Recent political changes in South Africa emphasize democracy and the role of schools in promoting democratic virtues. The importance of schools&rsquo / responsibility in developing democratic virtues is also internationally recognized, although different a

Thesis (MS en S)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study considers the possibility of using special management areas at metropolitan level as a measure to control urban sprawl in South Africa, and specifically in the greater Cape Town area. Important issues included in the study are: international and local measures currently and previously used, relevant South African legislation that support urban edge protection, economic and ethical theories regarding urban edge protection, the measures currently implemented in Stellenbosch, an examination of special management areas and recommendations. International attempts in curbing urban sprawl dates back to post-Industrial Revolution Europe (1800s). British and American measures are compared, mostly differing in the level of public support of sustainable development. Local attempts have been limited and have not been implemented at the scale of international measures. Recently developed policies such as the Metropolitan Spatial Development Framework (1996) and the Bioregional Planning Framework (2000) are more directly focussed on sustainable development than previous policies (e.g. guide plans and structure plans) have been. The Metropolitan Spatial Development Framework proposes the demarcation of urban edges in the Cape Metropolitan Region, while the Bioregional Planning Framework is intent on dividing the Western Cape Province into bioregions. The Bioregional Planning Framework originated the use of special management areas to control development in rural (agricultural and natural) areas. The idea of this study is to measure the feasibility of using special management areas at metropolitan level, in conjunction with both the Metropolitan Spatial Development Framework and the Bioregional Planning Framework, to protect the urban edge. This study concludes by disproving its hypothesis: special management areas have limited applicability as a general urban edge control measure at metropolitan level. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie oorweeg die moontlike gebruik van spesiale bestuursareas in Suid-Afrika, en spesifiek in die groter Kaapstad gebied as maatreël vir die bekamping van stadskruip. Belangrike kwessies wat in hierdie studie ingesluit word is: internasionale en plaaslike maatreëls wat tans en in die verlede gebruik is om stadsgrense the beskerm, relevante Suid- Afrikaanse wetgewing wat die beskerming van stadsgrense ondersteun, toepaslike ekonomiese en etiese teorieë, maatreëls wat tans deur Stellenbosch geïmplementeer word, 'n ondersoek na spesiale bestuursareas, en voorstelle vir toekomstige beleid. Internasionale pogings om stadskruip te bekamp dateer uit die post-Industriële Revolusie era in Europa (1800s). Britse en Amerikaanse maatreëls is vergelyk. Die mees merkbare verskil tussen dié twee lande lê in die vlak van openbare steun vir volhoubare ontwikkeling. Die omvang van plaaslike pogings was in die verlede beperk tot gids- en struktuurplanne, wat nie veel beskerming aan die rand van die stad gebied het nie. Beleide wat onlangs ontwikkel is (die Metropolitaanse Ruimtelike Ontwikkelingsraamwerk en die Biostreekbeplanningsraamwerk) fokus meer direk op volhoubare ontwikkeling as hul voorgangers. Die Metropolitaanse Ruimtelike Ontwikkelingsraamwerk (1996) stel die afbakening van stadsgrense voor, terwyl die Biostreekbeplanningsraamwerk (2000) voorstel dat die Wes- Kaapse Provinsie in biostreke verdeel word. Die Biostreekbeplanningsraamwerk het oorspronklik die gebruik van spesiale bestuursareas voorgestel om ontwikkeling in landelike (landbou en natuurlike) gebiede te beheer. Die idee van hierdie studie is om die uitvoerbaarheid van die gebruik van spesiale bestuursareas op metropolitaanse vlak, saam met die Metropolitaanse Ruimtelike Ontwikkelingsraamwerk en die Biostreekbeplanningsraamwerk, te bepaal. Hierdie studie sluit af deur die hipotese verkeerd te bewys: spesiale bestuursareas het beperkte toepaslikheid as algemene stadsgrens beheermaatreëlop metropolitaanse vlak.

