Spectroscopic characterization of ferric soybean peroxidase with peroxides were studied to determine the ligand coordination and to characterize the structure of the heme active site and its intermediates (ferryl species). The lifetime, chemical reactivity and distinctive colors of the ferryl species (FeIV) formed during the oxidation of peroxidase (FeIII) by peroxides enabled structure, dynamics and reaction mechanisms to be studied. Resonance Raman spectroscopy was used as a means of characterizing the structure of the soybean peroxidase and its intermediates. Excitation in the Soret absorption band at 406.7nm with 2-5mW laser power was used for this study. Resonance Raman spectra in the 200 to 1700 cm-1 region were obtained for the soybean peroxidase. However, the focus of this study was on the vibrational region of the resonance Raman spectra from 900 to 500cm-1 where the FeIV=O stretching frequencies for heme compound II intermediates are expected. Several pH and pD (deuterium substitution) samples of the soybean peroxidase were analyzed using resonance Raman spectroscopy. The vibrational stretching frequencies of the ferryl peroxidases varied with varying pH/pD were observed within the 773–787cm-1 range. From the deuterium experiment, accompanied with changes in the vibrational frequencies of the iron-ligand, a 3cm-1 upshift and intense resonant enhancement of the peaks, we observed the ferryl nature of compound II intermediate for soybean peroxidase. Badger’s rule was used to estimate the bond distances that existed within Fe-O which offers additional insight into the structure of the ferryl species. The estimated bond distance for the soybean peroxidase was significantly less than Fe-O bond distances proposed by X-ray crystallographers for other peroxidases in the same family. Comparing the vibrational frequencies of the ferryl intermediates in soybean peroxidase to that in heme proteins portrayed the effect the protein environment has on the vibrational frequencies.

Master of Science / Department of Agronomy / William T. Schapaugh / Recent results from a genetic gain study have illustrated the contribution of plant breeding to the improvement in seed yield of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). The objective of this research was to characterize the changes in several physiological parameters that have occurred in the released cultivars with improvement of seed yield. Sixty maturity group III and 54 maturity group IV cultivars, released from the 1920's through 2010, were evaluated in dryland and irrigated environments at Manhattan, KS in 2010 and 2011. Genotypes were planted in four-row plots, 3.4 m long, spaced 76 cm apart, arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Genotypes were evaluated for canopy temperature, leaf chlorophyll content, pollen germination, leaf chlorophyll fluorescence, leaf antioxidants, and yield components. Canopy temperature measurements were captured between 1000h and 1400h using an infrared camera multiple times from R1 continuing through R6. Leaf chlorophyll content was measured using a SPAD meter several times from R1 through R6. In vitro pollen germination was measured using incubation temperatures of 28 and 34° C, beginning at late R1 through the end of flowering. Leaf chlorophyll fluorescence was measured beginning at R1 through R6. Leaf antioxidants were analyzed for total antioxidant capacity and electrolyte leakage by collecting leaves from the top 3rd to 5th trifoliate at R4 and R6. Yield components were analyzed from a hand harvested 0.33 m section of one border row. Genotypes differed significantly for canopy temperature, leaf chlorophyll content, pollen germination, and yield components. No significant differences were found for leaf chlorophyll fluorescence or leaf antioxidants. Seed yield increased with year of release. Canopy temperature was negatively correlated and leaf chlorophyll content was positively correlated with year of release in both maturity groups. No significant correlation with year of release was found for in vitro pollen germination or electrolyte leakage. Leaf chlorophyll fluorescence, yield components, and total antioxidant capacity was positively correlated in the maturity group IV genotypes with year of release. Evaluation of these parameters may serve as a basis to select for seed yield, or to assess the abiotic stress tolerance of a genotype.

