Orientador: Edvaldo Aparecido Amaral da Silva / Coorientador: Renake Nogueira Teixeira / Banca: João Nakagawa / Banca: Maria Marcia Pereira Sartori / Banca: Ivan de Godoy Maia / Banca: Heloísa Oliveira dos Santos / Resumo: As principais condições ambientais, que afetam a degradação de clorofila em sementes de soja, são a seca e temperaturas extremamente altas, que acompanham as mudanças climáticas verificadas nas últimas décadas em algumas regiões do Brasil. O objetivo desse estudo foi realizar uma caracterização fisiológica em lotes de sementes de soja com diferentes porcentagens de sementes verdes, avaliar os efeitos da retenção de clorofila na qualidade fisiológica (germinação, vigor e longevidade) e na qualidade do óleo de sementes de soja além de avaliar a expressão de genes relacionados com esse fenômeno, considerando influências genéticas e ambientais. Foram avaliados 37 lotes de sementes de soja que apresentaram sementes verdes, de cultivares produzidas por produtores rurais (condições não controladas) em diferentes municípios do Brasil na safra 2014/2015. Os lotes com as maiores e as menores porcentagens de sementes verdes de cada cultivar foram selecionados com a finalidade de realizar uma caracterização fisiológica nas sementes dos lotes. Posteriormente, cinco lotes foram selecionados e organizados em duas combinações (Influência Ambiental e Influência Genotípica) e, após a classificação e divisão em amostras de sementes verdes e amarelas, foram avaliados quanto a qualidade fisiológica das sementes (viabilidade inicial, germinação, vigor e longevidade), parâmetros bioquímicos durante o armazenamento, qualidade do óleo (teor de óleo, teor de tocoferóis e tocotrienóis, teor de clorofil... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The main environmental conditions affecting the degradation of chlorophyll in soybean seeds are drought and extremely high temperatures that accompany the dramatic climatic changes observed in the last decades in some regions of Brazil. The aim of this study was to perform a physiological characterization in soybean seed lots with different percentages of green seeds, to evaluate the effects of chlorophyll retention on physiological quality (germination, vigor and longevity) and soybean oil quality and to evaluate the expression of genes related to this phenomenon, considering genetic and environmental influences. Overall, 37 soybean seed lots that presented green seeds of cultivars produced under real growing conditions (uncontrolled conditions) in different cities of Brazil in the 2014/2015 harvest season were evaluated. Lots with the largest and smallest percentages of green seeds of each cultivar were selected with the purpose of performing a physiological characterization in seed lots. Subsequently, five lots were selected and organized into two combinations (Environmental Influence and Genotypic Influence) and, after classification and division into green and yellow seed samples, the physiological quality of seeds (initial viability, germination, vigor and longevity) (tocopherol and tocotrienol, oil and total chlorophyll contents and oxidative stability), and expression of genes associated with chlorophyll retention (D1, D2, PPH2 and NYC1_1). The results showed that, regardless of cultivar or production region, lots with higher percentage of green seeds have lower physiological quality. In addition, it was verified that seeds with chlorophyll retention showed lower physiological quality (initial viability, germination, vigor and longevity), lower oil quality, with presence of residual chlorophylls, lower oxidative stability and lower tocopherol index and expression of D1, D2 ... / Doutor

By immumolabeling and electronmicroscopy, the subcellular localization of GmPAP3 has been proved to be mainly localized in mitochondria, a primary site for ROS production. Ectopic expression of GmPAP3 in transgenic tobacco BY-2 cells mimicked the protective effects exhibited by the antioxidant ascorbic acid by: (1) increase the percentage of cells with active mitochondria; (2) reduce the percentage of dead cells; and (3) lower the accumulation of ROS under NaCl and osmotic stress treatments. However, when ectopically express a truncated GmPAP3 with the mitochondria transit peptide removed, such protective effect was not observed. This provides evidences on the significance of mitochondria localization to the physiological function of GmPAP3. In addition, when GmPAP3 transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings were subjected to NaCl, osmotic stress, and oxidative stress treatments, the growth performance of the transgenic lines was significantly better than the wild type. To summarize, these studies has demonstrate that the mitochondrial localized GmPAP3 may play a role in stress tolerance by enhancing ROS scavenging. / Mitochondrion is one of the major sites for the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Abiotic stresses such as salinity and osmotic stress can cause oxidative damage to organelle membranes due to excess accumulation of ROS. The inducibility of GmPAP3 gene expression by salinity and oxidative stresses and the