The study seeked to investigate an evaluation of the effects of poverty in Khayelitsha Site C. Poverty in this area has manifested in the conditions people live under and the social effects of such conditions in the life of Site C residents was assessed in terms of/or in relation to the following: levels of infant mortality / level of malnutrition / rate of school drop out due to lack of food and other resources / high level of alcohol abuse / lack of basic services and the shortage of toilets etc.

Magister Psychologiae - MPsych / The study sought to explore the priorities and practices of educators with regard to the mediation of moral qualities/democratic virtues related to education for citizenship by means of a case study in one school. In South Africa educators are regarded as among the stakeholders responsible for the mediation of values and morals in children and youth so that they will be effective citizens of democracy. Hence the school is seen as an important context in which this could take place. Citizenship education usually contains a moral element. Practices of moral development generally draw on the work of Kohlberg, which is linked to a Piagetian understanding of development. Vygotsky’s approach focuses on the contribution that the context has on cognitive development and suggests that this may also be important for moral development. However there is little evidence available concerning the effectiveness of specific interventions. Two groups of educators and one group of learners were interviewed. Educators were asked what moral qualities/democratic virtues they regarded as important to nurture in the learners at this school and what they did to nurture these virtues. Learners were also asked the same question and what they saw their educators doing in order to mediate these moral qualities/democratic virtues. Any constraints and successes were explored together with what educators thought could be done to improve the situation. The theoretical understanding of the research was constructivist and it followed a qualitative case study approach. Data were collected using semistructured interviews and were analysed using a thematic analysis approach. Before the research was undertaken permission was sought from the Western Cape Education Department and the study was conducted following the guidelines for ethical research set by the American Psychological Association. The main priorities that emerged as moral qualities/ democratic virtues that educators thought were important to nurture, were accountability, respect, and commitment to “being good.” Socially desirable behaviours that were highlighted were the following: economic initiative, citizenship, and politeness and consideration. Cognitive qualities that they thought were important to nurture were the following: open mindedness, literacy, and numeracy. There were also skills that the educators thought were important to nurture in their learners which did not seem to have a moral dimension. The main practices mentioned were: modelling, active instruction and discussion, and discipline. Educators highlighted the importance of consistency throughout the school. Constraints mentioned were the following: lack of discipline, socio-economic factors, and lack of parental involvement. Supportive factors mentioned were parental support, and consistency and collaboration. / South Africa

Thesis (MScMedSc (Pathology. Medical Virology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / There are currently an estimated 5.3 million people infected with human immunodeficiency virus / acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in South Africa. HIV-1 group M Subtype C is currently responsible for the majority of HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa (56% worldwide). The Khayelitsha informal settlement, located 30 km outside Cape Town, has one of the highest HIV prevalence rates in the Western Cape. The objective of this study was to investigate the molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 in Khayelitsha using serotyping and genotyping techniques. Patient samples were received from the Matthew Goniwe general health clinic located at site C in Khayelitsha. Serotyping was performed through a competitive enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (cPEIA). RNA was isolated from patient plasma and a two step RT-PCR amplification of the gag p24, env gp41 IDR, env gp120 V3 and pol genome regions performed. Sequences obtained were used for detailed sequence and phylogenetic analysis. Neighbour-joining and maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees were drawn to assess the relationship between the Khayelitsha sequences obtained and a set of reference sequences obtained from the Los Alamos National Library (LANL) HIV database (http://www.hiv.lanl.gov/). Through serotyping and genotyping the majority of HIV strains were characterised as HIV-1 group M subtype C. One sample (1154) was characterised as a possible C / D recombinant strain. In 9 other samples HIV-1 recombination cannot be excluded, as only one of the gene regions investigated could be amplified and characterised in these samples. The gag p24 genome region was found to be more conserved than the env gp41 IDR, with the env gp41 IDR more conserved than the env gp120 V3. The variability of the env gp120 V3 region indicates that patients might be dually infected with variant HIV-1 subtype C strains or quasispecies. Conserved regions identified in the Khayelitsha sequences can induce CD4+ T-cell responses and are important antibody recognition target sites. These conserved regions can play a key role in the development of an effective HIV-1 immunogen reactive against all HIV-1 subtypes. The majority of subtype C viruses were predicted to use CCR5 as their major chemokine co-receptor. The pol sequences analysed indicate that mutations associated with minor resistance to Protease Inhibitors (PIs) might be present in the Khayelitsha community. The identification of resistant mutations is vital for people receiving antiretroviral treatment (ART). It can influence the success of their treatment and delay the onset of AIDS. Serotyping is a quick characterisation method, but not always accurate. With genotyping detailed molecular analysis can be performed. However, with genotyping the success of amplification often depends on viral load. In Southern Africa a subtype C candidate vaccine appears to be the best option for future vaccine considerations. The sporadic detection of non-subtype C and recombinant subtype C viruses remains a concern and will thus have to be closely monitored. Phylogenetic analysis can help to classify and monitor the spread and evolution of these viruses.