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Recently there has been growing interest in evaluating the performance and outcomes of spatial planning policies worldwide. In response to this a research was carried out to evaluate and monitor the effectiveness of spatial planning policies in the Cape Metropolitan Area (CMA). The Planning Indicators Model (PIM), which consists of a set of twenty-six indicators, was applied to monitor and measure the extent to which the Metropolitan Spatial Development Framework (MSDF) has affected land use and physical development in the CMA. To achieve the aim of the study, the research was divided into three phases. The first phase involved a literature review, the second phase involved interviews with planning officials and lastly, the collection of different thematic datasets required to run the Planning Indicators Model. The data sets were used to monitor and display spatiotemporal variations in conformance and performance indices in the form of maps. These maps were used to identify areas where strengths can be protected and where weaknesses need to be corrected. From a set of 26 indicators used for this study only two indicators monitored conformances (Growth of informal housing townships) over the period 1993 – 1998; the others simply indicated the present conditions. This means that the rest of the indicators did not show trends. However, the data are presented in this report as a useful baseline for future conformance and performance monitoring exercises. The study also revealed that for the past twelve years the MSDF has been the subject of extensive debate within the local authorities. Also several indicators seem to overlap and need to be clearly defined, thus it is recommended that some of these indicators should be combined to avoid duplication and confusion. Generally, the PIM can assist in making the impact of spatial planning greater in the CMA. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Onlangs is daar wêreldwyd groeiende belangstelling in die prestasies en uitkomstes van ruimtelike beplannings- beleide. In reaksie daarop is hierdie navorsing gedoen om die doeltreffendheid van die ruimtelike beplannings- beleide van die Kaapse Metropolitaanse Gebied (KMG) te evalueer en te monitor. Die Beplannings Aanwysers Model (BAM) wat bestaan uit ‘n stel van ses-en- twintig aanwysers, is aangewend om te meet tot hoeverre die Metropolitaanse Ruimtelike Ontwikkelings Raamwerk grondgebruik en fisiese ontwikkeling in die Kaapse Metropolitaanse Gebied beïnvloed het. Om die doelwit van hierdie studie te verwesenlik, is die navorsing gedoen in drie fases. Die eerste fase bestaan uit ‘n oorsig van die literatuur en die tweede fase uit onderhoude met amptenare verantwoordelik vir beplanning. Die laaste fase beslaan die versameling van die verskillende tematiese stelle data wat benodig word vir die Beplannings Aanwysers Model. Die stelle data is gebruik om die ruimtelike- en tydsvariasies in die konformering- en prestasie indekse te monitor en ten toon te stel in die vorm van kaarte. Hierdie kaarte is gebruik om die gebiede te identifiseer waar sterkpunte behoue moet bly en waar swakpunte reggestel moet word. Uit die stel van 26 aanwysers wat gebruik is vir hierdie studie, het net twee aanwysers konformering (Die groei van dorpsgebiede met informele behuising) gedurende die periode 1993 – 1998 gemonitor; die ander het eenvoudig die huidige toestand aangetoon. Dit beteken dat die ander aanwysers nie tendense aangetoon het nie. Die data word egter in hierdie verslag weergee as ‘n nuttige basis vir die toekomstige monitor van konformering en prestasie. Die studie toon ook aan dat daar gedurende die afgelope twaalf jaar baie deur plaaslike owerhede gedebatteer is oor die Metropolitaanse Ruimtelike Ontwikkelings Raamwerk. Ook oorvleuel sommige van die aanwysers en moet hulle meer duidelik omskryf word. Dus word daar aanbeveel dat sommige van die aanwysers gekombineer moet word om duplikasie en verwarring te voorkom. Oor die algemeen kan die Beplanning Aanwysers Model help om die impak van ruimtelike beplanning op die Kaapse Metropolitaanse Gebied te bevorder.