putative mitochondrial localization of GmPAP3 prompt us to further investigate the possible physiological roles of GmPAP3 under abiotic stress-induced oxidative stress. / My Ph.D. study has been focused on the detailed functional analysis of the GmPAP3 gene. The objectives of my research include: (i) to verified the subcellular localization of GmPAP3; (ii) to investigate the physiological functions of GmPAP3 under NaC1 and osmotic stress in both cellular level and in planta level. and (iii) to examine the significance of mitochondria] localization of GmPAP3 in relationship to its protective roles. / Purple acid phosphatases (PAPs) represent a diverse group of acid phosphatases in animals and plants. While the mammalian PAPs were found to be related to Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) evolution in important physiological functions, the roles of plant PAPs remain largely unknown. / Recently, we have isolated a novel PAP-like gene (GmPAP3) from soybean that is induced by NaC1 and oxidative stresses. Subcellular localization prediction programs suggested that GmPAP3 may be a novel PAP that localized in mitochondria. Most other PAPs are extracellularly located and membrane localization of PAPs was only verified in a few cases. / by Li, Wing Yen Francisca. / "December 2009." / Adviser: Lam Hon-Ming. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 72-01, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 123-134). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

Com o objetivo de avaliar a maneira como a aplicação foliar no estádio fenológico V5, do herbicida pós-emergente Lactofen em mistura com os micronutrientes Co e Mo, pode interferir com o crescimento e a produtividade da cultura da soja, cv. Conquista, o presente trabalho de pesquisa foi conduzido em duas áreas experimentais da Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\" (USP/ESALQ), em Piracicaba-SP: uma na Fazenda Areão, durante os anos agrícolas de 2003/04, 2004/05 e 2005/06 em solo LATOSSOLO VERMELHO Distrófico argiloso e outra na Estação Experimental de Anhembi, durante os anos agrícolas 2003/04 e 2005/06 em solo LATOSSOLO AMARELO Distrófico típico. Delineado experimentalmente sob blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, os onze tratamentos constaram de diferentes formas de aplicação e interações entre os micronutrientes Co e Mo e o herbicida pós-emergente Lactofen: T1 = controle; T2 = tratamento de sementes com Co e Mo; T3 = tratamento de sementes com Co e Mo + aplicação de herbicida em V5; T4 = aplicação foliar de Co e Mo em V5; T5 = aplicação foliar de Co e Mo + herbicida em V5; T6 = aplicação de herbicida em V5 + foliar de Co e Mo 3 a 5 dias após; T7 = aplicação foliar de Co e Mo em V5 + aplicação de herbicida 3 a 5 dias após; T8 = aplicação foliar de Co em V5; T9 = aplicação foliar de Co + herbicida em V5; T10 = aplicação foliar de Mo em V5; T11 = aplicação foliar de Mo + herbicida em V5; Os parâmetros avaliados foram: pH das soluções de Lactofen e de micronutrientes; avaliação da fitotoxicidade causada pelo herbicida Lactofen; análise do estado nutricional das plantas em N, Co e Mo; altura final de planta; altura de inserção da primeira vagem; número de ramificações; número de vagens e de grãos por planta; grau de acamamento; peso de 1000 grãos e produtividade agrícola. Concluiu-se que: a) fornecimento de cobalto e molibdênio para a soja, cultivar Conquista, via tratamento de sementes ou via foliar, a partir de sais desses micronutrientes, pode diminuir o peso de mil grãos e a produtividade agrícola da cultura; b) a aplicação foliar do herbicida Lactofen no estádio fenológico V5 da soja, cultivar Conquista, pode interferir negativamente com o crescimento vegetativo, resultando na redução da altura final de planta, do peso de mil grãos e da produtividade agrícola da cultura; c) a aplicação foliar do herbicida Lactofen no estádio fenológico V5 da cultura da soja causa fitotoxicidade às folhas, em grau variável de leve a médio. / The purpose of this work was to evaluate how foliar applications of the post-emergence herbicide Lactofen mixed with the micronutrients Co and Mo at V5 phenological stage influence the growth and productivity of soybean, cv. Conquista. The study was conducted in two experimental areas of Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\" (USP/ESALQ), Piracicaba-SP. One of them was located in the Areão Farm, in a clay Oxisol, during the crop years 2003/04, 2204/05 and 2005/06. The other was located in the Anhembi Experimental Station, in an Oxisol, during the crop years of 2003/04 and 2005/06. The eleven treatments tested involved different application procedures and interactions between the micronutrients Co and Mo and the post-emergence herbicide Lactofen in a randomized block design, with four replicates. Treatments were T1 = control; T2 = seeds treated with Co and Mo; T3 = seeds treated with Co and Mo + herbicide application at V5 stage; T4 = foliar-applied Co and Mo at V5 stage; T5 = foliar-applied Co and Mo + herbicide application at V5 stage; T6 = herbicide application at V5 stage + foliar-applied Co and Mo 3 to 5 days after herbicide