Orientador: Odair Aparecido Fernandes / Banca: Alexandre de Sene Pinto / Banca: Arlindo Leal Boiça Junior / Resumo: A soja transgênica MON 87701 × MON 89788 com Cry1Ac foi comparada com a soja isogênica não transgênica (M 8329) e soja RR (M 8360 RR) resistente ao herbicida glifosato no controle destes insetos, sob condições de casa-de-vegetação. Adotou-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados em parcelas subdividas com 4 repetições, sendo que os níveis de infestação corresponderam aos tratamentos primários, enquanto os genótipos de soja corresponderam aos tratamentos secundários. A soja foi cultivada em vasos plásticos sob gaiola telada. Os tratamentos primários para o ensaio com A. gemmatalis foram a) sem infestação; b) baixa infestação com liberação de 64,75+66,75 (fêmea+macho) adultos/parcela e c) alta infestação com liberação de 317,25+302,5 (fêmea+macho) adultos/parcela; enquanto para P. includens foram a) baixa infestação com liberação de 55,25+58,55 (fêmea+macho) adultos/parcela e b) alta infestação com liberação de 213,25+196,5 (fêmea+macho) adultos/parcela. Os tratamentos secundários foram soja MON 87701 × MON 89788; soja isogênica não transgênica; soja RR. Os resultados indicaram que a soja MON 87701 × MON 89788 foi altamente eficiente no controle da lagarta-da-soja e da falsa-medideira. A soja isogênica não transgênica (M 8329) e soja RR (M 8360 RR) não tiveram qualquer efeito nas populações de ambas as lagartas. Os adultos não discriminaram a soja geneticamente modificada e portanto não tiveram preferêncica para oviposição / Abstract: The transgenic soybean MON 87701 × MON 89788 with Cry1Ac was compared to the isogenic non-transgenic soybeans (M 8329) and RR soybean (M 8360 RR) resistant to glyphosate in the control of the these pests, under greenhouse conditions. Split plot design with four randomized blocks (replications) and infestation levels corresponded to the primary treatment, together with the soybean genotypes corresponded to the secondary treatments was adopted in this study. Soybeans were planted in plastic pots under screened cage. For A. gemmatalis, the primary treatments were a) non-infested plants b) low infestation in which 64.75 +66.75 (female + male) adult/plot were releases c) high infestation in which 317.25 +302.5 (female + male) adult/plot were released; whereas, for P. includens the treatments were a) low infestation with 55.25 +58.55 (female + male) adult/plot and b) high infestation with 213.25 +196.5 (female + male) adult/plot released. The secondary treatments were soybean MON 87701 × MON 89788; isogenic non-transgenic soybean and RR soybean. The results indicated that soybean MON 87701 × MON 89788 was highly effective in controlling both velvetbean caterpillar and soybean looper. Adults of both insects were not able to discriminate the genetically modified soybean, therefore they did not show oviposition preference / Mestre

O molibdênio é um dos micronutrientes essenciais para a soja, atuando diretamente no metabolismo do nitrogênio como cofator benzimático da nitrogenase. Usualmente, este nutriente é fornecido às plantas via tratamento de sementes ou aplicação foliar. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do molibdênio via foliar no potencial fisiológico de sementes de soja e verificar sua interferência na atividade das enzimas envolvidas no metabolismo do nitrogênio. Foram utilizadas sementes de soja da cultivar BMX Turbo, produzidas em Erechim, RS, safra 2013, provenientes de plantas tratadas com as seguintes concentrações de Mo: 0; 25; 50 e 75 g ha-1, fornecidas por meio de dois produtos comerciais (Biomol e Molybdate) e armazenadas durante 0 e 6 meses em condições não controladas. O primeiro experimento foi conduzido no Laboratório de Análise de Sementes Seedtes em Pato Branco, PR. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4 x 2 x 2 com quatro repetições cada. O potencial fisiológico das sementes foi avaliado por meio do teste de germinação, crescimento de plântulas, envelhecimento acelerado e emergência em solo. O segundo experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação onde foram cultivadas em vasos as sementes oriundas dos tratamentos com diferentes concentrações de Mo: 0; 25; 50 e 75 g ha-1 fornecidas por meio de dois produtos comerciais (Biomol e Molybdate). O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4 X 2 com quatro repetições. As avaliações foram realizadas quando as plantas atingiram o estadio fenológico R1 quanto à nodulação, massa seca de raiz e parte aérea das plantas e determinação da atividade das enzimas glutamina sintetase e glutamato sintetase e o teor de proteínas solúveis totais. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e quando significativos foram avaliados pelo teste de Tukey para comparação dos produtos e do armazenamento de sementes e com estudo de regressão para as concentrações ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. As análises foram realizadas com o software estatístico SISVAR. O armazenamento de sementes de soja em condições não controladas afetou o vigor das sementes produzidas com Mo, independente do produto comercial utilizado durante a produção. A aplicação de Mo via foliar influencia positivamente a produção de sementes de soja que apresentaram respostas crescentes na germinação e no vigor com a aplicação de Mo acima de 25 g ha-1. O enriquecimento de Mo via foliar não afetou a nodulação das plantas da geração seguinte, porém, a utilização de Mo acima de 25 g ha-1 proporcionou aumento na atividade das enzimas envolvidas no metabolismo do nitrogênio, bem como no teor de proteínas totais. / Molybdenum is one of the essential micronutrients for soybeans, acting directly on nitrogen metabolism as enzyme cofactor of nitrogenase. Usually, this nutrient is supplied to the plants through seed treatment or foliar application. The aim of this study was to evaluate the molybdenum effects by foliar in the physiological potential of soybean seeds and verify its interference in the enzyme activities involved in nitrogen metabolism. Soybean seeds of BMX Turbo cultivar were used, produced in Erechim, RS, harvest 2013, from plants treated with the following Mo concentrations: 0; 25; 50 and 75 g ha-1, supplied through two commercial products (Biomol and Molybdate) and stored during 0 and 6 months in uncontrolled conditions. The first experiment was conducted in Seedtes Seed Analysis Laboratory in Pato Branco, PR. The used design was completely randomized in a factorial analysis 4 x 2 x 2 with four replications each. The physiological potential of the seeds was evaluated by the germination test, seedling growth, accelerated aging and emergence on the soil. The second experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, where the seeds derived from treatments with different concentrations of Mo: 0; 25; 50 and 75 g ha-1 supplied through two commercial products (Biomol and Molybdate) were grown in vases. The used design was completely randomized in a factorial analysis 4 x 2 with four replications. Evaluations were performed when the plants reached the R1 phenological stage concerning the nodulation, dry matter of root and shoot of the plants and the determination of the activity of the enzymes glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthetase and the content of total soluble proteins. The data were submitted to variance analysis and when significant they were assessed by Tukey’s test for comparison of products and seed storage and with regression study to the concentrations at 5% probability. Analyses were performed using SISVAR statistical software. The soybean seed storage under uncontrolled conditions affected the seed vigour produced with Mo, regardless of the commercial product used during production. The application of Mo through foliar positively influences the production of soya beans which presented increasing responses in the germination and vigour with the application of Mo above 25 g ha-1 . The enrichment of Mo through foliar did not affect the nodulation of plants of the next generation, however, the use of Mo above 25 g ha-1 provided an increase in the activity of enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism as well as on the total protein content.

