This study is a situational analysis of a school located at Nonkcampa village, just ten kilometres from King William’s Town, west of the national road between Peddie and King William’s Town. Toise Senior Secondary School is in the former Ciskei region. The Bulembu / Bisho airport is just next to our school. My focus on Toise Senior Secondary School, provides me as the principal of the school with a golden opportunity to find out more about the school. As a relative newcomer to the school this study also enables me to look at the school community, from this particular focal point. As this is a situational analysis, my focus will be on the history, the biophysical and socio-political aspects that influenced the development of the school to the present. In this way I will be able to analyse the school’s readiness to implement the new Out-Comes-Based Education (OBE) Curriculum soon to be implemented at secondary school level.

This thesis centres on the debates informing the progress of three public art galleries in South Africa between 1990 and 1994. This was a period of great change in the country, spanning from the unbanning of left-wing political parties and Nelson Mandela’s release from prison, to the first democratic elections which resulted in his inauguration as President of South Africa. The study focuses specifically on the Johannesburg Art Gallery, the South African National Gallery, and the Durban Art Gallery, delineating the events and exhibitions held, the programmes initiated, and the artists represented by these galleries during this post-apartheid/pre-democracy phase of the country’s history. The debates relevant to these galleries linked to those prevalent in the arts, museology, and politics at the time. Many contemporary South African artists called attention to apartheid oppression and human rights abuses during the 1980s. After 1990, with these pressures alleviating, there was a stage of uncertainty as to the role, responsibility, and focus of visual art in a post-‘struggle’ context, however there was also an unprecedented upswing in interest and investment in it. On a practical level, the administration of the arts was being re-evaluated and contested by both independent and politically-aligned arts groups. Public art museums and sponsored art competitions and exhibitions made increasing efforts to be ‘representative’ of South Africans of all races, cultures, creeds, sexes and genders. The many conferences, committees, and conventions created during this transitional era focused on the creation of policies that would assist in nation-building; historical and cultural redress and regeneration; and the education and representation of previously disadvantaged groups. This coincided with a revolution in museological discourses internationally, from the theorization of a museum as a place of commemoration and conservation, to a forum for discussion and revision between both academic and non-academic communities. With the sharing of the process of constructing history and knowledge, came the challenging dynamics involved in the representation of identity and history. In all of these groups - the arts, museology, and South African politics - the predominant issue seemed to be a negotiation between the bid to open up control to more parties, and the reluctance of some parties to relinquish control. While the emphasis is on significant changes that were implemented in the transitional period, the study locates the changes at the Johannesburg Art Gallery, the South African National Gallery and the Durban Art Gallery within their historical, geographical, and socio-political context. Various artists working in these locations during this era are also discussed, as the changes in their status, and the progressions in their subject matter, materials, and concerns are interesting to examine more nuanced definitions of the ‘political’, probing the politics of identity, sexuality, gender, race, geography, and belief systems. Some artists also focused specifically on post-apartheid preoccupations with territory, trauma, conflict, memory and freedom. This kind of artwork was assiduously acquired during the early ‘90s by public art galleries, whose exhibitions and collecting focus and policies were undergoing considerable revision and redress. This thesis examines these changes in light of their socio-political contexts, as well as in light of shifting national and international imperatives and conceptions of museums and museum practice.

The work began with the production by the author of a geological map of the area, since this essential task had not previously been undertaken. A detailed study of the settlement plan, containing both European and African smallholders, was then made. This proved a very fruitful field of study, because within the area the settlement plan is undergoing dramatic changes which are having an effect on the land use pattern within the area. This study was concerned mainly with the production of a detailed land use map and a quantitative analysis of the land use distributions revealed by this map. The classification used fer the categories on the land use map closely resembles one used in the land use map of 'The Border Region' produced by the Border Regional Survey (1957/8) which was in turn based on the World Land Use Map classification. Accompanying this text are seven maps produced by the author, three of the land settlement plan (1: 50,000), one each of the geology (1: 50,000) and rainfall (1:125,000) and two of the land use (l: 50,000 and 1: 125,000) in the area. The field sheets (1: 18,000) which show the land use of the area in great detail, are to be found in the library of the Geography Departmont, Rhodes University in atlas form.

