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Due to the continuous work in the automobile industry to reduce the environmental impact, reduce fuel consumption and increase efficiency, new technologies need to be developed and implemented in vehicles. For spark ignited engines, one technology that has received more attention in recent years is long route Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR), which means that exhaust gases after the turbine are transported back to the volume before the compressor in the air intake system of the engine. In this work, the components of the long route EGR system is modeled with mean value engine models in Simulink, and implemented in a existing Simulink engine model. Then different methods for estimating the mass flow over the long route EGR system are compared, and the transport delays for the recirculated exhaust gases in the engines air intake system are modeled. This work is based on measurements done on an engine rig, on which a long route EGR system was installed. Finally, some ideas on how a long route EGR system on a gasoline engine can be controlled are presented based on the results in this thesis work.

<p>This licentiate thesis concerns one dimensional flow simulation of turbocharged spark ignited engines. The objective has been to contribute to the improvement of turbocharged SI engines’ performance as well as 1 D simulation capabilities.</p><p>Turbocharged engines suffer from poor gas exchange due to the high exhaust pressure created by the turbine. This results in power loss as well as high levels of residual gas, which makes the engine more prone to knock.</p><p>This thesis presents an alternative gas exchange concept, with the aim of removing the high exhaust pressure during the critical periods. This is done by splitting the two exhaust ports into two separate exhaust manifolds.</p><p>The alternative gas exchange study was performed by measurements as well as 1-D simulations. The link between measurements and simulations is very strong, and will be discussed in this thesis.</p><p>As mentioned, turbocharged engines are prone to knock. Hence, finding a method to model knock in 1-D engine simulations would improve the simulation capabilities. In this thesis a 0-D knock model, coupled to the 1-D engine model, is presented</p>

This licentiate thesis concerns one dimensional flow simulation of turbocharged spark ignited engines. The objective has been to contribute to the improvement of turbocharged SI engines’ performance as well as 1 D simulation capabilities. Turbocharged engines suffer from poor gas exchange due to the high exhaust pressure created by the turbine. This results in power loss as well as high levels of residual gas, which makes the engine more prone to knock. This thesis presents an alternative gas exchange concept, with the aim of removing the high exhaust pressure during the critical periods. This is done by splitting the two exhaust ports into two separate exhaust manifolds. The alternative gas exchange study was performed by measurements as well as 1-D simulations. The link between measurements and simulations is very strong, and will be discussed in this thesis. As mentioned, turbocharged engines are prone to knock. Hence, finding a method to model knock in 1-D engine simulations would improve the simulation capabilities. In this thesis a 0-D knock model, coupled to the 1-D engine model, is presented / QC 20101112

The current work, through experimental and numerical investigations, analyses the process and cycle level deviations in engine response on fuelling multi-cylinder natural gas engines with producer gas. Producer gas is a low calorific value bio-derived alternative with composition of 19 ± 1% CO and H2, 2 ± 0.5 % CH4, 12 ± 1% CO2 and 46 ± 1% N2 and has thermo-physical properties significantly different from natural gas. Experimental investigations primarily address the energy balance (full cycle analysis) and in-cylinder response (process specific analysis) at various operating conditions covering naturally aspirated and turbocharged mode of operation with natural gas and producer gas. Numerical investigations are based on two thermodynamic scope mathematical models, a zero dimensional model (Wiebe function) and a quasi-dimensional model (propagating flame front heat release). A detailed diagnostic analysis on a six cylinder (E6) indicates, turbocharger mismatch, the first explicit impact of fuel thermo-physical property variation. Turbocharger matching and optimization resulted in a peak load of 72.8 kWe (BMEP 9.47) at a maximum brake torque ignition angles of 22 deg before TDC and compressor pressure ratio of 2.25. Engine energy distribution analysis indicates skewed energy balance with higher cooling load (in excess of 30%) as compared to fossil fuel operation. This is attributed to the presence of nearly 20% H2 which enhances the convective cooling through the higher thermal conductivity. Parametric variation of H2 fraction on a two cylinder engine (E2) with four different syngas