Rutherford's research demonstrates that "the poor can save, do save, and want to save money" (Rutherford, 1999: 7). Furthermore, if given a formal bank account this correlates with the poor being more likely to save (Porteous and Hazelhurst, 2004: 63). But in 2004, the unbanked made up 54.5% of the South African adult population (FinScope, 2006: 18). In the same year, to draw more people into the realm of the banked the Mzansi account was launched. The account is a first order transactional product and a saving service which targets poor clients from LSM 1-5. Mzansi account holders are found to be significantly more likely to be informally employed or unemployed (Porteous, 2007: 10). Yet there is a research gap about the financial behaviour of those working informally. This study draws on the experiences of women working in the informal economy who utilise the Mzansi account. It aims to determine the limitations and benefits of the account. It also seeks to learn what role the Mzansi account plays in the savings habits of the women and how it influences their livelihood strategies. This is with a view to recommending how the services of the Mzansi account can be improved so as to maximise its support of informal workers. The research suggests that the intrinsic benefits of the Mzansi account are that the account's bank charges are lower compared to other bank accounts, a small initial deposit is needed to open the Mzansi account and a proper address is not required to open the account. The interviewees highlight five day-to-day limitations on the Mzansi account. First, interviewees identify the lack of a bank book to view the transactional activities occurring in the account as a problem. Second, the cap on the account where a maximum of Rl5 000 is only permitted hinders the potential to save money in the account and receIve insurance pay outs. Third, the cost and frequency of bank charges are still expensive. Fourth, the distance to access banks or ATMs for the women in semi-rural areas makes it difficult and costly for them to access their bank account. Lastly the issue of crime is a problem when utilising ATMs. Savings from the Mzansi account influence livelihood outcomes by enabling investment in funeral insurance through debit orders. This investment helps mitigate future vulnerability. In terms of livelihoods and the women's businesses, the savings from the Mzansi account are used for the purchasing of stock. This may not improve livelihood outcomes by generating further income but it maintains the women's business stability. money" (Rutherford, 1999: 7). Furthermore, if given a formal bank account this correlates with the poor being more likely to save (Porteous and Hazelhurst, 2004: 63). But in 2004, the unbanked made up 54.5% of the South African adult population (FinScope, 2006: 18). In the same year, to draw more people into the realm of the banked the Mzansi account was launched. The account is a first order transactional product and a saving service which targets poor clients from LSM 1-5. Mzansi account holders are found to be significantly more likely to be informally employed or unemployed (Porteous, 2007: 10). Yet there is a research gap about the financial behaviour of those working informally. This study draws on the experiences of women working in the informal economy who utilise the Mzansi account. It aims to determine the limitations and benefits of the account. It also seeks to learn what role the Mzansi account plays in the savings habits of the women and how it influences their livelihood strategies. This is with a view to recommending how the services of the Mzansi account can be improved so as to maximise its support of informal workers. The research suggests that the intrinsic benefits of the Mzansi account are that the account's bank charges are lower compared to other bank accounts, a small initial deposit is needed to open the Mzansi account and a proper address is not required to open the account. The interviewees highlight five day-to-day limitations on the Mzansi account. First, interviewees identify the lack of a bank book to view the transactional activities occurring in the account as a problem. Second, the cap on the account where a maximum of Rl5 000 is only permitted hinders the potential to save money in the account and receIve insurance pay outs. Third, the cost and frequency of bank charges are still expensive. Fourth, the distance to access banks or ATMs for the women in semi-rural areas makes it difficult and costly for them to access their bank account. Lastly the issue of crime is a problem when utilising ATMs. Savings from the Mzansi account influence livelihood outcomes by enabling investment in funeral insurance through debit orders. This investment helps mitigate future vulnerability. In terms of livelihoods and the women's businesses, the savings from the Mzansi account are used for the purchasing of stock. This may not improve livelihood outcomes by generating further income but it maintains the women's business stability. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2008.