This thesis is about the political implications of the constitutional recognition of the hereditary institution of traditional leadership in post-1994 South Africa for the democratization process in the rural areas of the former Bantustans. The thesis is organized around three related conceptual, historical and political questions. The conceptual question deals with the meaning of democracy in rural areas under the jurisdiction of traditional authorities. The historical question traces how the institution and traditional authorities have survived to the present post-colonial period. Lastly, this study investigates the political issue of why an ANC-led government came to recognize the institution. The focus of the thesis is the sphere of rural local government in the Xhalanga district, where these issues are best illustrated. The thesis argues that the institution of traditional leadership and its officials survived precisely because they were incorporated into the colonial and apartheid administrative structures in the project of indirect rule. Traditional authorities were central to the apartheid policy of retribalisation, which was essentially a form of control of Africans in the Bantustans. Rural residents engaged in fierce struggles against the imposition of rural local government structures such as the District Council and Tribal Authorities. In so far as traditional authorities were part of government structures, they could not avoid being targets in these struggles. In explaining the recognition of the institution of traditional leadership, the thesis focuses on the policies of the ANC, the majority party in the Government of National Unity, towards traditional authorities. Organisationally weak on the rural grounds, the ANC operated through what they considered to be “good/progressive/comrade chiefs”. The ANC had hoped that these traditional authorities would accept a non-political ceremonial role. However, traditional authorities have rejected this ceremonial role. Their refusal, coupled with the ANC’s ambivalence in resolving the tension imply, the study concludes, that the (political) citizenship rights of rural people are partial: they are neither citizens nor subjects.

M.A. (National Strategy) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

D.Ed. / The past four decades will probably be remembered as revolutionary in South-Africa - years of unrest during which attempts were made to change and reform the system of education in South-Africa, particularly in the black and brown areas. The South-African education system did not respond to the demands and needs of the black and brown pupils. The education system was caught in the web of a political spider spun by the dictates of the apartheid system. The structure and organization of the education system, as well as the influence of political, social and economic factors promoted the development of a system which was primarily aimed at benifitting a minority group (the whites) of the population. The inequality, underlined by the system of apartheid led to the segregation of and rebellion against this system by black and brown pupils, their parents and teachers. The school has been the focus of political-ideological conflict and the black schools became an instrument for revolution. In the past few years and particularly since 1994 a new generation of pupils has emerged to claim equal education for all, where all pupils, regardless of race or colour are entitled to the same quality of education. After the first democratic election on 27 April 1994, South-Africa has chosen to follow a new road where equality for all people has become the most important focus. In the search for "freedom, equality and brotherhood" which promotes integration and non-racism in schools, it has become essential to examine and revise existing educational theory and practice. Creative solutions must be found and applied in order to create a climate of learning in the schools, in order that pupils, irrespective of their colour, heredity, language, religion, sosio-economic background or gender may find optimal benefit.

