Genetic variation, structure and dispersal among Cape buffalo populations from the Hluhluwe-Imfolozi and Kruger National Parks of South Africa Barend Jacobus (Ben) Greyling Doctor of Philosophy (Zoology) Department of Zoology and Entomology Supervisor: Prof. Armanda Slager-Bastos Co-supervisor: Dr. Pim van Hooft 2007 The research reported on in this thesis is aimed at quantifying and qualifying, using a molecular genetics approach, some of the factors that influence the population dynamics of Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer caffer) from the Kruger National Park (KNP) and Hluhluwe-imFolozi park (HiP) in South Africa. Prior to large-scale genotyping of animals sampled from these parks, a high-throughput, cost- and time-effective profiling system was developed. The system, based on a panel of 17 microsatellites (Msats), was found to be quite suitable for the intended application, since it uncovered substantial genetic variation, while exclusion probabilities were in excess of 0.999 and a random match probability of 6.5 x 10-17 was obtained. Inter-population level analyses revealed that the two populations were significantly differentiated (Msat data: FST = 0.159; mtDNA data: FST = 0.275), while little or no differentiation could be demonstrated among most herds and subpopulations. It seems that while drift has played a major role in divergence of the two populations, gene flow is the primary driving force behind the maintenance of genetic variation among herds and subpopulations. A striking feature was that HiP exhibited significant lower levels of genetic variation than KNP, which is reflected by the fact that a mere 4 haplotypes could be found in HiP compared to 34 identified in KNP. The absence of geographic partitioning and small genetic distances separating the haplotypes may be attributed to genetic contact between the respective populations in the distant past. The reduced levels of genetic variation in HiP may be the remnants of the rinderpest bottleneck. HiP also displayed signals of a population contraction, while KNP is in equilibrium and seems to have retained substantial levels of genetic variation. HiP also experienced a steady decline in genetic variation from 1986 to 2004, while sex-biased dispersal was less pronounced in HiP than in KNP, possibly due to the lack of mtDNA diversity and the small size of the park. The results presented here provide valuable baseline information for making conservation management decisions from a genetic point of view. / Thesis (PhD (Zoology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Zoology and Entomology / unrestricted

The uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park (UDP) is a World Heritage Site known for its cultural San heritage and its natural beauty, which is advertised as a world tourist attraction. Tourism is a debatable issue with regards to its negative and/or positive impacts on rock art along with commodification aspects. Negatively, visitation of sites increased natural deterioration of the site, the art and challenges for cultural resource management. While increased awareness of rock art conservation is a positive aspect through tourism and developments, contributes optimistically. San heritage is unique, defining our cultural identity and has the power to encourage national unification. The aim of this project is to assess the complexities of tourism developments and its immediate impacts at different rock art sites in the UDP through an analysis of management and conservation methods. The monitoring of these mentioned methods applied is important as it evaluates the effectiveness of past techniques and provides suggestions for other rock art sites. The current conditions at nine study sites in the UDP were investigated under three main criteria; deterioration of the sites and paintings through natural and human impacts, tourism developments and management. Data collection followed principles such as; site mapping, narrative recording, graphic documentation, and is represented in evaluation tables. Results concluded that common management methods were implemented at sites to provide standard conservation practices, but every site had room for improvement. The results have led to the formulation of recommendations that can be applied at other rock art sites and can contribute to future management and conservation protocols. The study highlights the unique demands made on rock art sites by tourism and concludes with final comments and recommendations. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology / MA / Unrestricted

AFRIKAANS : Heelwat artikels in dagblaaie, kerkkoerante en ander publikasies in verband met die NG Kerk skep die indruk dat die NG Kerk ‘n krisistyd beleef. Die krisisse wat aan die orde gestel word, hou onder andere verband met die volgende:<ul> <li>‘n identiteitskrisis omtrent spiritualiteit;</li> <li>onduidelikheid oor etiese kwessies;</li> <li>spanning ten opsigte van die kultuur-politieke rol van die NG Kerk en gepaardgaande konflik oor kerkhereniging; </li> <li>die neo-liberale verbruikerskultuur se uitdagings aan die NG Kerk waarop dit nie noodwendig voorbereid is nie. </li></ul> Dit is egter opmerklik dat die NG Kerk tog ook die nuwe millennium met nuwe visie en ywer benader in ‘n soeke na kontekstuele en religieuse relevansie. Daar is min twyfel dat die resente stand van die NG Kerk kompleks is. Dit kan moontlik toegeskryf word aan ‘n