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Environmental Change and the Physical Growth Status of Somali Children Born in the United StatesTyree, Daniel J. 13 September 2010 (has links)
No description available.
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Armed violence and poverty in Somalia: a case study for the Armed Violence and Poverty InitiativeCliffe, L. January 2005 (has links)
Yes / This report on Somalia is one of 13 case studies. This research draws upon secondary data sources including existing research studies, reports and evaluations commissioned by operational agencies, and early warning and survey data where this has been available. These secondary sources have been complemented by interviews with government officers, aid policymakers and practitioners, researchers and members of the local population. This work was carried out in Nairobi in February and September 2004. The author would like to thank the many Somali, international NGOs, UN and donor bodies based there. The report has also benefited greatly from inputs from Dr June Rock. The author would also like to thank Mark Bradbury and Reg Green for comments on an earlier draft; however, they are not responsible for any shortcomings in this final version. The analysis and opinions expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views or policy of DFID or the UK government.
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Evaluación de la operaciones de paz. Caso SomaliaEspinosa Scholtbach, Claudia Andrea January 2015 (has links)
Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales)
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Changing urban policy from below: the case study of Somali migrants in JohannesburgAbdool, Sithalima January 2017 (has links)
A dissertation presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Master of Arts degree at the African Centre for Migration and Society, Faculty of Humanities at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, February 2017 / In Johannesburg, the Somali migrant community has set up businesses in Mayfair. Mayfair is a suburb situated on the western side of Johannesburg’s original central business district, and has gradually witnessed a process of urban change and transformation outside the regulations of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan. Based on the regulations of the area, 8th Avenue is zoned for residential use. However, at the moment, the area has witnessed radical changes, which have seen people engage in many unplanned activities. Such developments have not gone unnoticed by the City of Johannesburg’s Urban Planning officials, who argue that the area is zoned for residential purposes and laws have to be adhered to before the space is altered from residential to business use. However, the Somali business migrants in the area continue change the residential component of the area, despite the laws against such construction. The research report looks at how Somalis in Mayfair continue to change the 8th Avenue area, despite the City of Johannesburg’s restrictions around the use of space as business. Engaging in this concept of human-non-human interaction, derived from Actor Network Theory (ANT), the research explains how materials and artefacts of the city, in this case, land use regulatory tools, assist in regulating social and spatial conduct, and human activities. In what then follows, the research traces how Somali migrants of Mayfair interact with the City of Johannesburg’s urban management and planning practices through the movement of written materials that challenge urban management and usage. The research also illustrates, using de Certau’s theory on strategies and tactics, how bureaucratic actions (through written documents) divide the city residents as well as city planners to create certain alliances, as well as tactics in the development of Mayfair. The research finally shows, using Lefebvre’s theory of the right to the city, how Somalis migrants take possession of space and use the concept of the right to the city, as urban inhabitants, instead of relying on their right as refugees or asylum seekers.
Keywords: Migration, Somalis, Mayfair, City of Johannesburg, Urban space, appropriation, negotiation, written documents / GR2018
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Some aspects of the social structure of a nomadic Muslim people : the Somali lineage system : an introduction to Somali political institutionsLewis, I. M. January 1957 (has links)
No description available.
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Die Rolle der Afrikanischen Union in den Regionalkonflikten von Somalia und Sudan / The role of the african union in the regional conflicts of somalia and sudanWernert, Yann January 2011 (has links)
In der vorliegenden Arbeit analysiert Yann Wernert die Rolle der Afrikanischen Union im Rahmen von Regionalkonflikten in Afrika. Dabei wird insbesondere Wert auf die konkrete Vorgehensweise der Afrikanischen Union in den jeweiligen Konflikten gelegt. Untersucht wird der Bürgerkrieg in Somalia sowie die Versuche seitens der internationalen Gemeinschaft, eine stabile politische Ordnung wieder aufzubauen. Ebenfalls analysiert wird der Darfur-Konflikt im Sudan und die Möglichkeiten, den regelmäßig stattfindenden Massakern Einhalt zu gebieten. Der Untersuchungszeitraum erstreckt sich von 2003 bis 2007. / The following work analyses the role of the African Union in regional conflicts in Africa. A focus has been laid on the concrete handling of each conflict by the African Union. Objects of analysis are the civil war in Somalia and the subsequent efforts to restore a stable political order in the country, as well as the Darfur conflict in Sudan. The years 2003 to 2007 have been examined.
