No description available.

No description available.

The main goal of this thesis is to investigate the nature of an optional consonant deletion process, through an articulatory and acoustic study of word-final consonant clusters in Persian. Persian word-final coronal stops are optionally deleted when they are preceded by obstruents or the homorganic nasal /n/. For example, the final clusters in the words /næft/ “oil”, /suχt/ “burnt” and /qæsd/ “intention” are optionally simplified in fast/casual speech, resulting in: [næf], [suχ], and [qæs]. What is not clear from this traditional description is whether the coronal stop is truly deleted, or if a coronal gesture is produced, but not heard, because it is obscured by the adjacent consonants. According to Articulatory Phonology (Browman & Goldstein 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990a, 1990b, 1992, 2001), the articulatory gestures of the deleted segments can still exist even if the segments are not heard. In this dissertation, ultrasound imaging was used to determine whether coronal consonant deletion in Persian is categorical or gradient, and the acoustic consequences of cluster simplification were investigated through duration and spectral measures. This phonetic study enables an account for the optional nature of the cluster simplification process. A general phonological account is provided for the simplification of coda clusters with rising sonority, and the acoustic and articulatory investigation focuses on the simplification of clusters with coronal stops. Ten Persian-speaking graduate students from the University of Ottawa and Carleton University, five male and five female, aged 25-38 participated in the articulatory and acoustic study. Audio and real time ultrasound video recordings were made while subjects had a guided conversation with a native speaker of Persian. 662 tokens of word-final coronal clusters were auditorily classified into unsimplified and simplified according to whether they contained an audible [t]. Singleton coda consonants and singleton /t/s were also captured as controls. The end of the constriction plateau of C1 and beginning of constriction plateau of C3 were used to define a time interval in which to measure the coronal gesture as the vertical distance between the tongue blade and the palate. Smoothing Splines ANOVA was used in a novel way to compare tongue blade height over time across the three conditions. The articulatory results of this study showed that the gestures of the deleted segments are often still present. More specifically, the findings showed that of the clusters that sounded simplified, some truly had no [t] gesture, some had gestural overlap, and some had reduced gestures. In order to explain the optional nature of the simplification process, it is argued that the simplified tokens are the result of two independent mechanisms. Inevitable mechanical and physiological effects generate gesturally reduced and overlapped tokens whereas planned language-specific behaviors driven by phonological rules or abstract cognitive representations result in no [t]-gesture output. The findings of this study support the main arguments presented in Articulatory Phonology regarding the underlying reasons for sound patterns and sound change. The results of this study are further used to examine different sound change models. It is argued that the simplified tokens with totally deleted [t] gesture could be the result of speakers changing their representations based on other people’s gestural overlap. This would be instances of the Choice and Chance categories in Blevins’ (2004) CCC sound change model. The acoustic results did not find any major cues which could distinguish simplified tokens from controls. It is argued that articulatory data should form an integral part of phonetic studies.

The main goal of this thesis is to investigate the nature of an optional consonant deletion process, through an articulatory and acoustic study of word-final consonant clusters in Persian. Persian word-final coronal stops are optionally deleted when they are preceded by obstruents or the homorganic nasal /n/. For example, the final clusters in the words /næft/ “oil”, /suχt/ “burnt” and /qæsd/ “intention” are optionally simplified in fast/casual speech, resulting in: [næf], [suχ], and [qæs]. What is not clear from this traditional description is whether the coronal stop is truly deleted, or if a coronal gesture is produced, but not heard, because it is obscured by the adjacent consonants. According to Articulatory Phonology (Browman & Goldstein 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990a, 1990b, 1992, 2001), the articulatory gestures of the deleted segments can still exist even if the segments are not heard. In this dissertation, ultrasound imaging was used to determine whether coronal consonant deletion in Persian is categorical or gradient, and the acoustic consequences of cluster simplification were investigated through duration and spectral measures. This phonetic study enables an account for the optional nature of the cluster simplification process. A general phonological account is provided for the simplification of coda clusters with rising sonority, and the acoustic and articulatory investigation focuses on the simplification of clusters with coronal stops. Ten Persian-speaking graduate students from the University of Ottawa and Carleton University, five male and five female, aged 25-38 participated in the articulatory and acoustic study. Audio and real time ultrasound video recordings were made while subjects had a guided conversation with a native speaker of Persian. 662 tokens of word-final coronal clusters were auditorily classified into unsimplified and simplified according to whether they contained an audible [t]. Singleton coda consonants and singleton /t/s were also captured as controls. The end of the constriction plateau of C1 and beginning of constriction plateau of C3 were used to define a time interval in which to measure the coronal gesture as the vertical distance between the tongue blade and the palate. Smoothing Splines ANOVA was used in a novel way to compare tongue blade height over time across the three conditions. The articulatory results of this study showed that the gestures of the deleted segments are often still present. More specifically, the findings showed that of the clusters that sounded simplified, some truly had no [t] gesture, some had gestural overlap, and some had reduced gestures. In order to explain the optional nature of the simplification process, it is argued that the simplified tokens are the result of two independent mechanisms. Inevitable mechanical and physiological effects generate gesturally reduced and overlapped tokens whereas planned language-specific behaviors driven by phonological rules or abstract cognitive representations result in no [t]-gesture output. The findings of this study support the main arguments presented in Articulatory Phonology regarding the underlying reasons for sound patterns and sound change. The results of this study are further used to examine different sound change models. It is argued that the simplified tokens with totally deleted [t] gesture could be the result of speakers changing their representations based on other people’s gestural overlap. This would be instances of the Choice and Chance categories in Blevins’ (2004) CCC sound change model. The acoustic results did not find any major cues which could distinguish simplified tokens from controls. It is argued that articulatory data should form an integral part of phonetic studies.