Thesis (MNutr (Human Nutrition))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / Objective: To identify the reasons why high socio-economic class women in the Cape Metropole decide not to breastfeed; to identify the factors that influence the decision-making process when deciding which infant formula to feed the infant aged 0–6 months of age and to evaluate whether the type and volume of infant formula selected by the mother is appropriate for the infant’s needs. Method: The study was conducted as an observational descriptive study and consecutive sampling was used. Data was collected by means of a self-administered questionnaire that was available both in Afrikaans and English. Both open and closed ended questions were included. A Likert scale comprising four possible answers was used to determine attitude. Results: A total of 55 utilizable questionnaires were obtained. The majority of the mothers decided only after the birth of their infant to rather opt for formula feeding. Evident factors that were identified as a barrier to breastfeeding include a lack of knowledge and experience as well as a lack of facilities at public places and at work to breastfeed. Perceived benefits of infant formula included that the father could help with the workload and thus the father does not feel left out if the mother is breastfeeding, the mother knows what volume of infant formula the infant receives and it is more convenient if she is working. The mothers were overall not concerned about possible side effects of breastfeeding e.g. leaking and engorgement and did not feel that their breasts were physically not of optimal physiology e.g. too small or too large to be able to breastfeed. Conclusion: Numerous internal as well as external factors influence high socio-economic class women in the Cape Metropole when they decide whether to breastfeed or formula feed their infants. The identified barriers to breastfeeding will have to be addressed in this population in order to reach the WHO/UNICEF recommendation of exclusive breastfeeding up to the age of 6 months, and thereafter breastfeeding up to 2 years of age with the introduction of appropriate complementary foods.

Triage assessment of patients on arrival at the emergency unit is an essential function in quality emergency care provision. Triage is the process of sorting and prioritising patients according to their level of acuity. This study was performed within an emergency unit that experienced serious problems with the sorting of patients on their arrival. After implementation of the Cape Triage Score, a questionnaire was distributed amongst staff utilising the new triage system. The investigation sought to answer specific questions concerning the triage nurse's roles, competencies required and strengths and weaknesses of the implemented system. The study also suggests guidelines to improve the triage system within the unit. The triage system was received well by participants. The roles of the triage nurse are multifaceted and extensive competencies are required. The strengths of the implemented triage system outweighed the weaknesses as perceived by the respondents. Guidelines for implementing triage in emergency units are provided. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)

Thesis (MScMedSc (Interdisciplinary Health Sciences. Speech-Language and Hearing Therapy))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / Noise is a noxious stimulus with possible negative physiological effects on the infant, especially in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). The present study conducted a detailed noise assessment in a NICU of a state hospital in the Cape Metropole and documented 6 infants’ physiological responses to noise levels. Noise levels ranged from 62.3-66.7dBA (LAeq), which exceed all American and British standards (50dBA -60dBA) for a NICU. Continuous exposure to noise of these levels is potentially harmful to the infants’ auditory system and health stability. The general well-being of the staff working in the NICU may also be compromised. Analysis of the noise events revealed that staff conversations were the largest single contributor to the number of noise events, while the largest single non-human contributor was the alarm noise of the monitors. No significant correlations were found between the heart rates and noise levels and the respiratory rates and the noise levels for any of the participants in either room. The NICU was found to be an extremely reverberant environment, which suggested that the NICU noise levels were largely a result of reverberant noise reinforcements. NICU nursing staff’s most common suggestion for noise abatement strategies was reduction of staff conversation. Results of this study highlight the need for NICU noise abatement to optimise newborn patient care, reduce the risk of acoustic trauma and to improve the neonate’s quality of life, thus enhancing the infant’s physiologic stability, growth and health.

