The primary aim of this thesis is to explore, at a psychological level, the meaning of work in a rural developing society context. Additional aims comprise: the examination of distinctions in the meaning of work between different occupational niches; and the development of an appropriate conceptual and methodological approach for understanding meaning of work issues in developing society contexts. The research was conducted in the Keiskammahoek district situated in Ciskei, a South African homeland area. Demographically, the area comprises farms, small rural villages and one small town. It has traditionally fulfilled the role of a labour reserve, and the local economy largely depends on income generated through migrant labour. The population predominantly comprises indigenous Xhosa speakers, although a few whites, individuals of mixed racial origin and other ethnic groups are represented. In order to accommodate the diversity of work experience in rural society, an approach was adopted which relied on the participants' subjective definition of work. A conscious attempt was made to avoid defining work exclusively as remunerated employment. At a metatheoretical level, the meaning of work model used is grounded in Kelly's (1955) Personal Construct Theory. It comprises three facets, namely process, context and content. A multiple case study analysis was carried design was used, through to a in which nomothetic idiographic level of understanding. The primary' research instrument comprised an interview, in which data was derived from life-history material, a repertory grid, and focused interview questions. In the development of case studies, a process of triangulation was used to link the three sources of data. The thesis explores the relationship between participants and their work in several ways. First, it looks at how work and non-work are constituted and related to one another, and at how personally valuable work is contrasted to less valuable work. Second, it explores the relationship between the individual's orientation to work and their life and occupational context. Finally, it discusses the proposal that work meanings change and evolve with the development of the individual, and with shifts in social and historical circumstance.

Thousands of farmers were saved from bankruptcy by the Department of Agriculture, says Minister Greyling Wentzel. He said in 1986/1987 2 741 farmers who would have been bankrupt were saved through the department’s production aid scheme. The Rill,7m they received as loans enabled them to get a crop in the ground, without which they would have gone under. The debt consolidation scheme likewise helped about 2 000 farmers escape bankruptcy for the period 1983/1984 to 1986/1987.

It is certainly true that a number of the men who have sat in homeland representative councils live in white areas. Apartheid idealogues draw two inferences from this observation. Firstly, that as the policy of separate development unfolds, urban representation in homeland councils will be a continuing trend. Secondly, that the political aspirations of urban blacks can be fulfilled in the homeland political arena. (1) Both of these conclusions can be refuted at the empirical level alone. With regard to the first, Kotze himself inadvertently provides us with evidence to the contrary. Of the seven representatives " from white urban areas" whom he mentions, four of these men were forced out of the homeland political arena, in 1975 alone. Collins Ramusi and Mageza, having become "interior ministers" for their homelands (Lebowa and Gazankulu respectively) were forced to leave their positions towards the beginning of that year, and Barney Dladla, Executive Councillor for Community Affairs in Buthelezi's KwaZulu cabinet, was ousted as well. Baldwin Mudau’s Venda Independence People’s party suffered continual harassment and was thwarted in its attempts to hold elections in Venda. It was decided to examine the cases of Mudau and Mageza in greater depth to explain how the demise in their roles as ’homeland politicians’ occurred. This examination revealed the fallaciousness of the second and central inference mentioned earlier. It was shown that although these men lived and worked in the city, their electoral support did not come from the urban areas. Once it was established that their electoral base was in fact a predominantly rural one, the refutation of this second theme became complete. On a purely empirical level then, the contentions of Kotze et al were refuted. But to merely refute these ideological statements by providing evidence to the contrary does not answer the questions that have arisen as a result of the investigation. / Opposition politics in Venda and Gazenkulu