No description available.

This thesis analyses sound changes that affected the lateral approximant inherited from Latin in Occitan dialects, in the Romance languages, and in a number of other languages from around the world. Chapter 1 gives a comprehensive overview of the research carried out on the lateral approximant; it discusses articulation and acoustics as well as abstract representations of the sound. Chapters 2 to 5 are devoted to specific sound changes which occurred in Occitan dialects at different points in time. These developments are systematically compared to similar phenomena in Romance and other languages. In chapter 2, I discuss the vocalisation of the dark lateral in preconsonantal and word-final position as well as intervocalically. It is argued there that Occitan and more generally Romance followed an unexpected pathway towards vocalisation, which cannot be explained by phonetic factors alone. Chapter 3 deals with palatalisation of the lateral in onsetclusters. Rather than in articulatory assimilation, I propose that the origin of this sound change is to be sought in the frication which accompanied the obstruent + lateral onset clusters. Rhoticisation of the lateral, and its opposite, lambdacisation of the rhotic, is the topic of chapter 4. In this chapter, I discuss duration factors in these sound changes and present experimental evidence to substantiate the idea that duration plays an important role. Finally, chapter 5 looks at thedevelopments of the Latin geminate lateral in Gascon and other Romance dialects; according to common opinion, the Latin geminate lateral underwent a retroflexion process, and I discuss how this might have been possible from a phonetic point of view.

This dissertation argues that the affrication of /t/ and /d/ before /ɹ/ is an active sound change in progress that has been phonologized. Despite numerous references to it in the literature, no experimental work has been undertaken to investigate the phenomenon. This dissertation aims to fill that gap. Conducted over three separate studies, the research presented in subsequent chapters explores three specific questions: Q1: Apparent Time Study – Is the phenomenon of /tɹ/ and /dɹ/ affrication in English a sound change in progress? Q2: Production Study – Are English /t/ and /d/ in /tɹ/ and /dɹ/ clusters articulated like prevocalic [t] and [d], like prevocalic [tʃ] and [dʒ], like neither, or like both? Q3: Perception Study – Do English speakers categorize affricated variants of /t/ found in /tɹ/ clusters as T or CH? Chapter 2 presents results from an Apparent Time Study, which examines sociolinguistic interview data from a corpus of Raleigh, North Carolina English speakers of different ages, all born in the 20th century. The Raleigh corpus is considered to be a suitable choice for conducting this investigation for several reasons. First, it is expected that the phonetic motivation for /tɹ/ and /dɹ/ affrication will be present in any English-speaking community. Second, Raleigh experienced an influx of technology workers to the area from Northern regions of the United States in the middle of the 20th century, following the development of Research Triangle Park (RTP), making it plausible that the resulting dialect contact may have led to the introduction of novel affricated variants to the region. Third, /tɹ/ affrication has been implicated in s-retraction (in /stɹ/ clusters), which is a sound change in progress that has been reported in Raleigh English. The Apparent Time Study aims to determine whether /tɹ/ and /dɹ/ affrication, if present, is a sound change in progress and/or whether the emergence of affricated variants may have been the result of dialect contact. Building on these findings, Chapter 3 presents results from a Production Study conducted in Raleigh, North Carolina, which captures audio, ultrasound, and video data in order to investigate how English speakers’ /tɹ/ and /dɹ/ sequences are coarticulated. The Production Study provides an opportunity to find out how affricated variants of /t/ and /d/ before /ɹ/ are articulated. Chapter 4 presents results from a Perception Study, which explores how listeners (from the Production Study) categorize affricated variants of /t/ spliced from before /ɹ/. Chapter 5 compares results from across studies, and Chapter 6 provides a general discussion and conclusion.