verskeidenheid historiese vormingsagente wat die veelvuldige en uiteenlopende kerklike fenomene ten grondslag lê. Deur die geskiedenis van die NG Kerk binne die groter konteks van die Suid-Afrikaanse geskiedenis te bestudeer, is dit moontlik om die oorsaaklike verbande en die samehang van gebeure en verskynsels te bepaal. Op hierdie wyse kan daar aan die resente situasie en konteks van die NG Kerk betekenis verleen word. Die polities-kulturele situasie in Suid-Afrika het sedert 1990 radikaal verander. Hierdie verandering het ook verskillende reaksies tot gevolg gehad. Vir sommiges is die verandering die langverwagte uitkoms van jare se politieke stryd. Vir ander het dit ‘n belewenis van onsekerheid en wanhoop gebring. Die polities-kulturele situasie is egter nie al wat verander het nie. Die verandering in Suid-Afrika word ook omvat deur veranderende sosiale denke en -gedrag. Hierdie nuwe manier van dink en doen verteenwoordig die postmoderne paradigma. Toenemende sekularisasie is ook waarneembaar. Die NG Kerk staan binne die invloedsfeer van hierdie gebeure. Die nuwe politieke en kulturele situasie het implikasies vir die identiteit van die NG Kerk. Die verandering van wêreldbeskouings bring ook uitdagings wat vormend inwerk op die selfverstaan van die NG Kerk. Die begrip wat die kerk vir die betekenis van hierdie gebeure toon, sal bepaal waartoe die NG Kerk in toekoms verander. / ENGLISH : Many newspapers, church newspapers and other publications report that a crisis is immanent in the Dutch Reformed Church today. The crisis is seen in the incidence of the following: <ul> <li>an identity crisis concerning spirituality; </li> <li>ambiguity about ethical matters;</li> <li>tension over the DR Church’s cultural and political role in South Africa as well as conflict over church unity with the members of the DRC family;</li> <li>the fact that the DR Church is caught offhanded by the challenges of the neo-liberal consumer culture. </li></ul> It must be said that despite this crisis, there are signs of the DR Church seeking contextual and religious relevance in the new millennium. There is little doubt that the recent state of affairs in the DR Church is complicated. The reason can be ascribed to a variety of historical incidents that underlie the numerous and diverse phenomena in the church. Against the background of the South African history, the history of the DR Church should be studied. This way it is possible to identify the causality and cohesion of historical events and phenomena. This process could help to give meaning to the recent situation and context of the DR Church. Since 1990 the political and cultural situation in South Africa has changed radically. People reacted differently to this change. For some it was the long-anticipated outcome of years of political struggle. For others it has brought uncertainty and despair. But this was not the only change since 1990. The change in South Africa is encompassed by a new way of social thinking and behaviour, which represents what is known as the postmodern paradigm. Secularisation of everyday life and institutions is also escalating. The DR Church stands within the sphere of influence of these phenomena. The new political and cultural situation has implications for the identity of the DR Church. The postmodern paradigm brings challenges for the way in which the DR Church understands itself as a church and its mission within the South African context. What the church in future will become, depends on the church’s comprehension of the meaning of these phenomena. / Dissertation (MA(Theology))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Church History and Church Policy / unrestricted

This study entails an examination of the extent of participation by non-governmental organisations (NGO’s) in the legislative process of the KwaZulu-Natal Legislature (KZN legislature). It aims to explore how far these NGO’s have taken advantage of the new South African policy based on transparency, openness and accountability. It is hypothesized that organised groups such as these have been very involved in government decision-making processes, since the start of the new democratic South Africa in 1994. This study, however, proves that there is minimal public participation and especially NGO participation in the KZN Legislature in particular and in government in general. It further uncovers various problems experienced by these NGO’s in trying to participate in the legislative process. The legislature’s inaccessibility was seen as one of the major inhibiting factors. Apathy and lack of interest in the legislative process were also identified as a problem amongst these NGO’s. This study has raised many issues that both the NGO sector and the KZN Legislature itself have to address in order that our newly founded democracy can be truly nurtured. This study is divided into two parts. The first part explores literature on democracy, that enables the policy making process and civil society to help give a clear indication on what various authors think should be the input of civil society in the policy making process of any democratic country. The second part looks at the South African situation and the findings of this study. / Dissertation (MA (Political Policy Studies))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Political Sciences / unrestricted