Thesis (MAdmin)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis attempts to provide alternative solutions to housing and developmental problems faced by the government in South Africa's urban/metropolitan areas in general and in Khayelitsha in particular. The root causes of the problems have been identified and linked to urbanisation-related government policies of the past. The Group Areas "urban model of development" influenced the planning, management and development (spatial policies) in the urban/metropolitan areas. The rural-urban migration process through the migrant labour system during the industrialisation period was engineered by the "Corporate State" and consolidated by the introduction of tax systems and laws regulating land ownership by the African people (Natives). These have impoverished the African people both in rural and urban/metropolitan areas. The existing gap in development between rural and urban/metropolitan areas, in particular in the peri-urban areas, is evident in persistent poverty and unemployment as effects of the conditions which generate increased migration. In this context, Khayelitsha is used as a case study to illustrate study variables (urban policies and management, rapid urbanisation and their impact on housing and development) at grassroots level. Comparison is made undertaken between South African housing and developmental problems and those of other developing countries. Tanzania and Zimbabwe as African countries and former British Colonies (African connection) have been chosen for this purpose. Data were gathered through questionnaires, interviews and participatory observation. This makes the study objective, but also subjective. The research concludes that there is a need to devote more resources to rural development programmes accompanied by decentralisation strategies. This will help to reduce the gap between rural and urban development. It is hoped that the information contained in this thesis will provide a basic background to meet the social and economic challenges by addressing housing and developmental problems, in Khayelitsha in particular and South Africa in general. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie tesis word daar gepoog om moontlike oplossings te vind vir die behuisings en ontwikkelingsprobleme wat deur die Suid-Afrikaanse regering en stedelike/metropolitaanse gebiede oor die algemeen en Khayelitsha in die besonder ondervind word. Die kernoorsake van die probleme word geïdentifiseer en verbind aan die vorige regering se verstedelikingsbeleide. Beplanning, bestuur en ontwikkeling (ruimtelike beleide) in die stedelike/metropolitaanse gebiede is beïnvloed deur die Groepsgebiede-model vir stedelike ontwikkeling. Die landelike-stedelike migrasieproses, geïnisieer deur die trekarbeidstelsel gedurende die industrialiseringsera, is deur die "Korporatiewe Staat" bewerkstellig en gekonsolideer deur die instelling van belastingstelsels en wette ter regulering van grondbesit deur swart mense. Dit het gelei tot die verarming van swart mense in landelike en stedelike/metropolitaanse gebiede. Die bestaande gaping in ontwikkeling tussen landelike en stedelike gebiede, in die besonder in buitestedelike gebiede, blyk duidelik uit gevestigde armoede en werkloosheid as uitvloeisels van die omstandighede wat tot toenemende migrasie lei. In hierdie konteks is Khayelitsha gebruik as 'n gevallestudie om die studieveranderlikes (stedelike beleide, stedelike bestuur, snelle verstedeliking en die impak daarvan op behuising en ontwikkeling) op voetsoolvlak te illustreer. Vergelykings is getref ten einde Suid-Afrikaanse behuisings- en ontwikkelingsprobleme met ander ontwikkelende lande te vergelyk. Vir die doel is Tanzanië en Zimbabwe as Afrikalande en eertydse Britse kolonies (Afrika-konneksie) gekies. Data is ingesamel deur middel van vraelyste, onderhoude en deelnemende waarneming. Dit het daartoe gelei dat die studie nie alleen objektief nie, maar ook subjektief is. Die studie kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat meer hulpbronne tesame met desentraliseringstrategieë gerig op landelike ontwikkelingsprogramme benodig word. Dit sal bydra tot vernouing van die gaping tussen landelike en stedelike ontwikkeling. Daar word derhalwe gehoop dat die inligting vervat in hierdie tesis basiese agtergrond sal verskaf om die sosiale en ekonomiese uitdagings die hoof te bied deur die bestaande behuisings - en ontwikkelingsprobleme in Khayelitsha in die besonder en Suid-Afrika oor die algemeen aan te spreek.