compositions (mixture H2 varying from 7.1% to 14.2%) depicts enhanced cooling load from 33.5% to 37.7%. Process level comparison indicates significant deviations in the heat release profile compared to fossil fuels. It has been observed that with an increase in mixture hydrogen fraction (from 7.1% to 14.2%), the fast burn phase combustion duration reduces from 59.6% to 42.6% but the terminal stage duration increases from 25.5% to 48.9%. The enhanced cooling of the mixture (due to the presence of hydrogen), particularly in the vicinity of walls is argued to contribute towards the sluggish terminal phase combustion. Immediate implication of thermo-kinematic response variation is on the magnitude and sensitivity of combustion descriptors and the need for dependent control system calibration for producer gas fuelled operation is established. Descriptor analysis is extended to knocking pressure traces and a new simple methodology is proposed towards identifying the occurrence and regime of knock. Analysing the implications through numerical investigation, the influence of the altered thermo-kinematic response for producer gas fuelled operation impacts 0D simulations. Zero dimensional simulations fail with conventional coefficients requiring fuel specific coefficients. Based on fuel specific coefficients, the suitability of 0D model for the simulation of varying operating conditions ranging from naturally aspirated to turbo charged engines, compression ratios and different engine geometries is established. The analysis is extended to quasi-dimensional through the eddy entrainment and laminar burn up model. The choice of laminar flame speed and turbulent parameters is validated based on the assessment of the flame speed ratio (4.5 ± 0.5 for naturally aspirated operation, turbulent Reynolds number of 2500 ± 250 and 9.0 ± 1.0 for turbocharged operation, turbulent Reynolds number of 5250 ± 250). In the estimation of laminar flame speed, the limitation of GRIMech 3.0 mechanism for H2-CO-CH4 systems is explicitly established and GRIMech 2.11 is used to arrive at experimentally comparable results. In-cylinder engine simulation results covering parametric variation of load, ignition angle and mixture quality, for engine natural gas fuelled naturally aspirated operation and producer gas fuelled naturally aspirated and turbocharged after cooled are compared with experimental results. The quasi dimensional analysis is extended to simulate end gas auto-ignition and is validated by using experimental manifold conditions for turbocharged operation for which knock has been observed. Extending the model to a Waukesha cooperative fuels research engine, motor methane number of 110 is reported for standard composition producer gas. The use of quasi dimensional models with end gas reaction kinetics enabled for knock rating of fuels represents first of its kind initiative.

This work concerns a systematic study of IC engine operation with 100% biogas as fuel (as opposed to the dual-fuel mode) with particular emphasis on operational issues and the quest for high efficiency strategies. As a first step, a commercially available 1.2 kW genset engine is modified for biogas operation. The conventional premixing of air and biogas is compared with a new manifold injection strategy. The effect of biogas composition on engine performance is also studied. Results from the genset engine study indicate a very low overall efficiency of the system. This is mainly due to the very low compression ratio (4.5) of the engine. To gain further insight into factors that contribute to this low efficiency, thermodynamic engine simulations are conducted. Reasonable agreement with experiments is obtained after incorporating estimated combustion durations. Subsequently, the model is used as a tool to predict effect of different parameters such as compression ratio, spark timing and combustion durations on engine performance and efficiency. Simulations show that significant improvement in performance can be obtained at high compression ratios. As a step towards developing a more efficient system and based on insight obtained from simulations, a high compression ratio (9.2) engine is selected. This engine is coupled to a 3 kW alternator and operated on 100% biogas. Both strategies, i.e., premixing and manifold injection are implemented. The results show very high overall (chemical to electrical) efficiencies with a maximum value of 22% at 1.4 kW with the manifold injection strategy. The new manifold injection strategy proposed here is found to be clearly superior to the conventional premixing method. The main reasons are the higher volumetric efficiency (25% higher than that for the premixing mode of supply) and overall lean operation of the engine across the entire load range. Predictions show excellent agreement with measurements, enabling the model to be used as a tool for further study. Simulations suggest that a higher compression ratio (up to 13) and appropriate spark advance can lead to higher engine power output and efficiency.