Introduction An estimated 11.4% of South Africans are infected with HIV. As of 2007, 1.7 million people required antiretroviral therapy (ART) and only 460 000 were reported to be on ART. ART can improve the quality of life and socio-economic status for HIV positive patients. This study aimed at evaluating the role played by the different factors in influencing treatment adherence among HIV patients on ART. Methods The study was conducted on patients receiving out-patient ART in two district hospitals (one urban and the other rural) of Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. The study project was approved by the Research and Ethics Committee of the University of Pretoria as well as by the Mpumalanga Provincial Department of Health. This was an analytical, cross-sectional study. The sample size for the study was 490 (245 per site). Facility-based patient appointment registers for the period June-August 2008 were used as the sampling frame. The respondents were selected through systematic random sampling. An interviewer directed standardised questionnaire was administered to the respondents after securing voluntary informed consent. Data were also extracted from the attendance registers in the two facilities. Adherence was measured using the Patient Medication Treatment Adherence Questionnaire. The Pearson chi-square test of association and binary logistic regression analysis were used for identifying significant predictors of non-adherence variables. Results Four hundred and twenty nine questionnaires of the 488 returned questionnaires were analysed. Sixty one questionnaires were disqualified due to incompleteness of data. The response rate was 99.7% in both study areas and participants reported adherence was 92.54%. The median age of the respondents was 36 (IQR, 13), gender distribution was 21.13% males and 78.87% females. The median duration of treatment (in months) with ART was 15 months (IQR, 18). Treatment adherence was higher in the urban than in the rural hospital. The variables that were significantly associated with non-adherence were ‘urban residence’ (OR 0.39 [0.2-0.8]); ‘lack of social support’ (OR 2.74 [1.3-5.7]); Discussion There were also some qualitative variables that had a bearing on quality of healthcare services that could explain differences between the rural and urban sites. Social support and urban residence demonstrated association with treatment adherence. Copyright / Dissertation (MMed)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH) / Unrestricted

Orientation: CEO remuneration has attracted attention over the past two decades, with significant renewed interest in light of the role it is said to have played in contributing to the global financial crisis. At the heart of the issue is the perceived weak relationship between corporate performance and CEO remuneration.Research purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the relationship between corporate performance and CEO remuneration within the South African financial services industry.Motivation for the study: The motivation for the study was to develop a deeper understanding of the relationship within the South African context, as South African banks have remained stable and profitable through the financial crisis.Research design approach and method: The research was a quantitative, archival study, conducted over a six year time period. The primary statistical techniques used in the study included: bivariate regression analysis, multiple regression analysis, and analysis of variance.Main findings/results: The primary finding was that the relationship between corporate performance and CEO remuneration is favourable (moderate to strong), but has experienced a decline. This finding emphasises the impact that macroeconomic trends have on the relationship and the role of managerial power during periods of economic uncertainty.The research further describes the structural changes in CEO remuneration with a shift away from variable pay.Practical managerial implications: The results suggest that the use of discretion and the growing impact of managerial power will be key challenges that iii remuneration committees will face in maintaining a favourable relationship between the two constructs in the future.Contribution/value add: The study provides context to CEO remuneration within a South African framework. It further provides provides a key insight that the relationship between corporate performance and CEO pay is highly dependent on the macroeconomic environment, and that CEO pay in the South African financial services is experiencing structural changes. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

A vegetation survey was conducted at plant community level within the boundaries of Richards Bay Municipal area during 2001 to 2002. Relevés was randomly selected and floristic information was recorded for 310 sample plots and was referenced by GPS. The data were captured in TURBOVEG data base, for vegetation data and classified using the TWINSPAN numerical classification algorithm. Phytosociological tables were compiled using the MAGATAB computerized table management program. Thirteen plant communities were identified, described and characterized by diagnostic and dominant species occurring in them. The study in general showed that vegetation in the Richards Bay Municipal area has deteriorated considerably over the last 30 years. The study indicated that wetland communities occupy a relatively small area and has become relatively degraded within the study area. It is recommended that Richards Bay Town Council plan the Metropolitan Open Space System (MOSS) bringing the ecological areas of importance into consideration and that all new developments in the Richards Bay area be subjected to proper ecological investigation as part of the Environmental Impact Assessment process. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Plant Science / unrestricted