In Chapter 7, it was argued that improved satisfaction of basic needs could in principle lead to increased labour productivity and, via a comulative process, to increased output and income levels. Higher incomes could in turn mean further improved satisfaction of basic needs, greater labour productivity and even greater output and income levels. Thus the satisfaction of basic needs could be seen as a means towards the end of improved living standards and the reduction of poverty, and hence an instrument of development policy. From the analysis of basic needs in Ciskei, it is apparent that government expenditure has been such that the "core" basic needs have evidently been catered for, at least to some extent, for some time. Yet, there has been nothing like a concerted strategy, and expenditure on basic needs was the result of ad hoc measures, rather than a conscious strategy or development policy as such. Basic needs were therefore seen simply as ends in themselves, rather than as means to the end of self-sustained economic development. In the case of Ciskei, more information about the satisfaction of basic needs, especially health, and water supply and sanitation, is required at the present stage. Such information should not only be seen in quantitative terms (as "inputs"), but also be evaluated qualitatively (as "outputs"). In other words, basic needs should be viewed functionally as thresholds to the goal of self-sustained economic development. This applies particularly to educatfon, where the total supply may be misleading, more significant measures being quality, access and actual consumption. Data for health, and water supply and sanitation, are not readily available, and again should reflect access and usage as well as availability. Nutritional data should not only reveal the extent and nature of poor nutrition (malnutrition) but also its causes, such as, inadequate expenditure on food on account of low income levels, or inappropriate nutritional patterns of consumption. Data on shelter should take into account the appropriateness of standards and types of shelter, rather than simply the number of houses as such. At the same time, the extent to which basic needs are complementary should be investigated; e.g. the effect the improved satisfaction of education would have on shelter, shelter on health, etc. The stronger such complementarities, the lower total government expenditure on basic needs would have to be. Similarly, if expenditure on basic needs is inappropriate or ill-directed, a revision of standards and redirection of resources may be necessary. In the case of Ciskei, it may well be that total expenditure on basic needs may not be inadequate as such at the present stage, but rather that co-ordination of existing expenditure is required to yield a purposive development policy. A powerful case for the suitability of a Basic Needs strategy for Ciskei may be suggested by the intermediate nature of economic development within its borders. To the extent that some basic needs are already satisfied, at least to some degree and some more than others, certain preconditions for economic development can be said to already exist. Yet it cannot be claimed that Ciskei has reached the "take-off" stage into self-sustained economic growth in the Rostovian sense. Nevertheless, a deliberately co-ordinated Basic Needs strategy may well move Ciskei away from the danger of slipping back into the so-called "Low-Level Equilibrium Trap." In other words, a more scientifically designed, co-ordinated and deliberately applied strategy, whereby basic needs become the means towards self-sustained economic growth, should at least be able to establish the "preconditions for take-off" necessary for sustained economic development.

From Introduction: Criminology developed as a reaction to the various revolutions that were occurring in the European countries during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In response to the turmoil and disorder of Western society criminologists attempted to discover the natural laws of society hoping to establish a stable social order. Crime was regarded as something that disturbed society and, therefore, had to be controlled or prevented. According to Quinney and Wildeman (1977) the development of criminology can be viewed as an ongoing attempt to explain crime in terms of established social order. They state that in the history of criminology there is, however, a lack of a clear accumulative theoretical growth and continue as follows: "No line of theoretical development can be found that leads to a well-developed body of knowledge. The study of crime is characterized by a number of divergent theoretical perspectives that exist in relative isolation from one another" (p. 38). Quinney and Wildeman (1977) distinguish five theoretical perspectives in the development of criminology namely: (I) early and classical criminological thought, (2) nineteenth-century sociological criminology, (3) nineteenth-century biological criminology, (4) twentieth-century eclectic criminology, and (5) twentieth-century sociological criminology.

Palmiet peatlands in the agricultural landscape are viewed by farmers as problematic. They obstruct the effective passage of water along watercourses and therefore promote localized flooding of lands and infrastructure, and they trap sediment delivered along watercourses that drowns fields and infrastructure with sedimentary deposits. These events are problematic for farmers trying to make a living off the land. Wetlands are also often viewed as wastelands that should be put to more productive use. The obvious thing to do is to bring in machinery to drain the wetlands and improve the flow of water and sediment through these wetlands.

This policy brief will highlight the importance of municipal commonage in enhancing livelihoods of poor urban families. This will be followed by an overview of the role of municipal commonage in the land reform programme. Current challenges in securing benefits from municipal commonages are then outlined. Policy considerations to optimise benefits from commonages conclude the policy brief.