[ES] Se espera que la nueva generación de motores de encendido provocado represente la mayor parte del mercado en el contexto de la propulsión de vehículos con o sin hibridación. Sin embargo, la tecnología actual todavía tiene desafíos críticos por delante para cumplir con los nuevos estándares de emisiones de CO2 y contaminantes. Consecuentemente están surgiendo nuevas tecnologías para mejorar la eficiencia de los motores y que estos cumplan con las nuevas normativas anti-contaminación. Entre otras, una de las tendencias más seguidas en la actualidad es la reducción de tamaño de los motores, concepto conocido como "downsizing", bajo la técnica de la turbosobrealimentación. Las nuevas tecnologías de turbocompresores, como las turbinas de geometría variable (TGV), se empiezan a considerar para su aplicación en las exigentes condiciones de funcionamiento de los nuevos motores de encendido provocado. En este trabajo, a partir de datos experimentales obtenidos en la sala de ensayos del motor, se propone una metodología de calibración del modelo completo de motor 1-D: se realiza un análisis teórico dirigido a asegurar el control total sobre cualquier aspecto de la simulación. En otras palabras, el modelo de motor 1-D se ajustó completamente con respecto a los datos experimentales del motor. Además, se demuestra la necesidad del postprocesamiento y validación de datos experimentales relacionados con mapas de turbocompresores, ya que se requiere desacoplar fenómenos como la transferencia de calor y las pérdidas por fricción de los denominados mapas experimentales de turbocompresores. De acuerdo con esto, se presenta una metodología para la obtención de mapas de turbocompresores, basada en una campaña experimental dividida en varias tipologias de ensayos y seguida de la etapa de modelado. La etapa de modelado se lleva a cabo utilizando modelos de turbocompresores integrales ya desarrollados o disponibles en la literatura. Adicionalmente se aborda la mejora en la precisión de las simulaciones cuando se comparan mapas de turbocompresores postprocesados con mapas puramente experimentales. Aprovechando el modelo de motor 1-D altamente validado y físicamente representativo así como los mapas validados del turbocompresor, se discute cómo las incertidumbres experimentales o las variables "fuera de control" pueden afectar los resultados experimentales. Se propone una metodología para superar este punto desde la perspectiva del modelado. Lo anterior permite realizar comparativas que en las se analiza exclusivamente el impacto de diferentes tecnologías de turbina o unidades de turbinas. Además, tomando como base el modelo ya desarrollado, es posible explorar diferentes cálculos de optimización, estrategias de control y proporcionar comparaciones de tecnología de turbinas en plenas cargas y cargas parciales de motor en un amplio rango de revoluciones. También se aborda el impacto de la altitud y se evalúan los transitorios de carga para dos tecnologías de turbinas analizadas: VGT y WG. Como conclusión, se demuestra que la tecnología VGT muestra menos limitaciones en condiciones de trabajo extremas, como en la curva de plena carga, donde la tecnología WG representa una limitación en términos de máxima potencia. Las diferencias a plena carga se vuelven aún más evidentes en condiciones de trabajo en altitud. Cuando se trata de cargas parciales, las diferencias en el consumo de combustible son menores, pero potencialmente beneficiosas para los VGT. / [CA] S'espera que la nova generació de motors d'encesa per espurna representi la major part del mercat en el context de la propulsió de vehicles amb o sense hibridació. No obstant això, la tecnologia actual encara té reptes crítics per davant per complir amb els nous estàndards d'emissions de CO2 i contaminants. Conseqüentment estan sorgint noves tecnologies per millorar l'eficiència dels motors i que aquests compleixin amb les noves normatives anti-contaminació. Entre d'altres, una de les tendències més seguides en l'actualitat és la reducció de grandària dels motors, concepte conegut com "downsizing", sota la tècnica de la turbosobrealimentación. Les noves tecnologies de turbocompressors, com les VGT, es comencen a considerar per la seva aplicació en les exigents condicions de funcionament dels nous motors d'encesa per espurna. En aquest treball, a partir de dades experimentals obtingudes a la sala d'assajos de l'motor, es proposa una metodologia de calibratge del model complet de motor 1-D: es realitza una anàlisi teòrica dirigit a assegurar el control total sobre qualsevol aspecte de la simulació. En altres paraules, el model de motor 1-D es va ajustar completament respecte a les dades experimentals del motor. A més, es demostra la necessitat del posprocesamiento i validació de dades experimentals relacionats amb mapes de turbocompressors, ja que es