This study describes, on a comparative basis, the morphology of mechanical (the linguo-laryngeal apparatus) and sensory (Herbst corpuscles and taste buds) specialisations in the upper digestive tract (bill and oropharynx) of the ostrich and emu, with a view to a better understanding of the functional significance of these structures. The ostrich and emu are commercial entities that constitute important niche industries and are farmed intensively throughout South Africa. A lack of information on the mechanical and sensory specialisations of the upper digestive tract in these two birds hampers a sound understanding of food selection and intake. A total of 48 adult (12-14 months) ostrich heads and 48 adult emu (12-14 months) heads obtained from birds at slaughter at commercial abattoirs and farms, as well as 5 ostrich chick (2-4 weeks) heads and 1 emu chick (8 weeks) head, obtained from previous research projects, were used for this study. Morphological features were described using basic gross anatomical (dissection and stereomicroscopy) and histological techniques (H&E staining), supplemented by differential staining for cartilage and bone, transmission electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. The findings of the study were compared with the relevant literature and hypotheses for functional significance were formed. The avian glottis channels air from the oropharynx to the trachea and is situated on an elevated structure, the laryngeal mound. It is imperative that the glottis be protected and closed during swallowing, which in mammals is achieved by covering the glottis with the epiglottis, as well as by adduction of the arytenoid cartilages. An epiglottis, however, is reportedly absent in birds. Ratites such as the ostrich and emu possess a very wide glottis in comparison to other birds. The question therefore arises as to how these large birds avoid inhalation of food particles through a wide glottis, with apparently little protection, particularly as their feeding method involves throwing the food over the glottis to land in the proximal esophagus. In the ostrich, when the glottis was closed and the tongue body retracted, the smooth tongue root became highly folded and the rostral portion of the laryngeal mound was encased by the pocket in the base of the ∩-shaped tongue body. In this position the lingual papillae also hooked over the most rostral laryngeal projections. However, in the emu, retraction of the tongue body over the closed glottis resulted in the prominent, triangular tongue root sliding over the rostral portion of the laryngeal mound. In both the ostrich and emu these actions resulted in the rostral portion of the laryngeal mound and weakest point of the adducted glottis being enclosed and stabilised. Only after conducting a comparative study between these two birds using fresh specimens did it become clear how specific morphological peculiarities were perfectly specialised to assist in the closure and protection of the wide glottis. A unique anatomical mechanism in ratites was identified, described and proposed, which may functionally replace an epiglottis; the linguo-laryngeal apparatus. The oropharynx of the ostrich and emu is richly supplied with Herbst corpuscles. This widespread distribution of these mechanoreceptors has not previously been reported in birds. Specific concentrations of Herbst corpuscles within the oropharynx, which differ between the ostrich and emu, assist in the accurate positioning of the tongue and laryngeal mound for cleaning the choana (internal nares). The Herbst corpuscles are strategically located to aid in the handling and transport of food and the median palatine and ventral ridges in the ostrich display a concentration of Herbst corpuscles which denote these structures as sensory organs, namely the palatal and interramal organs. Three specific arrangements of Herbst corpuscles were noted in the oropharynx. The first arrangement consisted of groups of corpuscles located peripherally around a myelinated nerve and was present in the bill tip. The second arrangement, possibly linked to the first, was that of individual or groups of corpuscles without an obvious associated nerve and was present throughout the remaining regions of the oropharynx. The third arrangement was that of corpuscles associated with large, simple branched tubular mucus-secreting glands. The basic structure of Herbst corpuscles in the ostrich and emu, observed by light and transmission electron microscopy, of a capsule (with cellular and acellular lamella), an outer zone (collagen fibrils, fibroblasts and a fluid matrix), an inner core (formed by bilaterally symmetrical specialised Schwann cells) and a receptor axon, is similar to that noted for other avian species. However, unlike in other birds, the capsule of the Herbst corpuscle in the ostrich and emu is formed by myofibroblasts which indicates contractile properties for this component of the corpuscle in ratites. Sensory cilia were noted in the myofibroblasts of the capsule and fibroblasts