No description available.

As doenças neuromusculares incluem um grupo muito heterogêneo de patologias que atingem 1 em cada 1.000 indivíduos nascidos vivos. Dentre as doenças neuromusculares destacam-se as paraplegias espásticas hereditárias que acometem, aproximadamente, cerca de 1 em cada 10.000. As paraplegias espásticas hereditárias (PEH) são caracterizadas pela espasticidade e fraqueza muscular dos membros inferiores. São muito heterogêneas tanto em clínica como geneticamente. Diversas formas já foram descritas e a mais comum delas, acometendo por volta de 40% dos casos autossômicos dominantes, causada por mutações no gene SPAST (PEH do tipo 4 ou SPG4). Estudos de correlação genótipo: fenótipo têm mostrado que indivíduos da mesma família carregando a mesma mutação patogênica, podem ter quadro clínico muito distinto. A explicação para esta questão pode estar na procura por genes modificadores, no padrão de expressão, na análise proteômica (seja por ligantes a proteínas ou no dobramento das mesmas), ou em mecanismos epigenéticos. Além disso, em algumas formas observa-se uma diferença na porcentagem de pessoas afetadas de acordo com o sexo. Essa desproporção foi observada numa grande família de com PEH na qual existe um predomínio de afetados do sexo masculino. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi a análise de pacientes discordantes, ou seja, que possuam a mesma mutação, porém com quadro clínico discordante de uma grande família brasileira com SGP4. Para isso foi feito um estudo da abundância de transcritos (mRNA) e de genótipo (polimorfismos de base única) em relação a um fenótipo (sintomático ou assintomático). Os resultados sugerem que o principal sistema envolvido, que poderia explicar as diferenças entre os pacientes discordantes, é o sistema imune, com a principal atuação dos genes C2, HLA-DRB1 e LY6G6C. Esses genes podem ter papel protetor ou tóxico no desenvolvimento do quadro clínico dos pacientes analisados / The hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is characterized by muscle weakness and lower limb spasticity. They are very heterogeneous both clinically and genetically. Several forms have been described and the most common one, affecting around 40% of autosomal dominant cases, is caused by mutations in the SPAST gene (HSP type 4 or SPG4). Genotype: phenotype correlation studies have shown that affected individuals from the same family, who carry the same pathogenic mutation, can have very distinct phenotypes. The underlying explanation behind this clinical heterogeneity may be found in the search for modifier genes, in expression patterns observed proteomic analyses (either by protein binding or folding), or epigenetic mechanisms. As is observed in other motor neurodisease, there is a disproportion between the number of affected males and females, with males being the predominantly affected. The objective of this study was to analyze discordant patients, i.e., those that possess the same mutation, but show discordant phenotypes, from a large Brazilian family with SGP4. For this study, the abundance of transcripts (mRNA) and genotype (single nucleotide polymorphisms) relative to a phenotype (symptomatic or asymptomatic) were analyzed. The results suggest that the main system involved, which could explain the differences between discordant patients, is the immune system, with the main activity of C2, LY6G6C and HLA-DRB1 genes. These genes may have a protective or toxic role in the development of the analyzed patients\' clinical features

The Hereditary Spastic Paraplegias (HSP) comprise a group of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by progressive lower limb spasticity. This disease, with a prevalence ranging from 1 to 20 in 100,000 individuals, is currently untreatable. The neuropathological hallmark is axonal degeneration of motor neurons in the corticospinal tract. However, the mechanisms of pathogenesis underlying this neurodegeneration remain poorly understood. Over the last decade, genetic studies of HSP have identified 33 loci including 14 genes. The main objective of this dissertation was to identify and characterize genes in a large North American HSP cohort. Mutation analysis of the two most common genes implicated in HSP, SPG3 and SPG4, led to the detection of nine novel mutations, including an ancestral SPG4 mutation in five French Canadian families. This screen also allowed for the molecular characterization of the p.del436N mutation in SPG3, which suggests a previously unidentified dominant-negative mechanism. Furthermore, a novel deletion in the VPS9 domain of the ALS2 gene was identified in a family with severe infantile onset HSP. In addition, linkage analysis and whole genome scan efforts resulted in the successful mapping of two novel HSP loci, SPG27 and SAX1. SAX1 represents the first locus for autosomal dominant spastic ataxia, a complicated form of HSP, with a common ancestor in Newfoundland. Finally, a positional candidate gene strategy at the SPG8 locus identified three missense mutations in a novel gene encoding strumpellin. Two mutations failed to rescue an axonal phenotype induced by morpholino knock-down of the SPG8 gene in zebrafish. Our efforts to identify and characterize HSP genes determined the underlying genetic cause in 36% of our cohort. These genetic causes include two novel loci and a novel gene. The findings are a major contribution to the characterization of the pathophysiology of HSP and significantly broaden the knowledge in the field of motor neuron disease. Analysis of the 15 known HSP genes suggests a common disease mechanism involving disrupted axonal membrane protein trafficking. Unraveling this mechanism will elucidate the functional maintenance of neurons in the corticospinal tract and will facilitate the development of therapies for HSP and related diseases.