A expansão da área de cultivo da soja tem sido bastante significativa nos últimos anos, estando distribuída em todas as regiões geográficas do território nacional. Entretanto, apesar de sua potencialidade, tal cultura apresenta uma série de problemas, destacando-se, dentre estes, as dificuldades para produção de sementes de alta qualidade. Neste sentido, o desenvolvimento das plantas de soja é influenciado por diversos fatores ambientais, como temperatura, precipitação pluvial, umidade relativa do ar, umidade do solo e fotoperíodo. Desta forma, este trabalho teve como objetivo fornecer informações sobre os fatores que afetam o vigor de sementes de soja através de revisão bibliográfica, buscando um melhor entendimento das estratégias que devem ser consideradas para a produção de sementes de elevado potencial fisiológico e de avaliar a qualidade de semente de soja em diferentes condições climáticas, através de testes rotineiros de laboratório. Pode-se observar que os fatores genéticos inerentes a semente, fatores de ambiente como disponibilidade de água e temperatura, adubação, cuidados na colheita, cuidados no beneficiamento e cuidados no armazenamento são primordiais para a obtenção de sementes de elevada qualidade e, se os mesmos não forem bem manejados de forma adequada, podem ser potenciais fontes de deterioração das sementes de soja. Também, na avaliação das cultivares em diferentes locais, observou-se que a qualidade da semente de soja foi mais afetada pelas condições climáticas, principalmente quando altas temperaturas foram associadas a períodos de elevada precipitação pluvial. Como estratégia para maximizar a qualidade fisiológica das sementes, recomenda-se a escolha da região de cultivo e o cultivo de genótipos mais adaptados e de ciclo adequado, para que a maturação fisiológica e colheita ocorram em temperaturas mais amenas e menor precipitação pluvial. / The expansion area of soybean fields has been quite significant in the latest years, and it’s been widespread in all geographical areas of the country. However, despite its potencial, this culture has been presenting several problems, namely the difficulties to produce high quality seeds, among others. Developing soybean plants is influenced by environment factors, such as temperature, rainfall, air humidity, soil moisture and photoperiod. Thus, this study aimed to provide information about the factors that affect the vigor of soybean seeds through bibliographic research, seeking a better understanding of strategies that should be considered in producing high quality seeds with high physiological potencial and evaluate soybean seeds quality in different climatic condition, by routine laboratory tests. It can be observed that genetic factors inherent in the seed, environmental factors such as availability of water and temperature, fertilization, harvest care, processing and storage care are critical to obtaining high quality seed, and if they are not properly managed, can be potential sources of deterioration of soybean seeds. In the evaluation of the cultivars in different locations, it was observed that the quality of soybean seed was more affected by climatic conditions, especially when high temperatures were associated with periods of high rainfall. As a strategy to maximize the physiological quality of the seeds, it is recommended to choose the region of cultivation and the cultivation of genotypes well adapted and in the suitable cycle in order to get the physiological maturity and harvest to occur at lower temperatures and lower rainfall.

O molibdênio é um dos micronutrientes essenciais para a soja, atuando diretamente no metabolismo do nitrogênio como cofator benzimático da nitrogenase. Usualmente, este nutriente é fornecido às plantas via tratamento de sementes ou aplicação foliar. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do molibdênio via foliar no potencial fisiológico de sementes de soja e verificar sua interferência na atividade das enzimas envolvidas no metabolismo do nitrogênio. Foram utilizadas sementes de soja da cultivar BMX Turbo, produzidas em Erechim, RS, safra 2013, provenientes de plantas tratadas com as seguintes concentrações de Mo: 0; 25; 50 e 75 g ha-1, fornecidas por meio de dois produtos comerciais (Biomol e Molybdate) e armazenadas durante 0 e 6 meses em condições não controladas. O primeiro experimento foi conduzido no Laboratório de Análise de Sementes Seedtes em Pato Branco, PR. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4 x 2 x 2 com quatro repetições cada. O potencial fisiológico das sementes foi avaliado por meio do teste de germinação, crescimento de plântulas, envelhecimento acelerado e emergência em solo. O segundo experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação onde foram cultivadas em vasos as sementes oriundas dos tratamentos com diferentes concentrações de Mo: 0; 25; 50 e 75 g ha-1 fornecidas por meio de dois produtos comerciais (Biomol e Molybdate). O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4 X 2 com quatro repetições. As avaliações foram realizadas quando as plantas atingiram o estadio fenológico R1 quanto à nodulação, massa seca de raiz e parte aérea das plantas e determinação da atividade das enzimas glutamina sintetase e glutamato sintetase e o teor de proteínas solúveis totais. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e quando significativos foram avaliados pelo teste de Tukey para comparação dos produtos e do armazenamento de sementes e com estudo de regressão para as concentrações ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. As análises foram realizadas com o software estatístico SISVAR. O armazenamento de sementes de soja em condições não controladas afetou o vigor das sementes produzidas com Mo, independente do produto comercial utilizado durante a produção. A aplicação de Mo via foliar influencia positivamente a produção de sementes de soja que apresentaram respostas crescentes na germinação e no vigor com a aplicação de Mo acima de 25 g ha-1. O enriquecimento de Mo via foliar não afetou a nodulação das plantas da geração seguinte, porém, a utilização de Mo acima de 25 g ha-1 proporcionou aumento na atividade das enzimas envolvidas no metabolismo do nitrogênio, bem como no teor de proteínas totais. / Molybdenum is one of the essential micronutrients for soybeans, acting directly on nitrogen metabolism as enzyme cofactor of nitrogenase. Usually, this nutrient is supplied to the plants through seed treatment or foliar application. The aim of this study was to evaluate the molybdenum effects by foliar in the physiological potential of soybean seeds and verify its interference in the enzyme activities involved in nitrogen metabolism. Soybean seeds of BMX Turbo cultivar were used, produced in Erechim, RS, harvest 2013, from plants treated with the following Mo concentrations: 0; 25; 50 and 75 g ha-1, supplied through two commercial products (Biomol and Molybdate) and stored during 0 and 6 months in uncontrolled conditions. The first experiment was conducted in Seedtes Seed Analysis Laboratory in Pato Branco, PR. The used design was completely randomized in a factorial analysis 4 x 2 x 2 with four replications each. The physiological potential of the seeds was evaluated by the germination test, seedling growth, accelerated aging and emergence on the soil. The second experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, where the seeds derived from treatments with different concentrations of Mo: 0; 25; 50 and 75 g ha-1 supplied through two commercial products (Biomol and Molybdate) were grown in vases. The used design was completely randomized in a factorial analysis 4 x 2 with four replications. Evaluations were performed when the plants reached the R1 phenological stage concerning the nodulation, dry matter of root and shoot of the plants and the determination of the activity of the enzymes glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthetase and the content of total soluble proteins. The data were submitted to variance analysis and when significant they were assessed by Tukey’s test for comparison of products and seed storage and with regression study to the concentrations at 5% probability. Analyses were performed using SISVAR statistical software. The soybean seed storage under uncontrolled conditions affected the seed vigour produced with Mo, regardless of the commercial product used during production. The application of Mo through foliar positively influences the production of soya beans which presented increasing responses in the germination and vigour with the application of Mo above 25 g ha-1 . The enrichment of Mo through foliar did not affect the nodulation of plants of the next generation, however, the use of Mo above 25 g ha-1 provided an increase in the activity of enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism as well as on the total protein content.