of the outer zone of the ostrich Herbst corpuscle which may assist in regulating the tension of the capsule. These features have not been reported in other avian species. Although the structure of the palaeognathous palate has been widely studied, relatively little information is available on the morphology of the ratite bill. The kiwi possesses a bill tip organ and the present study confirmed the existence of this somatosensory organ in the ostrich and emu. Examination of the rhamphotheca of these two birds demonstrated numerous specialisations. In the emu, rhamphothecal serrations with intervening keratinised pegs on the rostral mandibular tomia resembled a form of pseudo-teeth. These structures may share a similar embryological origin to teeth; however, they would appear to function by channelling and enhancing vibratory stimuli to Herbst corpuscles in nearby bony pits. In the ostrich, epidermal troughs were present in the regions overlying the bill tip organ and functioned to enhance vibratory stimuli to the underlying Herbst corpuscles. Additionally, in the ostrich only, and not related to the structure or functioning of the bill tip organ, the rostral tomia and maxillary and mandibular nails were composed of typical tubular and inter-tubular horn. This may represent a unique feature in birds. The structure of the mandible and premaxilla was similar to that described previously for these birds. However, the persistence of Meckel’s cartilage through to the adult bird in the ostrich and emu is a novel avian feature not previously reported. The bony bill tips were adorned with numerous sensory (bony) pits which displayed similar distribution patterns in the ostrich and emu and indicated the presence, macroscopically, of a bill tip organ. The total number of pits in the bill tip of the ostrich and emu did not differ significantly, although regional differences did occur. The sub-divisions of the trigeminal nerve (N. opthalmicus R. medialis and N. intramandibularis) innervating the bill tip were well developed in both birds and displayed extensive branching. The emu displayed more myelinated nerve fibres in both nerves than in the ostrich. As myelinated nerve fibres supply Herbst corpuscles, the number of nerve fibres is correlated to the number of corpuscles. No correlation could be made between the number of pits in a particular region and the number of nerve fibres or with the relative percentage of Herbst corpuscles in that region. The bill tip organ in both species was basically similar except for the epidermal specialisations noted above. Two parts of the bill tip organ were recognised; the bony bill tip organ (Herbst corpuscles stacked in bony cavities and pits) and the peripheral bill tip organ (Herbst corpuscles in sheets or chains in the connective tissue between the epithelium and bone). The morphology of the bill tip organ in the ostrich and emu indicates that it is an organ that functions by direct touch. These two ratite species appear to possess the most elaborate bill tip organ of any pecking bird. The existence of a bill tip organ in the ostrich and emu is an enigma and points to the possibility that a bill tip organ is a basal structure in all palaeognathous birds (living and extinct). Furthermore, it is evident by observing the exploratory behaviour of the ostrich and emu, that they use their bill tip organ extensively as a tool for exploring and interpreting their environment as well as for discriminating food. The sense of taste in birds is an important motivator for feeding as well as initial food selection. The existence of this sense in ratites has remained largely speculative. In the present study taste buds were only identified in the emu and were predominantly located in the caudal region of the non-pigmented oropharyngeal roof and sparsely located on the oropharyngeal floor. The taste buds extended the full width of the epithelium in which they were located and were ovoid structures. The taste bud was composed of centrally located, vertically oriented light and dark cells (representing both receptor cells and supporting elements) and peripherally situated follicular cells which were continuous with the surrounding Str. germinativum of the stratified squamous epithelium. Positive IHC labelling for neurofilament demonstrated numerous fine nerve fibres (Neurofibra gustatoria) within the connective tissue immediately surrounding the taste bud. Taste bud morphology in the emu was similar to that described in other birds. However, when sectioned tangentially they were indistinguishable from the surrounding epithelium with H&E staining. By using IHC labelling, concentrations of nerve fibres could be demonstrated beneath apparently nondescript epidermal structures, thus indicating the presence of a taste bud. The distribution of taste buds in the oropharynx could be linked to the particular feeding method of the emu. Based on information from GenBank, it would appear that the relatively few taste buds present in the emu oropharynx would mainly function in distinguishing bitter taste. As bitter-tasting compounds can cause a negative association with a particular food type, it would appear that the sense of taste in the emu would predominantly function for protection and not food selection. This study revealed various unique findings regarding the mechanical and sensory specialisations in the upper digestive tract of the ostrich and emu.  The ostrich and emu possess a combination of structures which functionally replace an epiglottis, namely the linguo-laryngeal apparatus.  Herbst corpuscles are widely distributed in the oropharynx of the ostrich and emu and their distribution is related to the particular feeding habits of these birds.  The capsule of Herbst corpuscles in the ostrich and emu is composed of contractile elements, a feature not reported in other birds.  The ostrich and emu possess a well-developed bill tip organ, which is an unusual feature amongst pecking birds.  Taste buds are present in the emu and no structures resembling taste buds were identified in the ostrich. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Anatomy and Physiology / Unrestricted