Master of Science / Department of Plant Pathology / Christopher R. Little / Christopher R. Little / Charcoal rot, caused by Macrophomina phaseolina, is the most important soybean disease in Kansas. Several strategies have been recommended to control this disease including crop rotation, lower plant densities, biological control, plant resistance and tolerance, and fungicide application. However, those techniques have not been completely effective and the information concerning soil texture, irrigation and micronutrient fertility (particularly manganese) upon charcoal rot disease severity and the pathogen population is limited. The objective of this study was to determine key factors that affect the biology of M. phaseolina and charcoal rot processes under laboratory, greenhouse and field conditions. M. phaseolina microsclerotia were produced from PDA pure isolate and infested Japanese millet in the laboratory and characterized by different techniques such as serial dilutions in semi selective media with the aim to produce quality inoculum to reliably infect soybean seedling roots under greenhouse conditions; production of inoculum by infesting Japanese millet was the most efficient method. Root colonization and root infection of soybean seedlings was assessed through the use of M. phaseolina inoculum under controlled conditions in the greenhouse. Root infection by M. phaseolina and microsclerotia longevity in soil is determined by environmental factors such as soil moisture content, soil texture and source of inoculum. The objective of the greenhouse study was to determine the impact of these variables on seedling root infection at the V1 and V2 development stages. Artificial soils with different textures were infested; M. phaseolina microsclerotia and soybean seedlings were exposed to different soil moisture contents including pot saturation, pot (field) capacity, and permanent wilting point. Soil populations and levels of root colonization for the stages were assessed by estimating CFUs and root length. Results indicate that soil texture has a significant impact upon root morphology and root length. Root populations of M. phaseolina were significantly higher in sandy soil textures and lower in the fine-textured soils, suggesting an impact of soil water holding capacity in the root infection process. The effect of water stress on seedling root colonization by M. phaseolina indicates that early infection may be more important than previously thought. A field study was also conducted to determine the effect of the aforementioned variables in a 2-year field experiment conducted at two Kansas locations. Pathogen colonization was iii assessed by measuring colony-forming units (CFUs) from ground root tissue at R2-R4 (post-flowering/early pod development) and R8 (maturity) stages. Soil populations (pre-planting and post-harvest) of M. phaseolina, yield parameters, and plant characteristics were obtained. Results indicated that there are complex relationships between soil physiochemical properties (pH, NPK content, exchangeable cations, and organic matter) and soil texture (sand, soil, and clay composition), which may mitigate disease severity and pathogen levels in host tissue. Results also indicated that in natural M. phaseolina-infested soils, cropping history and soil texture play an important role in charcoal rot processes and influence the levels of pathogen soil populations, root colonization at maturity and, more importantly, soybean yield.

Master of Science / Department of Grain Science and Industry / Xuzhi Susan Sun / Large amount of fiberboard are used for packaging applications every year, which generate a large amount of solid wastes causing environmental pollution if these packaging materials are not recycled. Also, a large amount of wood are needed for making fiberboard, which is limited resource in the earth. Reducing the weight of fiberboard and recycling the fiberboard materials are two methods to save quantities of wood fiber in fiberboard manufacture, which benefit the environment and economy. Besides, most adhesives used for producing the fiberboard contain environmental hazardous chemicals. It is necessary to develop new technology to produce cellulosic fiberboards with environmental friendly bio-based adhesives. The soybean is an agricultural product, and its resource is abundant. Soybean protein is a bio- material that offers an alternative to the existing synthetic adhesives to reduce petroleum dependence of the U.S. energy strategy. The newly developed soy-based adhesive is also competitive in cost. Material cost based on food-grade soybean protein is around 20 cents/Lb. The cost of commercial PF resin is about 14 ~ 17 cents/Lb. Price of hot-melt adhesive for fiberboard is around $6/Lb. In this study, soybean protein was modified with sodium dodecyl sulfate as an adhesive for two bio-based fiberboards products, medium density fiberboard by dry processing and light weight cardboard by wet processing. The mechanical and water soaking properties of these cellulosic fiberboards were stronger than or as same as commercial solid fiberboard. This research suggests that these cellulosic fiberboards with modified soybean protein based adhesive have great potential as alternative to current commercial fiberboard.

