Na+, K+ e Cl-. Avaliaram-se as atividades das enzimas: lipase, liase do isocitrato, sintase do malato, &#945; e &#946;-amilases e fosforilase do amido nos cotilÃdones de plÃntulas cultivadas em Ãgua destilada e em soluÃÃes de NaCl com potenciais de solutos de 0,0, -0,4 e -0,8 MPa. A imersÃo das sementes de copaÃba em Ãcido sulfÃrico concentrado/60min à eficiente para embebiÃÃo e superaÃÃo da dormÃncia. O PEG 6.000 e o NaCl atrasam a embebiÃÃo. Nas condiÃÃes estressantes, o NaCl -1,0 MPa nÃo influencia no %G, mas, aumenta oIVG e reduz o TMG a partir do potencial de soluto de -0,6, MPa. O PEG reduz o %G a partir de -0,8 MPa com maior efeito no IVG e TMG, do que NaCl. Sementes de copaÃba possuem 42% de lipÃdios, principal reserva. O potencial de soluto de -0,8 MPa inibe a mobilizaÃÃo de reservas e aumenta os teores de Ãons Na+ e Cl- nos cotilÃdones e eixos embrionÃrios de sementes de copaÃba. A inibiÃÃo da mobilizaÃÃo das reservas causada pelo sal aumenta os teores de aÃÃcares solÃveis nos cotilÃdones e inibe o crescimento das plÃntulas. As sementes de copaÃba apresentam forte resistÃncia à entrada de Ãgua, a qual pode ser anulada com imersÃo em Ãcido sulfÃrico concentrado por 60 min. Para o %G, as sementes testadas sÃo tolerantes ao NaCl em -1,0 MPa e intolerantes ao PEG em potenciais de solutos equivalentes. A germinaÃÃo à menos sensÃvel ao NaCl do que a fase de plÃntula. O NaCl em potenciais de solutos abaixo de -0,4 MPa reduzem o crescimento e desenvolvimento inicial de plÃntulas de copaÃba. As atividades das enzimas do metabolismo dos lipÃdios e do amido sÃo inibidas com o aumento da salinidade. / The objective of this research was to evaluate different techniques for breaking dormancy, the germination under saline conditions and drought, the development of seedlings subjected to different potentials of solutes and NaCl stress conditions relate to the cotyledonary reserve mobilization in seedlings Copaifera langsdorffii. The treatments of over come consisted of immersion in water/24, 48 and 72 h, hot water, 50, 75 C and boiling water/10â, 15â and 20â and H2SO4 (98,08%)/15, 30â and 60â min and control. For stress conditions, the seeds were immersed in 100 ml of NaCl or PEG 6000 with a potential of the solute, [0,0 (control), -0,2, -0,4, -0,6, -0,8 and -1,0 MPa]. The water absorption, was evaluated (168 h) germination percentage (G%), germination speed index (GSI) and mean germination time (MGT). For the mobilization of the reserves were used as the same solute potential with NaCl above. Sowing was on paper germitest and germination in a germination chamber of the BOD at 25 ÂC and photoperiod of 12 h, consisting of five replicates of 25 seeds per treatment. Studies of the effects of NaCl was done in three stages of developing an ED (radicle with 5  2 cm) ED 2 (issuing protophilus) and ED 3 (protophilus expanded), taking as reference quiescent seeds (DE 0). 15 seedlings per replicate were separated into cotyledons and axis. Quantified the dry mass of cotyledons and axis, the levels of lipids, proteins, starch, soluble sugars, amino acids and Na+, K+ and Cl-. We evaluated the activities of enzymes: lipase, the isocitrate lyase, malate synthase, &#945; and &#946;-amylases and starch phosphorylase in the cotyledons of seedlings grown in distilled water and in NaCl solutions with solute potential of -0,4 and -0,8 MPa. The water absorption by seeds copaiba was higher and faster in the treatments with boiling water and sulfuric acid. The PEG 6000 and NaCl delayed the time of soaking, Overall, the immersion in H2SO4 performed best in breaking dormancy. In stressful conditions, NaCl had no influence on %G, however, reduced the (IVG) and increased the TMG, the solute potential of -0,6, -0,8 and -1,0 MPa. PEG reduced the %G in solute potential of -0,8 and -1,0 MPa and had a greater effect on IVG and TMG, compared with NaCl. The seeds were quiescent lipids as the main reserve. The increase in salinity inhibited the mobilization of reserves in the cotyledons of the seeds, especially in the solute potential of -0,8 and -1,0 MPa and increasing the concentrations of Na+ and Cl- in the embryonic axis and cotyledons. Inhibition of the mobilization of reserves caused by salt provided an increase in soluble sugars in the cotyledons, this effect inhibited the growth and seedling development. The activities of enzymes in the metabolism of lipids and of starch phosphorylase were significantly inhibited with increasing salinity, with more effectively inhibited the enzymes of lipid metabolism. The seeds have a strong resist entry of water, the immersion of the seed in concentrated sulfuric acid for 60â is effective to remove the barrier. For %G, the copaiba seeds under conditions that were tested are NaCl-tolerant and intolerant to PEG. The germination is less sensitive than the NaCl seedling stage. The NaCl in solute potential below -0,4 MPa negatively affects the growth and early development of seedlings of copaiba