requereix desacoblar fenòmens com la transferència de calor i les pèrdues per fricció dels denominats mapes experimentals de turbocompressors. D'acord amb això, es presenta una metodologia per a l'obtenció de mapes de turbocompressors, basada en una campanya experimental dividida en diverses tipologies d'assajos i seguida de l'etapa de modelatge. L'etapa de modelatge es porta a terme utilitzant models de turbocompressors integrals ja desenvolupats disponibles a la literatura. A més a s'aborda la millora en la precisió de les simulacions quan es comparen mapes de turbocompressors postprocessats amb mapes purament experimentals. Aprofitant el model de motor 1-D validat i físicament representatiu així com els mapes validats del turbocompressor, es discuteix com les incerteses experimentals o les variables "fora de control" poden afectar els resultats experimentals. Es proposa una metodologia per superar aquest punt des de la perspectiva de la modelització. L'anterior permet realitzar exclusivament la comparació de tecnologies / unitats de turbines. A més, prenent com a base el model ja desenvolupat, és possible explorar diferents càlculs d'optimització, estratègies de control i proporcionar comparacions de tecnologia de turbines a càrregues completes i parcials del motor en un ampli rang de revolucions del motor. També s'aborda l'impacte de l'altitud i s'avaluen els transitoris de càrrega per a dues tecnologies de turbines analitzades: VGT i WG. com a conclusió, es demostra que la tecnologia VGT mostra menys limitacions en condicions de treball extremes, com en la corba de plena càrrega, on la tecnologia WG representa una limitació en termes de màxima potència. Les diferències a plena càrrega es tornen encara més evidents en condicions de treball en altitud. Quan es tracta de càrregues parcials, les diferències en el consum de combustible són menors, però potencialment beneficioses per als VGT. / [EN] The new generation of spark ignition (SI) engines is expected to represent most of the future market share in the context of power-train with or without hybridization. Nevertheless, the current technology has still critical challenges in front to meet incoming CO2 and pollutant emissions standards. Consequently, new technologies are emerging to improve engine efficiency and meet new pollutant regulations. Among others, one of the most followed trends is engine size reduction, known as downsizing, based on the turbocharging technique. New turbocharger technologies, such as variable geometry turbines (VGT), are evaluated for their application under the demanding operating conditions of SI engines. In this work, from experimental data obtained in an engine test cell, a 1-D complete engine model calibration methodology was conducted: a theoretical analysis aimed at ensuring full control on any aspect of the simulation. In other words, the 1-D engine model was fully fitted with respect to the experimental engine data. Furthermore, it is evidenced the requirement of post-processing and validating the experimental data dealing with turbocharger maps, since phenomena such as heat transfer and friction losses are required to be decoupled from the so-called experimental turbocharger maps. Accordingly, a methodology for turbocharger maps obtention is presented, based on an experimental campaign divided into several test typologies and followed by the modelling stage. The modelling stage is carried out making usage of already developed integral turbocharger models available in the literature. Additionally, the improvement in the accuracy of the simulations when post-processed turbocharger maps are compared against purely experimental maps is addressed. Taking advantage of the highly validated and physically representative 1-D gas-dynamics engine model and turbocharger validated maps, it is discussed how experimental uncertainties or "out-of-control" variables may impact the experimental results. A methodology is proposed to overcome this point from the modelling perspective. The previous allows performing exclusively turbine technologies/units comparison. In addition, taking as a basis the already developed model, it is possible to explore different optimization calculations, control strategies and provide turbine technology comparisons at engine full and partial loads in a wide range of engine speed. Also, the altitude impact is addressed and load transients are evaluated for two analysed turbine technologies: VGT and WG. In all, it was found that VGT technology shows fewer limitations in extreme working conditions, such as full load curve, where the WG technology represents a limitation in terms of the maximum power output. Full load differences become even more evident in altitude working conditions. When it comes to partial loads, differences in fuel consumption are minor but potentially beneficial for VGTs. / Gómez Vilanova, A. (2022). Modelling and analysis methodology of SI IC engines turbocharged by VGT [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/181929 / TESIS