Thesis (MTh)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A research study was conducted in the form of a literature review to explore the situation of HIV and AIDS stigma in Khayelitsha in order to propose a Pastoral Approach for church leaders in that township. In this regard, the research study established that HIV and AIDS related stigma is the main barrier to any effort in fighting the HIV and AIDS epidemic. The aims of the research were to understand the causes and the effects of HIV and AIDS stigma, examine the Church as a healing community, construct a biblical and theological reflection on HIV and AIDS stigma, and make recommendations useful for the church in dealing with HIV and AIDS stigma. The research indicated that 'stigma‘ is a term that was used throughout history to mean a mark put on people who are regarded as different from others. In terms of HIV and AIDS, stigma is seen as an attitude shaping the way PLWHA are treated in the community. Among the causes of stigma related to HIV and AIDS are the fear of HIV and AIDS as a dangerous and infectious disease, the link between HIV and AIDS and sexual immorality, lack or distortion of information about HIV and AIDS, lack or withdrawal of resources from PLWHA, gender imbalance, and gossip and insults directed at PLWHA. According to research, the effects that come from HIV and AIDS stigma are devastating. They include fear of disclosure of HIV and AIDS status, difficulty in providing care and support for PLWHA, and acceleration of death for PLWHA. As for the biblical and theological reflection on HIV and AIDS stigma, it has been established that leprosy was the biblical disease compared to HIV and AIDS. While the OT model isolated people living with leprosy, Jesus accepted them and healed them in the NT. The OT model has often been used by the church to marginalise PLWHA on the grounds that it is God‘s punishment for sexual sin. The research does not deny the fact that God punishes sin through disease, but it is important to note that disease is not found to be the only form of God‘s punishment, and, in fact, one may not conclude that every disease is a consequence of sin. After all, God dealt with sin by punishing Jesus, who died on the cross to pay for the debts of sinners, and they are now allowed to enter God‘s kingdom freely. The Church is thus meant to be a community where holistic healing takes place through activities such as the teaching and preaching of God‘s word, koinōnia and diakōnia, as well as through prayer. In that sense, PLWHA are also included in the Body of Christ as charismatic beings, and should receive care spiritually, emotionally, relationally, and physically just as they also contribute uniquely to the wellbeing of the Church. The research suggests that in Khayelitsha, church leaders should join hands against HIV and AIDS stigma. They first of all need to confess any former failure to take action, and then work on a paradigm shift in order to change the way they have been dealing with PLWHA in their churches. In obedience to the mission of Jesus Christ, the Bible should be interpreted in a way that does not stigmatize PLWHA, but rather stimulates church leaders in Khayelitsha to stand up and take care of those who are suffering. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die konteks van die studie is die situasie van MIV en VIGS binne die Township van Khayelitsha. Dit fokus op die vraagstuk van stigma ten einde 'n pastorale benadering vir kerkleiers in Khayelitsha te ontwerp. Alhoewel die faktor van deelnemende waarneming 'n rol sal speel, is die navorsing hoofsaaklik 'n literatuurstudie. Die voorveronderstelling van die navorsingsontwerp is dat stigmatisering binne die spesifieke kultuursituasie van Khayelitsha een van die groot stremmende faktore is om die epidemie doeltreffend te bestuur. Die verdere doel van die navorsing is om die oorsaaklike faktore asook die effek van stigmatisering binne hierdie Township te verken; om te bepaal wat word pastoraal verstaan onder die term "Die Kerk as 'n Helende Gemeenskap"; om vanuit 'n Bybelse perspektief teologies na te dink oor stigma binne die epidemie asook om voorstelle te maak vir doeltreffende kerklike leierskap. Die term 'stigma‘ in die geskiedenis is gebruik om mense te etiketteer as verskillend en hul sodoende van 'n bepaalde gemeenskap te isoleer. Stigmatisering dui dan op 'n bepaaldelewenstyl en houding wa tmense watleef met MIV & VIGS binne 'n bepaalde sosiale konteks te hanteer. Daar bestaan 'n noue verband tussen vrees en stigmatisering. Dit is die vrees om deur die virus geïnfekteer te raak. MIV & VIGS is inderdaad gekoppel aan die vrees vir dood en sterwe. Daarbestaanook die assosiasie van seksuele immoraliteit. Voorts is daar die faktor van ontoepaslike inligting oor die toestand en die gevaar van onvoldoende medikasie en ondersteuningstelsels. Die virus dring die gender-vraagstuk binne en gee aanleidng tot skinder en suspisie. Dit is bevind dat een van die groot stremmende faktore is die vrees om te ontsluit. Mense wil nie hul status weet nie. Daar is dikwels probleme rakende ondersteuningstelsels in die Township wat nie doeltreffend is nie. Toepaslike sorg ontbreek ook. 