O amendoim é uma cultura de grande importância econômica que apresenta facilidade na sua condução e é cultivada em diversas regiões do Brasil como também no exterior. Portanto, objetivou-se com a presente pesquisa verificar a influência de ambientes protegido de cultivo e aplicações, via fertirrigação, de íons cálcio e potássio, sobre a cultura do amendoim, em dois ciclos distintos. O experimento foi instalado no posto agrometeorológico da ESALQ/USP, do Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, e dividido em dois ciclos vegetativos, onde foram utilizados doze lisímetros, preenchidos com solo Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo. Foram considerados sobre os lisímetros três ambientes: a céu aberto e utilizando filmes plásticos (75 e 150 micrometros de espessura). Cada ambiente foi constituído por 4 lisímetros. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas separadamente, a saber: ambientes protegidos diferenciados pela espessura do filme plástico; ambiente a céu aberto. Para o manejo da irrigação a fertirrigação foi determinada em função do período das aplicações e do turno de rega. As variáveis climáticas foram coletadas por data logger (Hobbo) (temperatura do ar, umidade relativa do ar, temperatura do ponto de orvalho, densidade de fluxo radiante) e precipitação pluvial. Foram avaliados os parâmetros altura da planta e diâmetro do caule. Os parâmetros de pós-colheita avaliados foram produção, produtividade, número de vagens e umidade do grão. Foram determinadas as concentrações dos íons Ca++ e K+ e o potencial hidrogeniônico (pH). Pôde-se concluir que o íon potássio apresentou, no ciclo mais seco, uma baixa mobilidade no solo para os três ambientes estudados e o íon cálcio também apresentou baixa mobilidade no solo para os três ambientes, porém, para os dois ciclos da cultura. Dos três ambientes avaliados, o mais indicado para o cultivo do amendoim foi o instalado a céu aberto, no ciclo mais chuvoso da cultura. Em termos de ambiente protegido, o mais indicado para o cultivo e condução da cultura foi o de 75 µm. Os parâmetros vegetativos altura da planta e diâmetro de caule obtiveram resultados expressivos somente no primeiro ciclo da cultura nos três ambientes avaliados. Entre os ambientes protegidos, no qual foi instalado o filme plástico de 75 µm, para obtenção de uma boa produtividade no primeiro ciclo da cultura, deve ser aplicada uma faixa média de temperatura de ponto de orvalho de 20,1 0C; no ambiente a céu aberto, a faixa média de temperatura de ponto de orvalho deve estar em torno de 20,79 0C para obtenção de uma boa produtividade no ciclo mais chuvoso, ao passo que uma temperatura média de 6,22 0C no ciclo mais seco torna-se um fator limitante a não realização do plantio. A melhor época para o cultivo e condução do amendoim, seja num ambiente a céu aberto como num ambiente protegido, é a denominada amendoim das águas, compreendida geralmente entre setembro ou outubro até fevereiro do próximo ano. A concentração para uma aplicação ideal dos nutrientes estudados foi a de 100% da demanda requerida pela cultura, no período normal de cultivo do amendoim (ciclo chuvoso), considerando o fator pós-colheita. / The peanut is a crop of great economic importance that is easy to grow and is cultivated in several areas of Brazil and the world. The aim was to verify the influence of different environments and applications of calcium and potassium ions by fertigation on the peanut crop. The research was carried out at ESALQ/USP, of Biosystems Engineering Department. This was divided in two vegetative cycles, in which twelve lysimeters were used and filled with an Arenic Abruptic Paleudult soil. The treatments considered for the lysimeters was three solar environments of open sky and using two thicknesses of plastic films (75 and 150 micrometers of thickness). Each environment was replicated by 4 lysimeters. Irrigation management for the fertigation was determined as a function of the period of applications and the interval of irrigation. Climatic variables were collected by data logger (Hobo) (air temperature, air humidity, dew point temperature, density of radiant flow and precipitation. Crop height and stem diameter were evaluated as growth parameters. The parameters after harvest were total yield, number of nuts, and kernel moisture. Calcium and Potassium concentrations were also obtained as well as hydrogenionic potential. It was determine that the potassium ion presented in driest cycle with low mobility in soil for the three studied environments and the calcium ion also had low mobility in soil for the three environments for both cycles of the crop. Of the three evaluated environments, the best for tillage of peanut was that installed to open sky in the rainiest cycle of the crop. When considering the two protected environments, the best for tillage and growth of the crop was that of 75 µm. The vegetative parameters, plant height and stem diameter, only obtained expressive results in first cycle of the crop in the three evaluated environments. For protected environments, in which plastic film of 75 µm was installed, a good yield in first cycle of the crop required a medium value of dew point temperature of 20.1 oC, in the environment to open sky, the medium value of dew point temperature should be around 20.79 oC for obtaining of a good yield in the rainiest cycle. A medium temperature of 6.22 oC in the driest cycle becomes a limiting factor to the non development of the crop. The best time for tillage and growth of peanut in an environment to open sky and in a protected environment, is denominated \"waters peanut\", generally occurred between September or October through February of the following year. An ideal application of nutrients was 100% of the demand required by the crop, in normal period of peanuts tillage (raining cycle) considering factor after harvest.