application; T7 = foliar-applied Co and Mo at V5 stage + herbicide application 3 to 5 days after micronutrients application; T8 = foliar-applied Co at V5 stage; T9 = foliar-applied Co + herbicide application at V5 stage; T10 = foliar-applied Mo at V5 stage; T11 = foliar-applied Mo + herbicide application at V5 stage. The parameters evaluated were: pH of Lactofen and micronutrient solutions; phytotoxicity caused by Lactofen; analysis of plant nutritional state regarding N, Co and Mo; final plant height; insertion height of the first pod; number of branches per plant; number of pods and grains per plant; lodging level; mass of 1,000 grains and yield. It was concluded that: a) the application of Co and Mo salts to soybean, cv. Conquista, whether foliar applied or used in seed treatment, may reduce the mass of 1,000 grains and crop productivity; b) the foliar application of Lactofen to soybean, cv. Conquista, at V5 phenological stage may affect the vegetative growth negatively, reducing the plant final height, the mass of 1,000 grains and the yield; c) the foliar application of Lactofen to soybean at V5 V5 phenological stage leads to leaf phytotoxicity at mild to moderate levels.

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Helicoverpa armigera é uma espécie que até 2013 era considerada praga quarentenária A1 no Brasil. Tratamentos com inseticidas são indispensáveis para o manejo de H. armigera em quase todas as culturas do mundo. Uma alternativa à utilização de inseticidas sintéticos para o controle de pragas é o uso de parasitoides do gênero Trichogramma. Em consideração a grande quantidade de aplicações de agroquímicos no sistema de produção de grãos, torna-se essencial avaliar a seletividade dos inseticidas utilizados, garantindo informações que auxilie na manutenção do T. pretiosum na área, podendo potencializar o controle biológico de H. armigera, sendo isto, importante para o estabelecimento do manejo integrado de pragas nas grandes culturas. Portanto, objetivou-se com esse trabalho: estudar a toxicidade aguda e a persistência de inseticidas sobre o parasitoide; estudar o efeito de inseticidas sobre a fase pupal do parasitoide; determinar a interferência dos inseticidas na capacidade de parasitismo. Dos inseticidas testados em condições laboratoriais, Nomolt®, Avatar®, Belt®, Premio® e Intrepid® foram considerados inócuos para adultos. Lorsban® e Engeo Pleno® são nocivos à fase de pupa, enquanto Acefato®, Pirate® e Belt® apesar de inócuos afetam as gerações seguintes. Pirate®, Lorsban® e Engeo Pleno interferem na capacidade de parasitismo, e Acefato® tem efeito deletério na geração que tem contato com o resíduo. Os inseticidas Nomolt®, Avatar®, Belt®, Acefato®, Premio® e Intrepid® foram classificados como inseticidas de vida curta (classe 1). Lorsban® tem efeito moderadamente persistente (classe 3) e Engeo Pleno® e Pirate® classificados como persistentes (classe 4). Portanto, visando um bom programa de MIP, deve-se optar pelo uso de inseticidas seletivos, ou inseticidas nocivos para adultos do parasitoide podem ser utilizados no campo desde que estes não estejam ocorrendo naturalmente ou que não coincida com épocas de liberação do mesmo. / Helicoverpa armigera is a specie that until 2013 was considered A1 quarantine pest in Brazil. Treatments with insecticides are indispensable for the management of H. armigera in almost every crops in the world. An alternative to the use of synthetic insecticides for pest control is the use of parasitoids of the genus Trichogramma. Considered the large number of agrochemical applications in grain yield, it is essential assess the selectivity of insecticides used, providing informations to assist in the maintenance of T. pretiosum in the area and can enhance the biological control of H. armigera, this being important for the establishment of integrated pest management in field crops. Therefore, the aim of this work was study the acute toxicity and the duration of the harm effects of insecticides on the parasitoid, study the effect of insecticides on the pupal stage of the parasitoid and determine the interference of insecticides on the parasitism capacity. Insecticides tested in laboratory conditions, Nomolt®, Avatar®, Belt®, Premio® and Intrepid® were considered innocuous to the adults. Lorsban® and Engeo Pleno® were harmful to the pupal stage, while Acefato®, Pirate® and Belt® although were considered innocuous they affect the next generations. Pirate®, Lorsban® and Engeo Pleno® interfered on the parasitism capacity, and Acefato® have a deleterious effect on the generation that has contact with the insecticide residue. The insecticides Nomolt®, Avatar®, Belt®, Acefato®, Premio® and Intrepid® were classified as short live (class 1). Lorsban® was moderately persistent (class 3) and Engeo Pleno® and Pirate® were classified as persistent (Class 4). Therefore, for an effective IPM program, it is important to use the selective insecticides. Insecticides that were harmful to the parasitoid adults could be used in the field, provided that the parasitoids do not occur naturally and the chemical applications do not coincide with the parasitoids release.