Knocking is a type of abnormal combustion which depends on several physical factors and results in high frequency pressure oscillations inside the combustion chamber of a spark-ignited internal combustion engine (ICE). These oscillations can damage the engine and hamper its efficiency, which is why it is important for automakers to understand the knocking behavior so that it can be avoided during engine operation. Due to the catastrophic outcomes of knocking a lot of research has been done in the past on prediction of its occurrence. There can be several causes of knocking but when it occurs due to auto-ignition of fuel in the end-gas it’s called spark-knock. There are various mathematical models that predict the phenomenon of spark-knock. In this thesis, several of the previously published knock prediction models for heavy-duty natural-gas engine are studied and analyzed. The main objective of this project is to assess the accuracy of different types of knock prediction models.Amongst all the types of knock prediction models emphasize has been given to empirical correlation models, particularly to the ones which are based on chemical kinetics pertaining to the combustion process of methane. These are the models that claim to predict ignition delay time based on concentration of air and fuel in the unburned zone of the cylinder. The models are assessed based on the knocking behavior they represent across the engine operation range. Results pertaining to the knock prediction models are evaluated in a 1D engine simulation model using AVL BOOST. The BOOST performance prediction model is calibrated against experimentally measured engine test-cell data and the same data is used to assess the knock prediction models.The knock prediction model whose results correlate with experimental observations is analyzed further while other models are discarded. Using the validated model, variation in knock occurrence is evaluated with change in the combustion phasing. Two of the parameter that are used to define the combustion phasing are spark-advance and combustion duration. It was found that when the brake mean effective pressure is kept constant the knock prediction parameter increases linearly with increase in spark advance and decreases linearly with increase in combustion duration. The variation of knock prediction parameter with spark advance showed increasing gradient with increase in engine torque. / Knack i en förbränningsmotor är en typ av onormal förbränning. Det är ett komplicerat fenomen som beror på flera fysiska faktorer och resulterar i högfrekventa tryckoscillationer inuti förbränningskammaren. Dessa oscillationer kan skada motorn och fenomenet hämmar motorns effektivitet. Knack kan uppstå på två sätt i en Otto-motor och detta examensarbete kommer att handla om självantändning. Självantändning, i detta fall, är när ändgasen börjar brinna utan att ha blivit påverkad av flamfronten eller gnistan från tändstiftet. Det finns flera olika matematiska modeller som i olika grader kan prediktera knackfenomenet. I detta examensarbete studeras några av de tidigare publicerade prediktionsmodellerna för knack i Otto-förbränning och modelleras för analys. Huvudsyftet med detta projekt är således att bedöma noggrannheten hos olika typer av knackmodeller. Extra fokus har lagts på empiriska korrelationsmodeller, särskilt till de som är baserade på kemisk kinetik avseende förbränningsprocessen av metan. Dessa modeller förutsäger den tid det tar för ändgasen att självantända, baserat på dess koncentration av luft och bränsle. Knackmodellerna bedöms sedan utifrån det beteende som de förutsäger över motorns driftområde och dess överensstämmelse med kända motorkalibreringsstrategier. Resultatet av knackpredikteringen för de olika knackmodellerna utvärderas och valideras i en motorsimuleringsmodell i mjukvaran AVL BOOST. BOOST-modellen kalibreras mot experimentellt uppmätta motortestdata. Baserat på resultaten från de valda knockmodellerna så blev den modell som bäst korrelerar med kända motorkalibreringsstrategier analyserad djupare. Den utvalda modellen var en ECM modell och den utvärderas ytterligare med avseende på variation i predikterad knack-parameter. Detta görs genom att modifiera två förbränningsparametrar: tändvinkel och förbränningsduration. Det visade sig att modellerna predikterade en linjär ökning då tändningen tidigareläggs och ett linjärt minskande vid längre förbränningsduration, vilket är i enlighet med motortestdata. Vidare visade det sig att variationer i tändvinkel resulterade i en högre gradient i knackpredikteringen vid högre motorbelastningar och korresponderande minskning vid lägre belastning.