xiii, 123 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / The current dissertation investigated clear speech production of Korean stops to examine the proposal that the phonetic targets of phonological categories are more closely approximated in hyperarticulated speech. The investigation also considered a sound change currently underway in Korean stops: younger speakers of the Seoul dialect produce the aspirated and lenis stops differently from older speakers of the same dialect. Hyperarticulated, clear speech provided evidence for difference in the phonetic targets of the stops between the two age groups. Compared with conversational and citation-form speech, younger speakers primarily enhanced the F0 difference between the aspirated and lenis stops in clear speech, with only a small VOT enhancement, whereas older speakers solely enhanced VOT difference between the two stops. These different clear speech enhancement strategies were interpreted to indicate that younger speakers have developed different phonetic targets for stop production than older speakers. The results from a perceptual experiment using re-synthesized stimuli indicated that the production differences between the younger and older speakers are linked to perceptual differences. The perceptual processing of the stops differed between the groups in a manner parallel to the production differences. When identifying aspirated and lenis stops, younger listeners evidenced greater cue weight for F0 than older listeners, whereas older listeners evidenced greater cue weight than younger listeners for VOT and H1-H2. In addition, the results from a perceptual experiment using noise-masked stimuli confirmed an intelligibility improvement effect of clear speech and also indicated that the three speaking styles were on a continuum from the most casual, conversational speech, to the most careful, clear speech, with citation-form speech in the middle. In the final chapter, the different findings of the current study were discussed in view of various theoretical models and hypotheses. This dissertation includes previously published co-authored material. / Committee in charge: Susan Guion, Chairperson, Linguistics; Eric Pederson, Member, Linguistics; Melissa Redford, Member, Linguistics; Kaori Idemaru, Outside Member, East Asian Languages & Literature

Cette thèse se propose d’analyser les changements phonétiques qui ont affecté l’approximante latérale héritée du latin dans les dialectes occitans, dans les langues romanes ainsi que dans un certain nombre d’autres langues du monde. Le premier chapitre donne une vue d’ensemble des recherches phonétiques sur la latérale. Les aspects articulatoires, acoustiques et les questions de représentation abstraite y sont notamment discutés. Les chapitres suivants, 2 à 5, sont consacrés à certains changements phonétiques spécifiques survenus dans les dialectes occitans à des moments divers de leur histoire. Ces évolutions seront comparées de façon systématique à des phénomènes semblables dans les autres langues romanes et non-romanes. Le chapitre 2 traite de la vocalisation de la latérale vélarisée en position réconsonantique et finale de mot aussi bien qu’à l’intervocalique. Je propose dans ce chapitre que l’évolution de la vocalisation de la latérale en occitan et dans les langues romanes en général ne peut être expliquée à partir des seuls faits phonétiques. Dans le chapitre 3, je discute de la palatalisation de la latérale dans un groupe consonantique en attaque syllabique. J’y fais l’hypothèse que l’origine de ce changement phonétique est à rechercher plutôt dans la friction qui accompagne le groupe consonantique du type obstruante + latérale que dans une assimilation de type articulatoire. La rhotacisation de la latérale, et son contraire, la latéralisation d’une rhotique sont traitées dans le chapitre 4. Dans ce chapitre, je discute des facteurs de durée dans ces changements phonétiques et je présente des résultats expérimentaux qui soutiennent l’idée que la durée y joue un rôle important. Finalement, le chapitre 5 regarde de près l’évolution de la latérale géminée latine en gascon et dans d’autres dialectes romans; étant donné qu’il est communément admis que cette évolution est due à un processus de rétroflexion, je discute les chemins possibles de ce changement d’un point de vue phonétique. / This thesis analyses sound changes that affected the lateral approximant inherited from Latin in Occitan dialects, in the Romance languages, and in a number of other languages from around the world. Chapter 1 gives a comprehensive overview of the research carried out on the lateral approximant; it discusses articulation and acoustics as well as abstract representations of the sound. Chapters 2 to 5 are devoted to specific sound changes which occurred in Occitan dialects at different points in time. These developments are systematically compared to similar phenomena in Romance and other languages. In chapter 2, I discuss the vocalisation of the dark lateral in preconsonantal and word-final position as well as intervocalically. It is argued there that Occitan and more generally Romance followed an unexpected pathway towards vocalisation, which cannot be explained by phonetic factors alone. Chapter 3 deals with palatalisation of the lateral in onsetclusters. Rather than in articulatory assimilation, I propose that the origin of this sound change is to be sought in the frication which accompanied the obstruent + lateral onset clusters. Rhoticisation of the lateral, and its opposite, lambdacisation of the rhotic, is the topic of chapter 4. In this chapter, I discuss duration factors in these sound changes and present experimental evidence to substantiate the idea that duration plays an important role. Finally, chapter 5 looks at thedevelopments of the Latin geminate lateral in Gascon and other Romance dialects; according to common opinion, the Latin geminate lateral underwent a retroflexion process, and I discuss how this might have been possible from a phonetic point of view.

This study focuses on how Middle Chinese zhi and zhao initials are reflected in Modern Mandarin and Wu dialects. Also, the topic of sound change is incorporated based on the results from the study.