Photocopy of typescript. / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1986 H664 / Master of Science / Human Nutrition

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1986 M57 / Master of Science / Human Nutrition

Orientador: Maurício Dutra Zanotto / Coorientador: Fabiana Mota da Silva / Banca: Sérgio Gonçalves Dutra / Banca: Bárbara Panoff Valário / Banca: Antonio Orlando Di Mauro / Resumo: Em função de identificar potenciais parentais a serem utilizados por um programa de melhoramento visando alta qualidade fisiológica de sementes e boa produção de sementes, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a diversidade fenotípica através de caracteres agronômicos que afetam a produção de sementes e o potencial fisiológico de 32 cultivares comerciais brasileiras de soja, possibilitando futura seleção das melhores cultivares para compor um programa de melhoramento genético direcionado ao Cerrado brasileiro. Foram avaliadas oito características fenotípicas e sete para qualidade fisiológica de sementes. As análises das características quantitativas foram conduzidas por técnicas de estatística multivariada e componentes principais. Para os testes de qualidade fisiológica de sementes, o delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado (DIC), os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, ao teste F e teste Scott-Knott a 5% de significância. As cultivares AS 3797IPRO, AS 7307RR, CD 2728IPRO, CD 2820IPRO, TMG2181IPRO e TMG2183IPRO, foram selecionadas por obterem as melhores estimativas quanto à qualidade fisiológica de sementes, no entanto, não foram as que apresentaram as maiores produtividades. Sendo assim, as análises estatísticas utilizadas possibilitaram à diferenciação e agrupamento entre as cultivares comerciais estudadas para a diversidade fenotípica e o potencial fisiológico, possibilitando a escolha dos melhores genótipos quanto aos caracteres agronômic... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In order to identify characteristics that helps in the selection of superior genotypes to be used by a breeding program, aiming high physiological quality of seeds and good seed production, the main objective of this study was evaluate the phenotypic diversity through agronomic traits affecting seed production and the physiological potential of 32 Brazilian soybean cultivars, enabling future selection of the best cultivars to be part of a soybean breeding program directed to the Brazilian Savana. Eight agronomic traits and seven physiological quality seeds characteristics were evaluated. Analyzes of the quantitative features were conducted using multivariate statistical techniques and main components. For the seed physiological quality tests, the experimental design was completely randomized (DIC), the data were submitted to analysis of variance, F test and Scott-Knott test at 5% of significance. The cultivars AS 3797IPRO, AS 7307RR, CD 2728IPRO, CD 2820IPRO, TMG2181IPRO and TMG2183IPRO were selected for obtaining the best estimates regarding the physiological quality of seeds, however, they weren't those that presented the greatest seeds production. Therefore, the statistical analyzes allowed the differentiation and grouping between the commercial cultivars studied for the phenotypic diversity and the seeds physiological potential, allowing the selection of the best genotypes to the agronomic traits and seed quality judged of greater importance to selection in this experiment ... / Mestre

O presente trabalho realizou uma investigação da composição total dos nutrientes e alguns contaminantes presentes em amostras de soja, transgênicas e convencionais, provenientes de diferentes regiões do Brasil. Observou-se com esse estudo que, levando em conta somente o teor total dos elementos, nada pode ser afirmado em relação à modificação genética. Porém, com estes resultados, pôde ser feita uma separação das amostras por região, indicando a utilidade do método no rastreamento e certificação de origem das amostras. Na segunda etapa, extrações da fase protéica foram realizadas, utilizando-se tampão TRIS-HNO3 (pH 7,5), para estabilização dos complexos organo-metálicos. As espécies presentes nos extratos foram separadas e seu conteúdo mineral analisado, utilizando um sistema de acoplamento HPLC - ICP OES, valendo-se de dois tipos de fase estacionária (Fractogel® EMD BioSEC, Merck, e Superdex 