Small ruminant species are utilized for their diverse products including meat, dairy products, and wool. Effective and humane management are essential to maintain high production rates and comfortable animals. To attain this objective, managers needs to have an extensive knowledge of husbandry techniques, understanding of physiological processes, and familiarity with nutritional requirements. We examined the effects of varying feed components on two different ruminal species. In Chapter 1, we conducted a study to evaluate"¯the effects"¯of a low metabolizable energy (LME) and high metabolizable energy (HME) diet on twenty-two Friesian/Lacuane"¯cross ewes and lamb nutritional status."¯Effects on milk production during early lactation stages"¯and the growth of the neonatal lambs were also investigated. We anticipate energy levels will have an effect on milk production and lamb growth. Our results indicate that ewes on the LME diet produced more milk with higher concentrations of fat though this group maintained lower body condition. We concluded that neither the HME nor the LME diet met the needs of the sheep due to the shift in nutrient partitioning towards milk production rather than allocating nutrients to maintaining both body condition and milk production. Limited energy requirements are further evidenced by the decline in back fat (BF) for both the HME and LME groups for the duration of the study. We determined the degradation parameters of grass hay supplemented with soybean meal (SBM) and the effects of SBM on compartment 1 (C1) ammonia and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations in alpacas. Our findings show that the degradation rate was not different for dry matter (DM), but it was for crude protein (CP) (P<0.05). With this data it can be concluded that SBM can be a CP supplement when the diet is insufficient to improve microbial yield. It should be noted that care should be taken to avoid causing a protein-energy imbalance. The results of these two studies indicate shifts in nutrients availability and changes in feeding strategies can affect both the health of the animal and their subsequent offspring.

Soybean yield differences are a combination of the genotype, environmental conditions, and management practices. Understanding how these factors interact through the analysis of the components involved in yield determination, provides a way to increase potential and actual yields in Kentucky. Two irrigated experiments were conducted to quantify differences in the mechanisms of yield determination across soybean maturity groups (MG) 2 to 5 (Chapter 1), and to quantify management options (seeding rate and choice of MG cultivar) that increase yield potential of double crop soybean systems (Chapter 2). Results showed that cultivars used different physiological strategies to achieve high yields, but these were not always consistent across the environments studied. High yields were often associated to a higher efficiency partitioning biomass to seeds that lead to a higher seed number in some cultivars, as well as associated to low seed growth rates (Chapter 1). The choice of MG cultivar had a greater impact on double-crop soybean yields than increasing seeding rates from 40 to 54 seed m-2. The higher seeding rate increased yields by 5% without an interaction with cultivar. Optimal MG choices for double-crop soybean in KY were dependent on the environment.