Thesis (M. Ed.) -- University of the North, 1988 / Refer to the document

This study, which, to a large extent, consists of reproductions of photographs taken by myself and drawings made by myself, is the outcome of two months' work among the Kwena tribe of Tamposstad, fifteen miles north-east of Groot Marico in the Transvaal (Map I) and the Kwena of Molepolole in Bechuanaland Protectorate, sixty-five miles by road from the border of the Transvaal at Ramoutsa (Map II). It is a comparative study of the material culture of the scattered offshoots of the one tribe, which, in the remote past, must have lived at one place under the authority of one chief. This type of work is not entirely a new experience to the writer, for he has lived in close proximity to the Kwena of Tamposstad and allied tribes - the Kgatla and Hurutshe - for many years. Moreover he has learnt a great deal of their language through personal contact with these people. Tamposstad is chosen as representing the Transvaal-Kwena because it is a fairly large reserve (25,551 morgen) with about nine thousand people living in the village, and because the little that is left of the indigenous Kwena native arts and crafts of the Transvaal, is mostly preserved among the people of this village. In all the other Kwena-villages in the Transvaal, the traditional arts and crafts have almost altogether disappeared. When reference is made therefore, in this study, to the Transvaal Kwena, it must be understood that the Kwena of Tamposstad are mainly designated, although other villages will also sometimes be mentioned. This is an attempt to preserve in type-script a record of what is still left of the Kwena indigenous material culture, of the material and implements used and of the methods of construction, for erelong, the last survivals of this most interesting culture will be completely obliterated by the overwhelming European influence, a fact which we deeply lament. The visitor to the Native Agricultural Shows cannot help but realise this. At the Native Show which was held ten miles north of Rustenburg on the 10th and 11th of August 1939, it was noted with regret that the arts and crafts section was very poorly represented. The articles exhibited were excellently made, but they were the work of only a few people. The whole exhibition of claypots, for example, was the work of only two women. As regards the historical part of this study, it was rather difficult to obtain trustworthy information, and thusfar, there is almost nothing recorded on the history of this tribe. Dr. I. Schapera, however, is at present busy compiling a work on the history of the Tswana tribes. The history given in this study, of the Bechuanaland Kwena, is an extract from "BaKwena origins" sent to my by Dr. Schapera, to whom, I am deeply indebted for permission to use this material. The history of the Transvaal Kwena, also given in this study, is a result of my own investigations, and is reproduced as it was told to me, for comparative purposes. Of course it cannot be maintained that it is true in every detail. A detailed record of the history of the various Kwena tribes would provide matter for a thesis in itself. / Anthropology and Archaeology / M.A.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Geographic Studies)) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / The study focuses on Extension 44 in the Polokwane, an exclusively Black urban Township defined as a liveable geographical space consisting of both activity and awareness space (perpetual) space. Central to this research is its origins and existence as part of the urban racial spatial organization of Polokwane Municipality, viewed in terms of the Colonial, Apartheid and the traditional theoretical models depicting the internal structure of urban centres, including how it fits into the post-Apartheid urban planning policies, the provision of housing (types and quality), including the availability of physical and social infrastructure, how the residents perceive and evaluate these in relation to the residents’ quality of life in that area. The questions raised are (i) when and why was Extension 44 in the Polokwane municipality established? (ii) Who provides what type and quality of housing in the township? (iii) And lastly what perceptions do the residents have regarding housing and living conditions in Extension 44? Therefore, the study draws its significance as falling under both Settlement (Urban) and Behavioural geography. The former deals with origins and the nature of habitable space (settlements) while the latter is concerned, among others, with how people perceive their habitat.

Bibliography: pages 231-239. / The thesis examines the 'making' of an african working class in Port Elizabeth. It offers an alternative interpretation to conventional histories which emphasize continuity both in the idea of a strong industrial working class and in a tradition of militant and effective worker organisation. At the same time, it posits the idea that there was a working-class movement which developed among Port Elizabeth's african community in the late 1940's and 1950's. Chapter 1 examines population growth in Port Elizabeth, the growth of secondary industry, and employment opportunities for africans. It is argued that limited opportunities for african employment in secondary industry affected the forms of working-class organisation that emerged. Chapter 2 examines the situation of the urban african population in the 1920's and 1930's, looking at factors which influenced its organisation and consciousness. The low wages paid to african workers were not challenged effectively in this period by the Industrial and Commercial Workers Union which had declined by the mid-1920's, or the Trades and Labour Council which did not organise african workers. However, the permanently urbanised status of the majority of the african population laid the basis for a militant community consciousness. Chapter 3 analyses attempts to organise african workers during the Second World War. It focusses on Wage Board determinations. the first african trade unions formed by the Ballingers and Max Gordon, the organisation of the Council of Non-European Trade Unions and the Trades and Labour Council, and the organisation of railway workers. It is argued that these attempts at organising african labour were largely unsuccessful in building strong industrial unions with an african leadership. Chapter 4 looks at the rise of the 'new unions' in the post-war period, when african workers were drawn into manufacturing on a large scale, and an african working-class leadership began to emerge. The response to this from the state, capital and other trade unions is examined through looking at the struggles of workers in four sectors: stevedoring, laundry, textiles and food. These sectors are contrasted with the tertiary sector where organisation of african workers was weak. Chapter 5 examines the politics of reproduction of the african working class between 1 945 and 1960. It looks at changes in the nature of the African National Congress and the Communist Party of South Africa, and at innovative strategies around issues of reproduction. The role of women's organisation and their struggle against the extension of pass laws is highlighted, and it is posited that a working class movement developed in this period. Chapter 6 analyses the application of influx control in Port Elizabeth in the 1950's, and the conflict of interests over the implementation of the labour bureau system. It examines the divisions in the african working class between migrants and non-migrants, and the response of different sections of the working class. Chapter 7 looks at the role of the South African Congress of Trade Unions. It is argued that the integration of point-of-production struggles with community and political struggles was the outcome of the position of african workers in industry combined with strong political organisation in the 'sphere of reproduction'. Changes in the structural position of african workers combined with political repression led to the collapse of this working class movement in the early 1960's.