200, Amershan Bisosciences), a fim de se verificar como tais elementos e espécies se comportam nos dois tipos de coluna e nos dois tipos de soja, convencional e transgênica. Pode-se observar diferença na distribuição dos elementos em relação à faixa de tamanho das proteínas, permitindo um reconhecimento entre a soja convencional e a geneticamente modificada. Contudo, testes de biodisponibilidade realizados in vitro mostraram que a modificação não altera a disponibilidade dos elementos, e nem o teor de ácido fítico, que é um dos principais antinutrientes presentes na soja. / The total composition of the nutrients and some contaminants present in transgenic and conventional soybean samples from different regions of Brazil was evaluated. Considering the total content of the elements, this study showed that nothing can be affirmed in relation to the genetic modification. However, these results indicate that the tracking and geographical origin of the samples can be verified. The extractions of the protein phase have been carried through, using TRIS-HNO3 buffer (pH 7,5), for stabilization of the organo-metallic complexes. The species present in extracts have been separated and its mineral content has been analyzed, using HPLC - ICP OES coupled system. Two kinds of stationary phases (Fractogel® EMD BioSEC, Merck, and Superdex 200, Amershan Biosciences) were used, in order to verify the elements and species behavior in the conventional and genetically modified soybean samples. Difference in the distribution of the elements in relation to the molecular size of proteins could be observed, allowing a recognition pattern between conventional and genetically modified soy. However, in vitro bioavailability experiments have shown that the modification does not affect the availability of the elements neither the phytic acid content, which is one of the main antinutrients presents in soybean.

Este estudo privilegiou a neologia relacionada aos termos encontrados em discursos especializados sobre a cultura da soja no Brasil, tomando-se, como objetivo geral, a descrição, organização e sistematização dos termos neológicos desta área de especialidade, considerados em uma sincronia estabelecida entre os anos de 2004 e 2011, com base em corpus documental. Foram observadas teorias linguísticas capazes de dar conta dos fenômenos que permeiam a análise, sobretudo relativas à morfologia e à semântica, às quais se somaram os estudos da Terminologia e da Neologia, indispensáveis à compreensão, uma do campo de conhecimento terminológico e outra, principalmente acerca dos processos de formação de neologismos na língua. A Teoria Comunicativa da Terminologia é a perspectiva teórica que norteou este trabalho, considerando o intuito de descrever o funcionamento in vivo dos termos neológicos. Os estudos teóricos se pautaram em diversos autores, consoante suas disciplinas de estudo: 1) Terminologia: Wüster (1996, 1998), Cabré (1993, 1999, 2006), Sager (1990), Fedor de Diego (1995), Alves (1998, 1999), Aubert (2001), Krieger (2000, 2001), Biderman (2001), Barros (2004), Remenche (2010); 2) Neologia: Guilbert (1972, 1975), Boulanger (1990), Alves (1994, 1999, 2000, 2010a, 2010b), Cabré (1993), Barbosa (1981, 1998); análise linguística: Kocourek (1982), Sandmann (1989), Alves (1994), Biderman (1999), Neves (2000), Sardinha (2007), Lakoff e Johnson (2002), Ullmann (1964), dicionários Houaiss eletrônico (2009) e Aulete on-line. Para a compreensão do domínio de especialidade da cultura da soja, foram consultados diversos autores: Borém (1999), Degrande e Vivan (2005), Nemoto (2005), Franchin (2011), Garcia et al. (2007), Gazziero et al. (2006), Gonçalves et al. (2007), Polizel (2007) Lima (2008), Gazziero, Voll e Adegas (2011), Hirakuri (2012), Martha Jr. e Contini (2012), dentre outros. Confirmaram-se as hipóteses estabelecidas para a consecução deste estudo: os constantes investimentos em tecnologias para a produção da soja pressupõem que sejam criados neologismos para nomear as inovações; as terminologias dos diferentes domínios e, consequentemente, os seus neologismos, possuem padrões morfolexicais peculiares; se toda área do saber apresenta singularidades próprias, então a da cultura da soja apresenta as suas. Foram adotados procedimentos metodológicos como a utilização do programa WordSmith Tools, para o processamento de cinquenta e sete textos, publicados