The Government of National Unity, on coming into power in April, 1994, has endorsed the reconstruction and development programme (RDP) and its broad agenda for the rapid removal of the problems and gross inequality evident in all aspects of the South African society. Many economists argue that the sustain ability of the RDP, will depend crucially on the maintenance of fiscal discipline and the progressive reduction of the overall fiscal deficit. As excessive fiscal deficits are often associated with higher inflation, higher real interest rates, balance of payments disequilibrium and lower economic growth, thereby putting the RDP at jeopardy. The view based on the Ricardian Equivalence approach however, takes the position that neither deficits nor the way they are financed, is as critical to economic policy and the future prosperity of an economy, as is generally believed. The Ricardian view consequently, argues that government need not necessarily embark on deficit reduction programmes as advocated by the so called traditional view. The study investigates the validity of the Ricardian view, both on the empirical and theoretical side, with special reference to the South African economy. The specific question that this study attempts to address is whether economic agents behave in a Ricardian manner in the South African economy. Our results (based on the replication of the Dalamagas (1994) study) could be very consequential for South African policy makers, as they suggest that the Ricardian Equivalence proposition is valid and therefore, government could on purely theoretical grounds shift its focus away from the debt situation, and concentrate on the policies aimed to correct the inequalities (in wealth, distribution of public goods, employment opportunities) created by the Apartheid era. Whether government should do so in reality however is debateable due to the other considerations that government need to take account of when implementing actual macroeconomic policy. / Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1998.

No abstract available. / Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1997.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is a powerful driver of economic growth and development, particularly in the developing world. FDI can lead to greater efficiencies in the local economy through a number of different channels such as the transfer of technology, increase in competition, and job creation. This dissertation discusses the costs and benefits derived from FDI as well as examining various complementary issues to FDI, such as the relevance of fiscal incentives and the varying effects of different modes of entry. This study further analyses the determinants of FDI into South Africa for the period 1961-2009, through the use of two different econometric techniques – time series and panel data analysis. The results from the time series analysis concur largely with previous studies, finding market size, exchange rate, macroeconomic (in)stability and infrastructure to all be statistically significant determinants of FDI inflows into South Africa. South Africa underwent a major political and economic change in 1994 with the end of Apartheid. This fundamental shift in the economy has also affected the determinants of FDI into the country. To this end a panel data analysis was conducted between 1994 and 2009, the results of which are more suitable for forecasting. This analysis found similar results to the time series analysis, although the relative importance of the determinants varies somewhat, and two additional variables – education and labour productivity – were also found to be statistically significant determinants in the panel data analysis. The dissertation concludes by discussing the policy implications that derive from the findings of the econometric analysis and offers some policy advice in terms of attracting greater FDI into South Africa, based on the findings of this analysis. / Thesis (M.Com.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2011.

The study seeked to investigate an evaluation of the effects of poverty in Khayelitsha Site C. Poverty in this area has manifested in the conditions people live under and the social effects of such conditions in the life of Site C residents was assessed in terms of/or in relation to the following: levels of infant mortality / level of malnutrition / rate of school drop out due to lack of food and other resources / high level of alcohol abuse / lack of basic services and the shortage of toilets etc.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: During the twentieth century, SANLAM developed as an important source of financial stability and assistance and played an important role in the economy of South Africa. That role was made possible through the effective collection and management of financial assets as well as the support of its policies to the broader South African population. But what did this performance of SANLAM hold for the population and how did the company assist South Africans to gain access to a larger share in the country's economy? These and other questions are the focus of this study which attempt to prove that SANLAM, through the use of its services and profit motive, could in fact help Afrikaners and later the broader South African public, to acquire a share in the country's economy. This was achieved to a large extent despite a ‘controversial’ identity where many people viewed SANLAM as a symbol of hope, while others saw it as a product of capitalism or as an economic puppet of the government. However, by the 1980’s, SANLAM had visible influence in nearly all sectors of the South African economy, either in a direct or indirect fashion. This makes SANLAM one of South Africa's economic success stories. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gedurende die twintigste eeu het SANLAM as bron van finansiële stabiliteit en -hulpverlening sterk ontwikkeling en ’n belangrike rol in die ekonomie van Suid-Afrika gespeel. Daardie rol is moontlik gemaak deur die doeltreffende versameling en bestuur van finansiële bates asook die ondersteuning wat sy polisse onder die breër Suid-Afrikaanse bevolking geniet het. Maar wat het hierdie goeie vertoning van SANLAM vir die bevolking ingehou en hoe het die maatskappy gehelp om Suid-Afrikaners se aandeel in die land se ekonomie uit te brei? Hierdie vrae vorm die middelpunt van hierdie verhandeling en daar sal probeer word om te bewys dat SANLAM deur middel van beide sy diens- en winsmotief ’n groter aandeel aan Afrikaners, in die eerste instansie en Suid-Afrikaners in die breër verband, in die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie kon bewerkstellig. Dit is in ’n groot mate verwesenlik teen die agtergrond van ’n kontroversiële identiteit waar SANLAM deur meeste mense as ’n simbool van hoop, deur sommige as ’n produk van kapitalisme en deur ander as ’n regerings-instrument beskou was. SANLAM se invloed was teen 1980, direk of indirek, in byna alle sektore van Suid-Afrika se ekonomie sigbaar. Dit maak vir SANLAM dus een van Suid-Afrika se ekonomiese suksesstories.