Afrikaans text / Die doel van hierdie ondersoek is om sosio-kulturele kenmerke van sekere swart studente aan die Universiteit van Suid-Afrika weer te gee en te bepaal of, op welke wyse, en watter, sosio-kulturele faktore 'n invloed op hul _studie en akademiese prestasie het. Dit is gedoen deur 'n kontekstuele, individualisties-holistiese en biografiese benadering toe te pas op gevallestudies waarvan die besonderhede deur diepte-onderhoude verkry is. Deur middel van die gevallestudies word 'n algemene oorsig van die betrokke studente se kinderjar.e en volwasse lewe buite universiteitsverband gegee. Die volwasse lewe word beskryf aan die hand van gemeenskaplike aktiwiteitsvelde waaraan die individue deelneem. Die universiteit word ook as 'n aktiwiteitsveld beskou en in terme van die betrokke studente se deelname daaraan volledig beskryf met inagneming van die verband daarvan met ander aktiwiteitsvelde. Vervolgens is uit die beskrywing van die kinderjare, die volwasse lewe buite universiteitsverband en die veld van die universiteit faktore geidentifiseer wat 'n invloed blyk te he op die studie en prestasie van die studente in die ondersoekgroep. Die gevolgtrekkinge is dat daar verskeie sosiokulturele en 'n aantal ander faktore is wat studie. en akademiese prestasie beinvloed en dat daar variasie is in die invloed van sodanige faktore by verskillende individue. / The aim of this investigation is to give an exposition of the socio-cultural characteristics of certain black students at the University of South Africa and to determine wheth~r, in what way, and which, socio-cultural factors influence their studies and academic performance. The study entailed the application of a contextual, individualisticholistic and biographical approach to case studies, the details of which were obtained through in-depth interviews. A general overview of the childhood of the students concerned and of their adulthood outside the context of the university, is provided by means of the case studies. Adulthood is described in terms of common fields of activity in which the individuals participate. The university is also regarded as a field of activity and is described fully in terms of the participation of the students involved, with due regard for relations between the university and other fields of activity. From the descriptions of childhood, adulthood outside the context of the university, and also of the field of activity of the university, factors are identified which appear to influence the studies and performance of the students with whom case studies were conducted. Conclusions reached reveal diverse socio-cultural as well as a number of other factors that influence study and academic performance, as well as a variation in the influence of such factors on different individuals. / Anthropology and Archaeology / D. Litt. et PHil. (Antropologie)

Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Magister of Technologiae: Human Resource Management In the Faculty of Business At the Cape Peninsula University of Technology 2012 / This research focused on investigating perceptions of the socio economic impact of skills shortage on the community of Khayelitsha, Western Cape. The objectives of this study were to critically investigate the causes of skills shortage in the community of Khayelitsha; to assess the perceived social impacts that it has on the community; and to critically investigate whether skills shortage is one of the causes of unemployment. The research also went as far as examining measures, which were taken by government and other stakeholders to address skills shortage. Chapter One of the study provides information related to a background of the research under study. Chapter Two briefly considers skills shortage, globally, prior to looking thoroughly at the causes for skills shortage in Khayelitsha. It further presents evidence of skills shortage in South Africa by considering different sectors. Furthermore, the research details the social and the economic impact of skills shortage, the state of poverty and inequality, as well as the state of unemployment. Chapter Two also details the role of government and other stakeholders to address skill shortage. Chapter Three introduces the research design and methodologies that were used, while Chapter Four presents an analysis and assessment of data that was collected. Chapter Five concludes the research by making recommendations. Two types of methodologies were employed by the researcher, namely qualitative and quantitative research methodology. The researcher employed two types of data analysis, namely content analysis and descriptive statistics. These techniques were helpful for the study because they explored perceptions and evidence of skills shortage in South Africa and Khayelitsha, in particular. The study further explores the impact of skills shortage on the economic development of the country, unemployment poverty and the society at large. Finally, the research shows that respondents perceive that skills shortage does indeed have a negative impact on South Africa by being one of the causes of unemployment and poverty, and hence economic growth. While socially, respondents believe that skills shortage is the main driver of issues such as crime, violence, teenage pregnancy, prostitution, HIV/AIDS poverty and other social issues, which are prevalent nationwide.

Thesis (MTech (Quality))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009. / As higher education is increasingly becoming globalised, quality assurance is one of the most important mechanisms that can be used to ensure the competitiveness of higher education institutions in South Africa. The competitive market place both in private and public higher education sectors, require people at all level in an organisation to think of ways to continuously improve their products or service that they deliver to customers. This can only be achieved within higher education institution if staff and management can demonstrate their commitment to quality improvement through their active contribution to outstanding performance. By providing higher quality service to students, contribute to the positive assessment of the university in its services rendered to its clients. This research seeks to determine the inefficiencies that impact adversely on service delivery as identified in the student housing registration and placement system, and to investigate ways of continuously improving the various processes and procedures. The primary research objectives of this study include the following: > To review the current student housing registration and placement system. > To determine client satisfaction as it relates to the current student housing registration and placement system. > To investigate and design an improved student housing registration and placement system that is efficient, workable, fast and user-friendly. > To develop a mechanism to continuously improve the quality of the system. It is anticipated that the research will lead to an improvement of student housing registration and placement application processes, which in tum will contribute to the overall improvement of service delivery. Furthermore it will enhance communication with the students and staff involved in the registration and placement process.