La sélection variétale a pour objectif la génération de variétés toujours plus performantes pour des caractères agronomiques d'intérêt. Pour les caractères quantitatifs, qui sont sous contrôle génétique polygénique, la sélection variétale consiste à réunir progressivement dans les nouvelles variétés des allèles favorables pour un maximum de gènes. Les processus de sélection évoluent, notamment par l'intégration des progrès concernant les connaissances génétiques et outils biotechnologiques. La sélection génomique est une méthode qui peut prédire la valeur génétique d'individus à partir de données génomiques et d'un modèle d'effets génétiques appris sur une population de référence. Nos études ont porté sur la possibilité d'insérer la sélection génomique dans le processus de sélection pour en augmenter l'efficacité. Notre sujet a été appliqué à un programme privé qui vise l'obtention de variétés de soja performantes pour le rendement et le contenu des graines en protéines, pour répondre à un besoin de protéines d'origine végétale. Des études génétiques sur une population de lignées générées lors de cycles de sélection successifs ont mis en évidence une structuration génétique en deux sous-populations qui ne sont pas "hermétiques". Nous avons étudié par échantillonnages de populations de test la précision de prédiction obtenue dans nos deux groupes avec différents modèles de GS : des modèles GBLUP additifs avec différentes populations d'apprentissage, puis des modèles d'architectures génétiques plus complexes. Les précisions de prédiction de nos modèles étaient proches les unes des autres. Cependant, nos résultats suggèrent que le modèle GBLUP le plus adapté pour obtenir des prédictions précises au sein de nos deux groupes est un modèle appris sur une population représentative du groupe à prédire et comprenant une composante additive et une composante épistatique additive x additive. Nous avons mis en place une application de la GS dans un cycle de sélection en cours de réalisation. Nous avons estimé le potentiel des croisements de départ par simulation de descendants virtuels et prédiction génomique de leurs performances, ce qui nous a permis de choisir trois populations biparentales prometteuses à l'intérieur desquelles nous avons effectué une sélection sur la base de prédictions génomiques. Nous avons développé un outil permettant de simuler des schémas de sélection sur plusieurs cycles consécutifs. Il s'agit d'un outil flexible et générique du point de vue de la définition des schémas de sélection. Cet outil permet notamment de comparer le gain génétique obtenu avec deux schémas différents à partir d'une même population de départ et d'un même modèle des effets génétiques et environnementaux agissant sur l'expression phénotypique d'un caractère. Avec cet outil, nous avons étudié la précision d'évaluation et les composantes de la variance de deux modèles GBLUP (avec ou sans modélisation de l'épistasie) après simulation de différentes architectures génétiques. Nous avons également comparé le schéma de sélection classique et différents schémas incluant une utilisation de la GS. Avec une comparaison sur un cycle, nous n'avons pas observé de gain à utiliser des schémas intégrant la GS pour augmenter l'efficacité de sélection de nouvelles variétés, à coût constant. Par contre, nous avons observé un gain à utiliser la GS pour choisir les croisements en début de cycle : la valeur génétique moyenne des lignées produites augmente de cycle en cycle. Concernant les alternatives au schéma de sélection classique du soja, des études plus approfondies seront nécessaires. Elles permettront notamment d'inclure la simulation des étapes de sélection sur le contenu des graines en protéines et d'étudier la question du gain génétique à long terme. / Varietal selection aims at the generation of increasingly more performing varieties for agronomic traits of interest. In the case of quantitative traits, which are under polygenic genetic control, varietal selection consists in gradually joining together in the new varieties favorable alleles for a maximum number of genes. Selection processes are evolving, in particular by integrating advances in genetic knowledge and biotechnological tools. Genomic selection is a method that can predict the genetic value of individuals from genomic data and a model of genetic effects learned on a reference population. Our studies have focused on the possibility of including genomic selection in the selection process to increase its efficiency. Our subject has been applied to a private program aimed at obtaining soybean varieties performing for yield and seed protein content to meet a need for proteins of plant origin. Genetic studies on a population of lines generated during successive breeding cycles have shown genetic structuration in two subpopulations that are not "hermetic". We studied by samplings of test populations the prediction accuracies obtained within our two groups with different GS models: additive GBLUP models with different learning populations, and then models of more complex genetic architectures. The prediction accuracies of our models were close to one another. However, our results suggest that the most suitable GBLUP model for obtaining accurate predictions within our two groups is a model learned on a population representative of the group to be predicted and including an additive component and an additive x additive epistatic component. We have implemented an application of GS in a selection cycle in progress. We evaluated the potential of initial crosses by simulation of virtual descendants and genomic prediction of their performances, which allowed us to select three promising biparental populations within which we made a selection based on genomic predictions. We have developed a tool to simulate selection schemes over several consecutive cycles. It is a flexible and generic tool from the point of view of selection schemes definition. This tool makes it possible, in particular, to compare the genetic gain obtained with two different schemes starting from a same starting population and from a same model of genetic and environmental effects acting on the phenotypic expression of a trait. With this tool, we studied evaluation accuracy and variance components of two GBLUP models (with or without epistasy modeling) after simulation of different genetic architectures. We also compared the classic selection scheme and different schemes including a use of GS. With a comparison on one cycle, we did not observe any gain in using schemes integrating GS to increase efficiency of selection of new varieties, at constant cost. On the other hand, we observed a gain in using GS to choose crosses at the beginning of cycle: mean genetic value of produced lines increases from one cycle to another. Regarding alternatives to the traditional soybean selection scheme, further studies will be required. In particular, they will include simulation of selection stages on seed protein content and study of long-term genetic gain.

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