'n Bybelse en teologiese refleksie sien dikwelsm elaatsheid as 'n ekwivalent van die virus. In die OT is mense dikwels vanuit die gemeenskap geban. Daarteenoor het Jesus melaatses aanvaar en genees. Die verband met melaatsheid gee dikwels daartoe aanleiding dat mense wat met MIV & VIGS leef, gemarginaliseer word en dat MIV & VIGS as 'n straf van God op seksuele sonde gesien word. Die navorsing erken die verband tussen sonde en straf. Die verband sonde-siekte kan egter nie kousaal oorsaaklik gesien word as 'n verklaringsbeginsel nie. Die verband is nie logies-reglynig nie. Die feit is dat Jesus ons straf gedra het en dat sy plaasvervangende lyding 'n ander teologiese dinamika in die verband sonde-siekte-straf inbring. Sondaars is bevry en kan die koninkryk van God binnekom. Die kerk is dus die gemeenskap waarbinne holistiese heling kan plaasvind deur middel van lering en prediking van God se woord. Koinonia, diakonia en gebed speel ook in dié verband 'n rol. Mense watleef met MIV & VIGS moet as integraal in die gemeenskap van gelowiges gesien word. Hulle is geregtig op sorg. Hulle moet spiritueel, emosioneel, relasioneel en fisiek versorg word. Hulle kan 'n rol speel in die welsyn van die kerk en deel ook in die charisma van die Gees. Die navorsing stel voor dat kerkleiers in Khayalitsha saam hande moet vat in die stryd teen MIV & VIGS. Die kerk moet bewus wees van mislukte pogings in die verlede. Die kerk benodig 'n paradigma skuif ten opsigte van bedieningsbenaderings. In die lig van die sending van Christus moet die Bybel nie geïnterpreteer word om te stigmatiseer nie, maar om mense te versorg en kerkleiers te motiveer om toepaslike strategieë te ontwikkel om mense wat ly pastoraal te hanteer.

Thesis (MTh)--Stellenbosch University, 2005 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: No abstract available / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Geen opsomming

1. This pilot study is a survey of practices of natural sciences educators at Cape College of Education to establish if they reflect the conceptual development, development of skills, change of attitudes and values that are the pillars of the Outcomes Based Education (OBE). Their approaches of lecturing have been assessed to determine if they incorporate investigative approaches based on social constructivism, the theory underpinning Curriculum 2005. The status of science education in the college has been analyzed to establish whether the curriculum can adapt itself to the specifications of the new curriculum. It has been concluded that the educators at Cape College of Education need to be empowered about strategies that will help them function along the principles embracing Curriculum 2005 specifications. The educators have shown not to be ready to practice social constructivism and the assessment strategies incorporated in their programmes do not embrace a variety of approaches that will enable their learners to develop conceptually, skill wise and enable them to develop change in attitudes and values. Investigative approaches to practical work appear to be lacking in the college teaching/learning and this also indicates that Curriculum 2005 will take time to be properly implemented at Cape College of Education. 2. This study is based on the practices of science educators in the squatter-camp school in Khayelitsha, a densely populated area for blacks near Cape Town. Teachers at Vuselela primary school were interviewed about their teaching assessment strategies to establish whether they incorporate a learner centred approach, which is the necessity for the Outcomes Based Education approach. Also some of the lessons they taught were observed in order to find out whether they validate what transpired from the interviews through a process of triangulation. It has become evident that the teachers are to some extent aware of the changes the education system is going through in South Africa. It also became clear from the study that the teachers are still lacking expertise as to how to practice along the lines of Curriculum 2005, the South African version of Outcomes Based Education (OBE). They also showed that they are keen to learn and practice OBE even though more opportunities need to be created for their epistemological empowerment as well as empowerment on the content of science.