Forskning inom motorutveckling bedrivs för att möta kommande emissionskrav och samtidigt minska bränsleförbrukningen. Kommande förbud mot dieseldrivna fordon planeras i flera städer runt om i världen. Alternativa bränsle som exempelvis naturgas ses som en lovande ersättning även för tunga fordon. Metan som är huvudkomponenten av naturgas har en fördelaktigt förhållande mellan väte och kol vilket gör den attraktiv för CO2-reducering. Hur som helst, bränslets låga cetantal och den höga aktiveringsenergin som krävs för att tända naturgas förutsätter tändstiftsantändning.En fördel av att använda en encylindrig motor inom forskning är möjligheten att studera fenomen utan negativa gasväxlingsinteraktioner från intilliggande cylindrar. Jämfört med en fullmotor möjliggörs även ett snabbare utbyte av motordelar samt lägre bränsleförbrukning.Fokus för detta examensarbete var genomförandet av ett flexibelt bränslesystem för en tändstiftsantänd encylindrig motor. Motorn är en tändstiftsantänd Scania 9 liters som modifieras för encylinder körning. Flexibilitet som t.ex. laddningshomogenitet, selektiv fyllning av inloppsporter och förberedelser för direktinsprutning av flytande bränsle realiserades. För enkel användning är motorn styrd av en eftermarknadsmotorstyrenhet som använder ett användarvänligt grafiskt gränssnitt för ändring av driftsparametrar. Säkerhetshänsyn vid blandning av gasformiga bränsle och luft långt innan inloppsporterna har implementerats. / Most of the fundamental research in internal combustion engines is driven by the ever-increasing stringency of emissions regulations along with the need for increased fuel economy. The proposed ban on diesel vehicles in several cities around the world combined with extensive availability, has made natural gas a promising substitute even for heavy-duty applications. The high hydrogen-to-carbon ratio of methane, the major component of natural gas, makes it attractive from an emissions reduction perspective. CO2 emissions from natural gas combustion are particularly low. However, the low cetane number and high activation energy required to ignite natural gas, requires spark-ignition.In a research setting, it is often advantageous to have a single cylinder engine. The main benefit is the ability to study phenomena without adverse interactions which multi-cylinder operation may cause. This is especially important for gas-exchange studies. Quicker replacement of parts and lower fuel consumption are secondary benefits.The focus of this thesis was the implementation of a flexible fueling system for a single cylinder spark-ignited engine. The engine is a Scania 9-liter spark-ignited engine modified for single cylinder operation. Flexibility in terms of charge homogeneity, selective intake port filling and provisions for liquid fuel direct injection have been provided. For ease of use, the engine is controlled by an aftermarket engine control unit with a graphical user interface for configuration. Safety considerations when mixing gaseous fuels and air well upstream of the intake ports have been implemented.