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Conflict resolution in Somalia : learning from failed mediation processesMakhubela, Lucas Mahlasela 23 September 2010 (has links)
This study of the Somali conflict resolution process is based on the available body of knowledge about the nature of the conflict and diplomatic initiatives aimed at finding a peaceful resolution to the conflict. It provides a brief analysis of the nature and scope of the conflict with a particular focus on key features of the conflict and on the actors and issues driving the conflict since the fall of General Mohammed Siad Barre’s military regime in 1991 and the subsequent collapse of the Somali state. The study concludes that although the nature of the conflict is acute and exceedingly complex, it is not impossible to resolve. In this regard a number of recommendations are provided in the concluding chapter. The paradox of the Somali conflict resolution processes is the consistent focus on state-building approach by mediation processes despite the failure rate of such an approach. The study argues that the mediation processes should focus on a peace-making approach to the Somali conflict resolution process. State-building should only be considered an integral part of peace-building once the resolution phase has been accomplished. This means that the international community should adopt a long-term approach when mediating the intractable Somali conflict and that such an approach should comply with the basic principles of mediation, chief amongst which is the requirement of utiliting a neutral mediator. AFRIKAANS : Hierdie studie van die Somali konflikresolusieproses is gebasseer op die beskikbare korpus van literatuur oor die aard van die konflik en die diplomatieke inisiatiewe gefokus op die soeke na ‘n vreedsame oplossing daarvan. Dit verskaf ‘n ontleding van die aard en omvang van die konflik met spesifieke aandag aan die kerneienskappe van die konflik en die akteurs en vraagstukke onderliggend aan die konflik sedert die val van Generaal Mohammed Siad Barre se militêre regime in 1991 en die daaropvolgende ineenstorting van die Somali-staat. Die studie kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat alhoewel die aard van die konflik akuut en uiters kompleks is, dit nie onmoontlik is om ‘n oplossing te vind nie. In hierdie verband word ‘n aantal voorstelle in die slothoofstuk gemaak. Die paradoks van die Somali konflikresoulusieproses is die deurlopende fokus op ‘n staat-bou proses in bemiddelingsprosesse ten spyte van die bewese mislukking van so ‘n benadering. Die studie argumenteer dat die bemiddelingsproses op die bou van vrede behoort te konsentreer. Staat-bou behoort slegs as integrale deel van die bou van vrede beskou te word in die stadium wat die konflikresolusieproses afgehandel is. Dit beteken dat die internasionale gemeenskap ‘n langtermyn benadering moet volg in bemiddeling van die konflik en dat so ‘n bendering moet voldoen aan die basiese vereistes van bemiddeling waarvan die belangrikste die vereiste van ‘n neutrale bemiddelaar is. / Dissertation (MDiplomatic Studies)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Political Sciences / unrestricted
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Assessing the legality of the use of force by Ethiopia and Kenya in SomaliaDjibril, Ismail Cher January 2012 (has links)
No abstract available. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / gm2014 / Centre for Human Rights / unrestricted
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Criminal tides : a comparative study of contemporary piracy in Somalia and Southeast AsiaReyskens, Marina Elise Simone 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Maritime piracy is not a new phenomenon. However, the nature, severity and impacts of
contemporary piracy have evolved to become a highly-organised, professional and international
scourge. This comparative and explanatory study set out to explore questions regarding the how and
why of maritime piracy trends in Somali and Southeast Asian waters. This study sought to (a)
conceptualise an appropriate definition of maritime piracy; (b) determine the causes and
motivations for piracy in these regions; (c) offer insights as to the most effective ways of combating
piracy; (d) investigate the various impacts and effects of piracy; and (e) discussing the significance
of international responses to this phenomenon. In pursuing the above-mentioned goals this study
offered a comparison of correlating trends and differences between these two regions.
This study attributed the underlying motivations to two chief factors: namely, state failure and
instability, as well as socio-economic factors. These two factors, along with several additional
contributing factors, effectively established piracy’s main causes. The general findings of this study
concluded that contemporary piracy cannot be understood without a thorough understanding of a
combination of various factors. It was also argued that although the alleged link between piracy and
terrorism remains speculative, piracy could have the ability to facilitate international terrorism.
The nature of contemporary piracy in Somalia and Southeast Asia was examined, as well as a
discussion of the most significant pirate attacks in these regions. This study established that the
nature of Somali and Southeast Asian piracy display various similarities, as well as differences.
Together with explanations accounting for decreases and increases in pirate attacks, it emerged that
an increase in violence and sophistication of piracy is apparent.