pela Embrapa Soja, dos quais se extraiu o conjunto dos termos, que foram lançados em fichas. A partir deste conjunto, com base em corpora de exclusão, foi obtido o corpus de análise, constituído por cento e dois termos neológicos. O trabalho de levantamento dos termos revelou que os textos do corpus documental contemplam termos que podem ser alusivos a outras culturas do setor agrícola e a outras áreas do saber. Os termos neológicos levantados, todos constituídos por composição sintagmática, foram organizados em categorias temáticas, observando-se que são diversificados os mecanismos possíveis de formação dos termos, que podem conter, a partir de uma base substantival, elementos como símbolos, siglas, números, zoônimos, antropônimos, topônimos, nome de produto agropecuário, adjetivos qualificadores ou classificadores, substantivos em função adjetiva, locuções adjetivas (sintagmas preposicionais), e serem marcados por metáforas. Isto implica observar as inúmeras possibilidades de ampliação do sistema lexical, em especial das terminologias. / This study focused on neology related to the terms found in specialized discourses on soybean cultivation in Brazil, taking as a general purpose description, organization and systematization of neological terms of this specialty area, considered on a synchronization established between the years of 2004 and 2011, based on documentary corpus. Linguistic theories were considered able to handle the phenomena that underlie the analysis, especially concerning the morphology and semantics, to which were added the study of Terminology and Neology, indispensable to understanding, a terminological knowledge field, and other, mainly about processes of neologisms formation in the language. The Communicative Theory of Terminology is the theoretical perspective that guided this work, considering the intention of describing the in vivo function of neological terms. The theoretical studies were based on several authors, as their fields of study: 1) Terminology: Wüster (1996, 1998), Cabré (1993, 1999, 2006), Sager (1990), Fedor de Diego (1995), Alves (1998, 1999), Aubert (2001), Krieger (2000, 2001) , Biderman (2001), Barros (2004) Remenche (2010); 2) Neology: Guilbert (1972, 1975), Boulanger (1990), Alves (1994, 1999, 2000, 2010a, 2010b) Cabré (1993), Barbosa (1981, 1998); linguistic analysis: Kocourek (1982), Sandmann (1989), Alves (1994), Biderman (1999), Neves (2000), Sardinha (2007), Lakoff and Johnson (2002), Ullmann (1964), electronic Houaiss dictionaries (2009 ) and Aulete online. For the understanding of the soybean specialty area, several authors were consulted: Borém (1999), Degrande and Vivan (2005), Nemoto (2005), Franchin (2011), Garcia et al. (2007), Gazziero et al. (2006), Gonçalves et al. (2007), Polizel (2007) Lima (2008), Gazziero, Voll and Adegas (2011), Hirakuri (2012), Martha Jr. and Contini (2012), among others. The hypotheses set out to achieve this study were confirmed: the constant investment in technologies for soybean production assumes that neologisms are created to name the innovations; the terminology of the various areas and, consequently, its neologisms, have peculiar morfolexical standards; if every field of knowledge has its own peculiarities, so the soybean presents its. Methodological procedures were adopted as the use of the program WordSmith Tools for the processing of fifty-seven texts, published by Embrapa Soja, of which were extracted all the terms, which were launched in forms. From this set, based on delete corpora, analysis corpus was obtained, consisting of one hundred and two neological terms. The survey of the terms revealed that the texts of the documentary corpus include terms that may be alluding to other cultures of the agricultural sector and other areas of knowledge. The neological terms obtained, all made of syntagmatic composition, were organized into thematic categories, observing that the possible mechanisms of formation of the terms are diversified, which may contain, from a substantival basis, elements as symbols, abbreviations, numbers, zoonyms, anthroponyms, toponyms, names of agricultural product, qualifying or classifying adjectives, nouns in adjectival function, adjectival phrases (prepositional phrases), and be marked by metaphors. This involves observing the numerous possibilities of expanding the lexical system, especially terminology.