A expansão da área de cultivo da soja tem sido bastante significativa nos últimos anos, estando distribuída em todas as regiões geográficas do território nacional. Entretanto, apesar de sua potencialidade, tal cultura apresenta uma série de problemas, destacando-se, dentre estes, as dificuldades para produção de sementes de alta qualidade. Neste sentido, o desenvolvimento das plantas de soja é influenciado por diversos fatores ambientais, como temperatura, precipitação pluvial, umidade relativa do ar, umidade do solo e fotoperíodo. Desta forma, este trabalho teve como objetivo fornecer informações sobre os fatores que afetam o vigor de sementes de soja através de revisão bibliográfica, buscando um melhor entendimento das estratégias que devem ser consideradas para a produção de sementes de elevado potencial fisiológico e de avaliar a qualidade de semente de soja em diferentes condições climáticas, através de testes rotineiros de laboratório. Pode-se observar que os fatores genéticos inerentes a semente, fatores de ambiente como disponibilidade de água e temperatura, adubação, cuidados na colheita, cuidados no beneficiamento e cuidados no armazenamento são primordiais para a obtenção de sementes de elevada qualidade e, se os mesmos não forem bem manejados de forma adequada, podem ser potenciais fontes de deterioração das sementes de soja. Também, na avaliação das cultivares em diferentes locais, observou-se que a qualidade da semente de soja foi mais afetada pelas condições climáticas, principalmente quando altas temperaturas foram associadas a períodos de elevada precipitação pluvial. Como estratégia para maximizar a qualidade fisiológica das sementes, recomenda-se a escolha da região de cultivo e o cultivo de genótipos mais adaptados e de ciclo adequado, para que a maturação fisiológica e colheita ocorram em temperaturas mais amenas e menor precipitação pluvial. / The expansion area of soybean fields has been quite significant in the latest years, and it’s been widespread in all geographical areas of the country. However, despite its potencial, this culture has been presenting several problems, namely the difficulties to produce high quality seeds, among others. Developing soybean plants is influenced by environment factors, such as temperature, rainfall, air humidity, soil moisture and photoperiod. Thus, this study aimed to provide information about the factors that affect the vigor of soybean seeds through bibliographic research, seeking a better understanding of strategies that should be considered in producing high quality seeds with high physiological potencial and evaluate soybean seeds quality in different climatic condition, by routine laboratory tests. It can be observed that genetic factors inherent in the seed, environmental factors such as availability of water and temperature, fertilization, harvest care, processing and storage care are critical to obtaining high quality seed, and if they are not properly managed, can be potential sources of deterioration of soybean seeds. In the evaluation of the cultivars in different locations, it was observed that the quality of soybean seed was more affected by climatic conditions, especially when high temperatures were associated with periods of high rainfall. As a strategy to maximize the physiological quality of the seeds, it is recommended to choose the region of cultivation and the cultivation of genotypes well adapted and in the suitable cycle in order to get the physiological maturity and harvest to occur at lower temperatures and lower rainfall.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the bioavailability of selenium (Se) from milled soya beans, a plant protein, to lambs after various degrees of heat treatment. Thirty Dohne Merino lambs (ca. 25 kg live weight, 4 months old) were allocated randomly within sex and weight groups into three treatment groups. During the experimental period, they were fed a diet consisting of a large proportion of milled soya beans as their main source of Se and other feeds low in Se to balance the diet. Blood was drawn during this period and analysed for Se and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity. Chemical and Se analyses were performed on the feed and soya bean samples as well as on the organs, wool and rumen fluid of the lambs. Although the ADIN concentration of the soya beans increased with increasing heat treatments, more heat damage could have been inflicted on it to differentiate the different soya bean fractions in comparison to each other. On average, the in sacco disappearance of the dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and Se was higher for the unprocessed soya beans compared to the two processed soya beans fractions. As a result, the lambs receiving the unprocessed soya beans (control group- C-group) had a significant higher rumen bacterial Se concentration than the lambs receiving the heat¬treated soya beans. Despite this higher concentration, the liver Se concentration of this group was statistically significantly lower compared to the two heat-treated groups. This can be interpreted that the heat processing of the soya beans enhanced its Se fraction to be taken up by the liver. However, those differences were biologically not significant. The average liver Se concentration between the lambs receiving the over- ¬processed- (a-group) and those receiving the ideal treated soya beans (I-group), did not differ, indicating that the excessive heat treatment did not influence the amount of Se reaching the lower digestive tract of the a-group. Although the Se concentration of the heart muscle of the a-group was statistically