By highlighting how contemporary piracy has become both a regional and international security
threat, this study brought forward arguments that showed how piracy negatively affects regional
stability, as well as exacerbating poverty. Furthermore, this study found that the impacts of piracy
are far-reaching and therefore require international and regional collaborative responses. Regarding
solutions to piracy, emphasis was placed on including domestic, regional and international
approaches. Moreover, this study argued that overlooking the internal problems on-land only serve
to worsen the piracy situation in Somalia and Southeast Asia. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Seerowery is nie ‘n nuwe fenomeen nie. Die aard, erns en impak van hedendaagse seerowery het
wel in ’n hoogs-georganiseerde, professionele en internasionale plaag ontwikkel. Hierdie
vergelykende en beskrywende studie poog om die vrae rondom hoe en hoekom seerowery in die
Somaliese en Suidoos-Asiese waters plaasvind. Die doel van hierdie studie was, om: (a) seerowery
te konseptualiseer, (b) die oorsake en motivering(s) vir seerowery in spesifieke streke te bestudeer;
en (c) die internasionale reaksie tot hierdie verskynsel te bespreek. Met die doel om die
bogenoemde vrae te beantwoord verskaf hierdie studie ’n vergelyking van ooreenkomstige tendense
en verskille tussen die twee gebiede.
Hierdie studie skryf die onderliggende motiverings toe aan twee hoof faktore: naamlik,
staatsmislukking en –onstabiliteit, en tweedens sosio-ekonomiese faktore. Daar is ook ’n paar
aanvullende bydraende faktore wat kortliks bespreek word. Hierdie studie bevind dat hedendaagse
seerowery nie volledig verstaan kan word sonder ’n begrip van verskeie faktore, wat in hierdie
studie beskryf word, nie. Hierdie studie bevind ook dat alhoewel die beweerde verband tussen
seerowery en terrorisme onseker is, dat seerowery wel die potensiaal besit om internasionale
terrorisme te fasiliteer.
Die aard van hedendaagse seerowery in Somalië en Suidoos-Asië is ondersoek, tesame met ’n
bespreking van die mees beduidende seerower aanvalle in die gebiede. Hierdie studie wys dat die
aard van Somaliese en Suidoos-Asiese seerowery vele ooreenkomste sowel as verskille bevat.
Tesame met verduidelikings oor die afname en toename in seerower aanvalle verskaf hierdie studie
ook ’n beskrywing van die toename in die gesofistikeerdheid van die hedendaagse seerowers. Die
studie het ook klem op die feit gelê dat hedendaagse seerowery beide ’n streeks- asook ’n
internasionale sekuriteits gevaar is. Dus het seerowery ’n breë en vêrreikende impak, en vereis
internasionale en streeklikse samewerking om teenkamping te loods. Daar word ook bevind dat ’n
versuiming om na interne probleme in Somalië en Suidoos-Asië kan dien as ’n versterking tot die
seerowery verskynsel.
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The pirates of Somalia : maritime bandits or warlords of the high seasCronjé, Dian 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of
Philosophy (Political Management) at Stellenbosch University / Thesis (MPhil (Political Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Inflicting a financial loss of over $US16 billion to international shipping, the occurrence of
maritime piracy in areas such as the Strait of Malacca and the west coast of Africa, has
significantly affected the long-term stability of global maritime trade. Since the collapse of
the Somali state in the early 1990’s, international watch groups have expressed their concern
as to the rise of piracy off the Somali coast and the waterways of the Gulf of Aden. However,
2008 marked an unprecedented increase in pirate attacks in Somali waters. These attacks did
not only increase in number but also became more sophisticated. As more than 85% of world
trade relies on maritime transport, the world was forced to take notice of the magnitude of
Somali piracy. Considering the relative novel nature of Somali piracy, this field presents a
vast potential for further and in-depth academic inquiry.
This descriptive and explanatory study set out to explore the evasive nature of the what and
why (and who) of Somali piracy and relied on inductive reasoning in order (a) to explore and
define the contributing causes to the Somali conflict; (b) to indicate how the conflict and the
resulting consequences in particularly the Puntland region contributed to the rise of maritime
piracy; (c) to determine whether the pirate groups are fishermen protecting their resources by
acting like vigilantes and self-defence units, or if they were bandits, warlords, Islamists or a
combination of aforementioned; and to (d) establish the role which resource scarcity and state
collapse played in rendering Somalia vulnerable to maritime piracy. In pursuing the above
mentioned goals, this study relied on an analysis of authoritative and contemporary sources.
Media reporting was used for updating the fast moving information.
This study attributed the Somali conflict to historic and ethnic clan rivalries and the legacy of
colonial rule that led to the arbitrary partitioning of Somalia by colonial superpowers. Military
rule, oppression, wars with neighbours (Ethiopia), superpower intervention, famine and the
rise of warlords made for state failure in Somalia. In Puntland, such factors were further
aggravated by severe environmental hardship and natural disasters. Food became one of the
scarcest resources in Somalia. People migrated to cities and to the coast where foreign fishing
vessels also exploited the absence of coast guards in plundering fish. Some Somali fishermen reacted and in retrieving fish, apprehended ships, resulting in armed robbery at sea. But many
went further, hijacking merchant vessels, and demanding huge ransoms.