Triage assessment of patients on arrival at the emergency unit is an essential function in quality emergency care provision. Triage is the process of sorting and prioritising patients according to their level of acuity. This study was performed within an emergency unit that experienced serious problems with the sorting of patients on their arrival. After implementation of the Cape Triage Score, a questionnaire was distributed amongst staff utilising the new triage system. The investigation sought to answer specific questions concerning the triage nurse's roles, competencies required and strengths and weaknesses of the implemented system. The study also suggests guidelines to improve the triage system within the unit. The triage system was received well by participants. The roles of the triage nurse are multifaceted and extensive competencies are required. The strengths of the implemented triage system outweighed the weaknesses as perceived by the respondents. Guidelines for implementing triage in emergency units are provided. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: During the 1990s in South Africa an increasing need for care and housing for the aged became evident. On the one hand greater longevity created a rapid increase in the number of aged people of all population groups, and on the other, changes in government policy foreshadowed a drastic scaling down of the role of the state with regard to the supply of housing for the aged. In the midst of these changes, one type of housing for the aged has remained outside the pale of the altering policy scenario: retirement villages. This then is the main focus of the study. Taking into account the fact that retirement villages presently focus mainly on a single elderly group, namely wealthy white persons, and set against the backdrop of the changing situation regarding policy towards housing for the aged, the question arises whether in future retirement villages will be capable of providing housing for a greater percentage of elderly people than at present. The present demand and supply of retirement villages is critically evaluated within the context of housing for the aged in general in order to contribute to a future vision for housing for the aged within the new South Africa. In view of this - and taking into account cultural, financial and age differences - the housing and care needs, as well as the preferences and perceptions of 228 elderly persons, are analysed and compared in this respect with the views of relevant interested parties, namely gerontologists, sociologists, non-governmental organizations and retirement village developers. In focusing on 34 retirement villages in the greater Cape Town area, this study fills the gap that exists within urban geography regarding housing for the aged. An analysis is done of the location of retirement villages in this area, as well as of the factors that influence the selection of locations for such housing schemes. Not only are issues of supply and demand addressed, but also the problems with which the retirement village industry has to deal, such as service delivery, grading (classification status according to specific standards) and the spatial placing of villages. In this wayan attempt is made to find a solution to related problems. The most important conclusion that arose from this research can be summarized as being that elderly people show a lack of knowledge regarding the services offered by these facilities. For this reason retirement villages have been classified under four headings, according to the care services they offer, namely the independent lifestyle village, the supportive care village, the continuous care village and the care for life village. Retirement villages can play an ever-increasing role in providing housing and care for the aged. This will only happen if the various preferences, opinions and perceptions of the different groups of elderly persons are seriously considered and compared to the views of the experts in the field. The basic preferences of the aged can be summarised as: renting residential units instead of buying them; no luxuries such as therapy services; safety considerations incorporated in the design of the interior of the units; being able to use their own furniture in the units; primary health care offered; availability of recreational facilities; good corporate management and accessibility to essential services (in terms of the location of the village). In conclusion, experts of retirement village housing should avoid problems that stem from injudiciously developing complexes that through their inaccessiblity isolate residents from the rest of the community. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In Suid-Afrika is die negentigerjare van die vorige eeu gekenmerk deur 'n toenemende behoefte aan die versorging van en behuising vir bejaardes. Enersyds het langer lewensverwagting 'n snelle toename in die getal bejaardes onder alle bevolkingsgroepe meegebring en andersyds het veranderings in owerheidsbeleid 'n drastiese afskaling in die rol van die staat met betrekking tot behuisingsvoorsiening aan bejaardes in die vooruitsig gestel. Te midde van die verandering ten opsigte van behuisingsvoorsiening vir bejaardes, is daar egter een tipe behuising vir bejaardes wat buite die veranderde beleidstoneel van die staat staan, naamlik aftree-oorde - wat dan die hooffokus van hierdie ondersoek is. In die lig van die veranderende beleidsomgewing rakende die voorsiening van behuising aan bejaardes ontstaan die vraag of aftree-oorde in die toekoms aan 'n groter persentasie bejaardes as tans behuising kan voorsien, gegee die feit dat aftree-oorde tans veralop 'n enkele groep bejaardes, naamlik welgestelde wit bejaardes, fokus. Die huidige vraag na en aanbod van aftree-oorde word in die lig hiervan krities evalueer teen die agtergrond van behuising vir bejaardes in die algemeen ten einde te help bou aan 'n toekomsvisie vir die behuising vir bejaardes in die nuwe Suid-Afrika. Met die oog hierop word die behuisingsen versorgingsbehoeftes, -voorkeure en -persepsies van 228 bejaardes ontleed (gegee hul kulturele, finansiële en ouderdomsverskille) en dan vergelyk met die menings van tersake rolspelers aan die aanbodkant, naamlik gerontoloë, sosioloë, nieregeringsinstansies en die ontwikkelaars van aftree-oorde. Hierdie studie vul die leemte wat binne stedelike geografie bestaan ten opsigte van bejaardes, deur te fokus op 34 aftree-oorde in Kaapstad en sy soomdistrikte met 'n ontleding van die ligging van oorde in hierdie gebied, asook van faktore wat die plasingskeuse van oorde beïnvloed. In die navorsing word nie net die vraag en aanbod van aftree-oorde aangespreek nie, maar ook die probleme waarmee die aftree-oord industrie te doen het, soos dienslewering, gradering (klassifikasie-status volgens bepaalde maatstawwe) en die ruimtelike plasing van oorde om 'n bydrae tot die oplossing van sodanige probleme te kan lewer. Die belangrikste gevolgtrekkings van hierdie studie kan soos volg opgesom word: Daar is 'n gebrek aan kennis by bejaardes ten opsigte van die dienste wat verskillende aftree- oorde aan die bejaarde bied. Vir hierdie rede is aftree-oorde op grond van hulle versorgingsdienste in vier groepe geklassifiseer, naamlik die onafhanklike lewenstyloord, die ondersteuningsdiensoord, die volgehoue versorgingsoord en die lewenslange versorgingsoord. Aftree-oorde kan 'n al groter rol in die voorsiening van behuising aan en versorging van bejaardes speel mits aandag gegee word aan die verskillende voorkeure, menings en persepsies van die verskillende bejaarde groepe en hoe dit met dié van die deskundiges verskil. Die basiese voorkeure van bejaardes kan opgesom word as: die huur van wooneenhede in plaas van om te koop; geen luukshede soos terapiedienste nie; die veiligheidsbewuste ontwerp van die interieur; die gebruik van eie meubels in die wooneenhede; die voorsiening van primêre gesondheidsorg; die beskikbaarheid van rekreasiefasiliteite; die goeie bestuur van die oord en die geskikte ligging van die oord ten opsigte van die belangrikste dienste. Laastens moet deskundiges van aftree-oord behuising waak teen probleme wat sentreer rondom die plasing van 'n oord asook die isolasie van die aftreeoord inwoners van die gemeenskap.

Thesis (MS en S)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Various spatial development frameworks are currently being drafted to lead the spatial development patterns of concentrated activities within municipalities and metropoles. The assignment studies the spatial development framework of the Cape Metropole as well as those of the Tygerberg and Cape Town municipalities. An analyses of the different locations and characteristics of the corridors and nodes in these models is made. There are however nodes that are not proposed on the spatial development frameworks but have nevertheless been approved for. development. A comparison of the corridor model is made within the frameworks of the mentioned municipalities. A study is done on whether the corridor model is totally ignored by local authorities or whether it only differs in detail. The effect of the Century City node, which was not proposed in the spatial development frameworks on the development of corridors, is discussed. Backgroud information on the origin and functions of corridors and nodes is gathered through analyses of international examples. Comparison is drawn between these precidents and the Cape Metropole proposals to evaluate their applicability. The conclusion is drawn that the municipalities' and metropole's spatial development frameworks are based on the same principle but differ in their detail structure. Many of the recommendations that are made in the spatial frameworks are difficult to implement. The approval of nodes such as Century City which are not proposed on the frameworks have a negative influence on the economic growth and development of future nodes and corridors as envisaged. Proposals on how to strengthen the implementation process of spatial development frameworks and a possible process for the approval of potential nodes are given. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Daar is verskillende ruimtelike ontwikkelingsraamwerke wat tans opgestel word om die ruimtelike verspreidingspatrone van gekonsentreerde aktiwiteite binne munisipaliteite en metropole te lei. Die werkstuk ondersoek die ruimtelike ontwikkelingsraamwerke van die Kaapse Metropool asook die munisipaliteite van Tygerberg en Kaapstad. Die korridors en nodusse wat in die modelle voorgestel word, word ontleed in terme van hul eienskappe en verskillende liggings. Daar is nogtans nodusse wat nie in hierdie ontwikkelingsraamwerke voorgestel word nie, maar dit is nieteenstaande goedgekeur vir ontwikkeling. Die werkstuk vergelyk die korridormodel van die Kaapse Metropool (Metropolitaanse Ontwikkelingsraamwerk) met die munisipaliteite se ontwikkelingsraamwerke.Daar word ondersoek of die korridormodel van die metropool heeltemal deur plaaslike owerhede verwerp word of dit net in detail verskil. Die effek van die Century City nodus, wat nie in die ruimtelike ontwikkelingsraamwerke voorgestel is nie, op die ontwikkeling van korridors word ook bespreek. Voorbeelde van internasionale stede word ontleed om agtergrond oor die ontstaan en funksies van korridors en nodusse in te samel. Daarna word bepaal hoe dit op die Kaapse Metropool toegepas kan word. Die gevolgtrekking word gemaak dat al drie raamwerke op dieselfde beginsel gebaseer is maar in detail verskil Daar word baie voorstelle binne die raamwerke gemaak wat moeilik is om te implementeer. Die goedkeuring van nodusse soos Century City wat nie binne die ruimtelike ontwikkelingsraamwerke voorgestel word nie, het 'n negatiewe invloed op die ekonomiese groei en ontwikkeling van die voorgestelde nodusse en korridors. Aanbevelings oor hoe om die implementeringsproses van die raamwerke te ondersteun word gemaak en ook 'n moontlike goedkeuringsproses vir nodusse wat nie binne die ruimtelike ontwikkelingsraamwerke voorgestel word nie.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to investigate the nature and purpose of migrant social in Marconi Beam Informal Settlement, and Joe Slovo Park. The study found that migrant social networks served both economic and cultural functions. Through their social networks migrants seek to maximise their remittances to their areas as well as to convey information about the availability of jobs and housing conditions in the city. Newly arrived migrants depend on their kin and village mates for food, shelter, and sense of belonging in an environment that can otherwise be hostile. Similarly in times of crisis such as redundancy, property losses migrants can call on the support within their immediate area of residence or from other members based in their rural areas of origin. Furthermore, migrants visit their rural areas of origin to partake in marriages, initiation ceremonies, and funeral service. And many of the migrants who die in the city are transported to the rural areas for burial. Migrant social networks demonstrate the complex interconnectedness of the urban and rural spheres of life in both the economic and cultural aspects of life. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie het die aard en doel van sosiale netwerke onder migrante werkers in die Marconi Beam informele nedersetting en Joe Slovo Park ondersoek. Daar is gevind dat hierdie netwerke ekonomiese en kulturele funksies vervul. Op ekonomiese vlak fasiliteer die netwerke die twee-rigting vloei van goedere en dienste tussen stedelike huishoudings en die landelike tuiste. D.m.v. netwerke onder migrante werkers word inligting oor die beskikbaarheid van werk, behuising en dies meer versprei. Gebasseer op die ideologiese aanname dat die landelike tuiste meer belangrik is as die stedelike huishouding, word materiële goedere en geld, wat in die stad verdien word, na die landelike tuiste oorgeplaas. Daarmee saam word stedelike uitgawes tot In minimum beperk. In die geval van gebeurlikhede kenmerkend van die stedelike situasie, soos verlies van werk of eiendom, wend migrante werkers hulle na die landelike tuiste vir hulp en ondersteuning. Op In kulturele vlak besoek migrante die landelike areas om deel te neem aan begrafnisse, troues en inisiasie seremonies. Baie van diegene wat tot sterwe kom in die stad, word na die landelike areas oorgeplaas vir hul begrafnis. Hierdie besoeke dien as bewys van die migrant se lojaliteit teenoor die landelike tuiste en gemeenskap. In die geheel gesien bevestig die sosiale netwerke onder migrante werkers die inter-afhanklikheid van die stedelike en landelike lewenssfere.