The purpose of this study is to establish the impact of real exchange rate on exports in South Africa. In conducting the empirical test, the Vector Error Correction Model and annual time series data between 1973 and 2014 has been utilised. In the model, exports are the dependent variable and the real effective exchange rates, gross domestic product, mining, agricultural, foreign direct investments, and merchandise export prices are explanatory variables. A significant inverse relationship between real effective exchange rates and exports was confirmed in line with economic theory. Except for the Gross Domestic Product which exhibited a positive relationship, all other explanatory variables displayed an inverse relationship with exports. All other variables exhibited a significant impact except for Foreign Direct Investments. Based on the findings of this study, firm and practical policy recommendations are made including a moderated adjustment of monetary and fiscal policy to ensure competitiveness on the supply side.

Much of the available documentation, and the multiple oral testimonies collected for this thesis agree that the most important changes that have occurred in Keiskammahoek district over the past half century resulted from the implementation of the government's conservationist policy known as betterment. The work is thus dominated by a wideranging look at betterment in Keiskammahoek The thesis is arranged chronologically, and each of the successive periods designated is analysed in terms of power. The first period considered is c.1920-c.1936; this was the time during which betterment policy was conceived. The key question that is posed here is why the policy was formed. Foucault's idea of power/knowledge features prominently in answering this question. For all of the remaining periods a conspicuously ,important power relation (unequal relationship) is chosen, and the analyses consist of plotting the histories of the various relations. The first of these periods is that which preceded the implementation of betterment in the district, i.e. c.1936-1960. Since multi-form resistance against betterment characterised this period, the power relation considered is that between the state and the various communities of Keiskammahoek. Next, attention is given to the actual implementation of betterment in the district. Because betterment affected locations in which land was held communally so differently from locations in which land was held under title, these two categories of location are analysed separately. In communal locations, a power relation spawned by betterment that has come to dominate life is that between village neighbours. In the other category of location, betterment has often further differentiated the power relation between title-deed holders and non title-deed holders. The thesis is not exclusively devoted to betterment. The 1970s saw many people being forcibly removed to Keiskammahoek. The final section of the work examines these events in relation to the changing economy of South Africa. In this section the power relation that is deemed important is that between the employed and unemployed The overall aim of the thesis then is to give an indication of the variety of forms or configurations of power that run through modernday Keiskammahoek.

Thousands of farmers were saved from bankruptcy by the Department of Agriculture, says Minister Greyling Wentzel. He said in 1986/1987 2 741 farmers who would have been bankrupt were saved through the department’s production aid scheme. The Rill,7m they received as loans enabled them to get a crop in the ground, without which they would have gone under. The debt consolidation scheme likewise helped about 2 000 farmers escape bankruptcy for the period 1983/1984 to 1986/1987.

This document has been prepared for debate within the ranks of the ANC. It does not represent an agreed policy, but rather seeks to contribute to a democratic process of formulating our movement's economic policy. The movement believes that economic policy should address itself to the demands and needs of the majority of the people, and active discussion and debate is essential if they are to have a more prominent place. The ANC has long recognised the necessity for political liberation and constitutional changes to be accompanied by socioeconomic transformation. The Freedom Charter proclaimed the necessity for the people to share in the countries wealth, for the land to be distributed to those who work it, for there to housing, security and comfort for all, and for the doors of learning and culture to opened. The constitutional guidelines also recognised the need for economic restructuring to be part of the process of constitutional change. / "This document has been prepared for debate within the ranks of the ANC". -- Introduction / "DEP workshop, Harare, 20-23 September 1990."