Initially prompted by grievance towards the exploitation of the Somali coastal resources, the
vast financial rewards of piracy rapidly transformed this impetus to personal gain and greed.
In doing so, these groups assumed characteristic similar to criminal bandits and warlords. Or
were they Islamists fundraising for al-Qaeda? But unlike warlords, pirates normally never kill.
The links with either Islamists or terrorism have also not been established either. The alleged link with criminal networks is much more plausible. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Maritieme seerowery in areas soos die Straat van Malacca en aan die weskus van Afrika, het
tot op datum, na raming, finansiële verliese van meer as $US16 biljoen aan internasionale
skeepshandel berokken en het ‘n beduidende negatiewe effek op die langtermyn stabiliteit van
globale maritieme handel. Sedert die verval van die Somaliese staat in 1991, het
internasionale waarnemingsgroepe hul besorgdheid uitgespreek oor die toename van
seerowery aan die Somaliese kus en die aangrensende Golf van Aden. Vanaf 2008 was daar
egter ‘n ongekende toename in seerower aanvalle in Somaliese kuswaters. Nie alleen was daar
‘n toename in die aantal insidente nie, maar die aanvalle is gekenmerk deur meer
gesofistikeerde metodes. Aangesien meer as 85% van wêreldhandel afhanklik is van
seevervoer, was die wêreld genoodsaak om kennis te neem van die omvang van die
verskynsel. Gegewe die feit dat Somaliese seerowery ‘n relatiewe onlangse verwikkeling is,
bied hierdie veld groot potensiaal vir verdere en diepgaande studie.
Die beskrywende en verduidelikende studie het ten doel om die ontwykende vraagstuk oor
die wat, hoekom en wie van Somaliese seerowery te verken en by wyse van induktiewe
beredenering die volgende vas te stel: (a) om die bydraende oorsake tot die Somaliese konflik
te ondersoek en te definieer, (b) om aan te dui hoe die konflik en die gevolge daarvan,
spesifiek in die Puntland streek, bygedra het tot die ontstaan van plaaslike seerowery (c) om
vas te stel of die seerower-groepe vissers is wat hul bronne beskerm deur vigilante of
selfverdedigings-eenhede te stig en of hulle oorlogsbaronne, radikale Islamiste of ‘n
kombinasie van voorafgenoemde is, en (d) om die rol te beskryf wat hulpbron-skaarste en
staatkundige verval gespeel het om die risiko van seerowery in Somalie te verhoog.
In navolging van voorafgenoemde doelwitte het die ondersoek staatgemaak op ‘n deeglike
ontleding van gesaghebbende en kontemporêre bronne. Hierdie teoretiese grondslag is verder
aangevul deur media-verslaggewing oor die onderwerp.
Die studie het bevind dat die Somaliese konflik toegeskryf kan word aan historiese en
klanverskille en die nalatenskap van koloniale heerskappy wat mettertyd gelei het tot die
arbitrere verdeling van Somalië deur koloniale moondhede, militêre onderdrukking, geskille
met buurstate (Ethiopië), inmenging van supermoonthede, hongersnood en die opkoms van oorlogsbaronne. Hierdie faktore het bygedra tot die staatkundige verval van Somalië. In
Puntland in besonder, is hierdie bydraende faktore vererger deur omgewingsontbering en
natuurlike rampe. Gevolglik het voedsel een van die skaarste hulpbronne geword in Somalië.
Hierdie omstandighede het die bevolking na die kus gedryf, waar buitelandse visserbote
onwettig die mariene-bronne geplunder het. In reaksie hierop het die bevolking self die wapen
opgeneem om sulke skepe te konfronteer wat gelei het tot gewapende roof ter see. Sekere
vissermanne het egter verder oortree en bote gekaap en aangehou in ruil vir omkoopgeld. Dit
was egter lank nie meer gekaapte vissersbote nie, maar handelsskepe met ander duursame
vragte.
Terwyl hul optrede aanvanklik gemotiveer is deur ontevredenheid met die onwettige
ontginning van mariene bronne, het die aansienlike finansiele voordele van seerowery hierdie
dryfveer mettertyd gewysig tot een van persoonlike gewin en hebsug. In hierdie proses het die
groeperinge eienskappe ontwikkel soortgelyk aan kriminele rowers en oorlogsbaronne van die
oopsee en radikale Islamiste. Anders as oorlogsbaronne het hierdie groepe egter nie die lewe
van hul slagoffers geneem nie. Die verband tussen hierdie seerowergroepe en radikale
Islamiste of terroriste groepe kan ook nie verseker vasgestel word nie. Daar is dus ‘n meer geloofwaardige verband tussen sulke groepe en georganiseerde kriminele netwerke.
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