significantly lower than for the I-and C-groups, those differences biologically were not significant. Despite an increase in the erythrocyte GSH-Px activity over the duration of the trial in all three the treatment groups, no significant differences between the three treatment groups were observed at any stage. It is concluded from this study that the heat treatment of soya beans has not influenced the incorporation and the bioavailability of its Se fraction to any significant degree. / Dissertation (MSc (Agriculturae))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is the world’s most widely grown protein/oilseed crop and provides about 70% of global protein meal and 53% of vegetable oil in the United States. Soybean seed oil contains five major fatty acids, from which palmitic acid and stearic acid are two saturated fatty acids, oleic acid improves oxidative stability and linolenic acid is an essential fatty acid for human health. Soybean seed protein and oil are two important quality indices for soybean germplasm breeding. Soluble carbohydrates present in soybean meal provide metabolizable energy in livestock feed. To develop soybean germplasm with improved seed composition traits, it is important to discover novel source of seed fatty acid, protein, and carbohydrates traits. This dissertation aims to develop novel functional genomic technology coupled with an integrated approach for facilitating molecular soybean breeding. In this study, the first objective is to develop a high-throughput TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes) by Target Capture Sequencing (TbyTCS) technology to improve the efficiency of discovering mutations in soybean. The robustness of this technology underlies the high yield of true mutations in genes controlling complex traits in soybean. Soybean mutagenized lines with modified fatty acids composition have been successfully developed to meet the different needs of end users. Altered fatty acids phenotypes have been associated with induced mutations in 3-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) synthase II (GmKASII), Delta-9-stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase (GmSACPD), omega-6 fatty acid desaturase 2 (GmFAD2), and omega-3 fatty acid desaturase (GmFAD3) genes identified through TbyTCS. The second objective is to characterize the soybean acyl-ACP thioesterase gene family through a comprehensive analysis. The additional members have been discovered belonging to 16:0-ACP fatty acid thioesterase (GmFATB) gene family. The mutations at oleoyl-ACP fatty acid thioesterase (GmFATA1A) have been revealed to result in the high seed oleic acid content. The novel alleles of GmFATB genes have also been identified to confer low palmitic acid and high oleic acid phenotypes in soybean seeds. The third objective is to assess the phenotypic variations and correlation among seed composition traits in mutagenized soybean populations. Correlation analyses have been conducted among soybean carbohydrates, protein, and oil content of soybean mutagenized populations and germplasm lines. Chemical mutagenesis played an essential role in soybean breeding to generate novel and desired seed composition traits.

MSCAGR ( Plant Production) / Department of Plant Production / See the attached abstract below

Four studies were conducted to investigate plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) of corn and soybean in ND. The first study investigated the incidence and abundance of vermiform PPN in ND corn fields in 2015 and 2016. Samples were collected from 300 corn fields across 20 counties. Seventy-two percent of the fields were positive for PPN. The major genera of PPN identified were Helicotylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus, Paratylenchus, Pratylenchus, Heterodera, Xiphinema, Hoplolaimus, and Paratrichodorus. The second study characterized SCN (SCN; Heterodera glycines) virulence phenotypes in ND. A total of 419 soybean fields across 22 counties were sampled during 2015, 2016, and 2017. Among these samples, 73 SCN field populations were successfully virulence phenotyped using the HG type tests. The HG types that were detected and confirmed in ND were HG type 0, 7, 2.5.7, 5.7, 1.2.5.7, and 2.7. The third study developed a new molecular method for detecting and identifying a new Pratylenchus sp. discovered in a soybean field in ND. A species-specific primer set, that can be used in both conventional and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, was designed from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA. Laboratory experiments confirmed that the primers only amplified DNA of the target nematode species but not the non-target species used in the specificity tests. Practically, DNA from as little as a single nematode could be used to specifically identify the new Pratylenchus sp. using the molecular diagnostic methods developed in this study. The fourth study was conducted to ascertain resistance levels of 20 soybean cultivars to the new Pratylenchus sp. Combined results of four trials indicated that seven of the cultivars were moderately resistant, ten were moderately susceptible, four were susceptible, and none of the cultivars tested were resistant. Analysis of the habitat preference of the new Pratylenchus sp., revealed that above or close to 50% of the nematode population resided in roots at nine weeks after planting for a majority of the cultivars evaluated. Results from these studies will be helpful in improving nematode detection and developing management strategies to control plant-parasitic nematodes in ND corn and soybean fields.

No description available.