Knack i en förbränningsmotor är en typ av onormal förbränning. Det är ett komplicerat fenomen som beror på flera fysiska faktorer och resulterar i högfrekventa tryckoscillationer inuti förbränningskammaren. Dessa oscillationer kan skada motorn och fenomenet hämmar motorns effektivitet. Knack kan uppstå på två sätt i en Otto-motor och detta examensarbete kommer att handla om självantändning. Självantändning, i detta fall, är när ändgasen börjar brinna utan att ha blivit påverkad av flamfronten eller gnistan från tändstiftet. Det finns flera olika matematiska modeller som i olika grader kan prediktera knackfenomenet. I detta examensarbete studeras några av de tidigare publicerade prediktionsmodellerna för knack i Otto-förbränning och modelleras för analys. Huvudsyftet med detta projekt är således att bedöma noggrannheten hos olika typer av knackmodeller. Extra fokus har lagts på empiriska korrelationsmodeller, särskilt till de som är baserade på kemisk kinetik avseende förbränningsprocessen av metan. Dessa modeller förutsäger den tid det tar för ändgasen att självantända, baserat på dess koncentration av luft och bränsle. Knackmodellerna bedöms sedan utifrån det beteende som de förutsäger över motorns driftområde och dess överensstämmelse med kända motorkalibreringsstrategier. Resultatet av knackpredikteringen för de olika knackmodellerna utvärderas och valideras i en motorsimuleringsmodell i mjukvaran AVL BOOST. BOOST-modellen kalibreras mot experimentellt uppmätta motortestdata. Baserat på resultaten från de valda knockmodellerna så blev den modell som bäst korrelerar med kända motorkalibreringsstrategier analyserad djupare. Den utvalda modellen var en ECM modell och den utvärderas ytterligare med avseende på variation i predikterad knack-parameter. Detta görs genom att modifiera två förbränningsparametrar: tändvinkel och förbränningsduration. Det visade sig att modellerna predikterade en linjär ökning då tändningen tidigareläggs och ett linjärt minskande vid längre förbränningsduration, vilket är i enlighet med motortestdata. Vidare visade det sig att variationer i tändvinkel resulterade i en högre gradient i knackpredikteringen vid högre motorbelastningar och korresponderande minskning vid lägre belastning. / Knocking is a type of abnormal combustion which depends on several physical factors and results in high frequency pressure oscillations inside the combustion chamber of a spark-ignited internal combustion engine (ICE). These oscillations can damage the engine and hamper its efficiency, which is why it is important for automakers to understand the knocking behavior so that it can be avoided during engine operation. Due to the catastrophic outcomes of knocking a lot of research has been done in the past on prediction of its occurrence. There can be several causes of knocking but when it occurs due to auto-ignition of fuel in the end-gas it’s called spark-knock. There are various mathematical models that predict the phenomenon of spark-knock. In this thesis, several of the previously published knock prediction models for heavy-duty natural-gas engine are studied and analyzed. The main objective of this project is to assess the accuracy of different types of knock prediction models. Amongst all the types of knock prediction models emphasize has been given to empirical correlation models, particularly to the ones which are based on chemical kinetics pertaining to the combustion process of methane. These are the models that claim to predict ignition delay time based on concentration of air and fuel in the unburned zone of the cylinder. The models are assessed based on the knocking behavior they represent across the engine operation range. Results pertaining to the knock prediction models are evaluated in a 1D engine simulation model using AVL BOOST. The BOOST performance prediction model is calibrated against experimentally measured engine test-cell data and the same data is used to assess the knock prediction models. The knock prediction model whose results correlate with experimental observations is analyzed further while other models are discarded. Using the validated model, variation in knock occurrence is evaluated with change in the combustion phasing. Two of the parameter that are used to define the combustion phasing are spark-advance and combustion duration. It was found that when the brake mean effective pressure is kept constant the knock prediction parameter increases linearly with increase in spark advance and decreases linearly with increase in combustion duration. The variation of knock prediction parameter with spark advance showed increasing gradient with increase in engine torque.