Background and Aim The South African higher education sector has undergone numerous changes over the past years due to external factors such as globalisation, managerialism and neo-liberalism (Ntshoe, Higgs, Higgs&Wolhuter, 2008). Furthermore De Villiers and Steyn (2009) add that state funding of higher education in South Africa has been decreased to such an extent that higher education institutions (HEI’s) have been unable to parallel the increase in the number of students enrolled per year. As mentioned by Mouton (2010) universities in sub-Saharan Africa continue to operate under conditions which are seriously under-resourced, which poses significant challenges for the scholars concerned. The changes in the Higher Education Institutional environment have forced HEI’s to increase their level of output in terms of: enrollments, qualifications awarded, research output and institution size and number of disadvantaged students (De Villiers&Steyn, 2009) in order to remain competitive. The number of changes in performance outputs as well as the growing market for competitive higher education (HE) has greatly impacted the job demands of academics in South Africa. The environment in which academics in South Africa function now demands more of them than in previous years. For example the employment relationship has changed (i.e. teacher-driven to student-driven), altering the type of work that people do, when they work and how much they do (Barkhuizen, Rothmann&Van de Vijver, in press). Accordingly, it appears that the job demands of academics have escalated, whilst the levels of support and other resources have declined. The objective of this study was to investigate whether job demands and resources are significant predictors of dispositional employability of academics in South Africa. Method A cross–sectional research design was followed. The Job Characteristics Scale developed by Barkhuizen and Rothman (2005) and the Dispositional Measure of Employability (Fugate&Kinicki, 2008) were used as measures in this study. A total of 360 questionnaires were sent out to the sample, of which 158 completed questionnaires were received, but only 146 of these responses could be used for data analyses. This represents a 40.55% response rate. Results The results showed that there is a significant relationship between job demands and the change identity of the academics and that job demands do act as a predictor of the dispositional employability of academics in terms of their change identity. No significant relationship between the job resources and the dispositional employability of the academics were found, however all of the dimensions of DE had a positive relationship with job resources. A significant relationship between job demands and the ethnicity, home language, age, the respondent’s job level and the number of hours they work was found. However, no statistically significant differences were found within gender, qualifications, job categories, years in service and the number of years in current positions. According to the results the white ethnic group experiences higher job demands than the black ethic group. Furthermore respondents speaking either Afrikaans or English experience higher job demands then respondents speaking indigenous languages. In relation to this, the age group 50 to 59 experience higher job demands compared to that of the age group 20-29. Associate professors experience higher job demands than junior lecturers. No significant relationship between the academics’ perception of their job resources and their demographic characteristics was found. There are significant differences between the DE of the academics and their ethnicity, home language, job category, years in service and hours of work. No statistically significant differences were found within gender, age, qualifications, job level or years in the current position. The Black ethnic group indicates higher levels of resilience and motivation compared to the other ethnic groups, and indigenous languages have higher levels of resilience compared to the other two language groups. Academics that function as both researchers and lecturers have higher levels of career proactivity compared to the academics that function only as a researcher or lecturer. Respondents that have been in the industry for between zero to 10 years have a higher level of resilience compared to the respondents who have served for longer. The working hours of group four (between 31 to 40 hours) show higher levels of resilience compared to the other groups. / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Human Resource Management

No abstract available / Mini-Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Mercantile Law