As doenças neuromusculares incluem um grupo muito heterogêneo de patologias que atingem 1 em cada 1.000 indivíduos nascidos vivos. Dentre as doenças neuromusculares destacam-se as paraplegias espásticas hereditárias que acometem, aproximadamente, cerca de 1 em cada 10.000. As paraplegias espásticas hereditárias (PEH) são caracterizadas pela espasticidade e fraqueza muscular dos membros inferiores. São muito heterogêneas tanto em clínica como geneticamente. Diversas formas já foram descritas e a mais comum delas, acometendo por volta de 40% dos casos autossômicos dominantes, causada por mutações no gene SPAST (PEH do tipo 4 ou SPG4). Estudos de correlação genótipo: fenótipo têm mostrado que indivíduos da mesma família carregando a mesma mutação patogênica, podem ter quadro clínico muito distinto. A explicação para esta questão pode estar na procura por genes modificadores, no padrão de expressão, na análise proteômica (seja por ligantes a proteínas ou no dobramento das mesmas), ou em mecanismos epigenéticos. Além disso, em algumas formas observa-se uma diferença na porcentagem de pessoas afetadas de acordo com o sexo. Essa desproporção foi observada numa grande família de com PEH na qual existe um predomínio de afetados do sexo masculino. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi a análise de pacientes discordantes, ou seja, que possuam a mesma mutação, porém com quadro clínico discordante de uma grande família brasileira com SGP4. Para isso foi feito um estudo da abundância de transcritos (mRNA) e de genótipo (polimorfismos de base única) em relação a um fenótipo (sintomático ou assintomático). Os resultados sugerem que o principal sistema envolvido, que poderia explicar as diferenças entre os pacientes discordantes, é o sistema imune, com a principal atuação dos genes C2, HLA-DRB1 e LY6G6C. Esses genes podem ter papel protetor ou tóxico no desenvolvimento do quadro clínico dos pacientes analisados / The hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is characterized by muscle weakness and lower limb spasticity. They are very heterogeneous both clinically and genetically. Several forms have been described and the most common one, affecting around 40% of autosomal dominant cases, is caused by mutations in the SPAST gene (HSP type 4 or SPG4). Genotype: phenotype correlation studies have shown that affected individuals from the same family, who carry the same pathogenic mutation, can have very distinct phenotypes. The underlying explanation behind this clinical heterogeneity may be found in the search for modifier genes, in expression patterns observed proteomic analyses (either by protein binding or folding), or epigenetic mechanisms. As is observed in other motor neurodisease, there is a disproportion between the number of affected males and females, with males being the predominantly affected. The objective of this study was to analyze discordant patients, i.e., those that possess the same mutation, but show discordant phenotypes, from a large Brazilian family with SGP4. For this study, the abundance of transcripts (mRNA) and genotype (single nucleotide polymorphisms) relative to a phenotype (symptomatic or asymptomatic) were analyzed. The results suggest that the main system involved, which could explain the differences between discordant patients, is the immune system, with the main activity of C2, LY6G6C and HLA-DRB1 genes. These genes may have a protective or toxic role in the development of the analyzed patients\' clinical features

No description available.

A síndrome SPOAN (acrônimo do inglês spastic paraplegia, optic atrophy and neuropathy) é uma doença neurodegenerativa de herança autossômica recessiva que tem como achados clínicos a atrofia ótica congênita não progressiva, paraplegia espástica e neuropatia ambas progressivas. Ela havia sido mapeada na região cromossômica 11q13, porém a variante patogênica e o gene associados à síndrome não haviam sido identificados. Após execução do sequenciamento do genoma completo de um paciente foi detectada a deleção de 216-pb (chr11.hg19:g.66,024,557_66,024,773del) em homozigose localizada em região regulatória upstream do gene KLC2. Surpreendentemente, essa deleção causa superexpressão do KLC2, detectada em estudos de Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) utilizando fibroblastos e neurônios motores de pacientes comparados com controles. Ensaios utilizando o Danio rerio como modelo in vivo mostraram que tanto o knockdown quanto a superexpressão do klc2 em embriões de zebrafish causa o fenótipo de cauda curvada (leve ou grave); fenótipo esse associado às doenças neurodegenerativas e HSPs. Superexpressão de um gene causada por uma pequena deleção em região regulatória é um novo mecanismo que até então não havia sido descrito na condição autossômica recessiva. Estudos funcionais por meio de gene reporter de LacZ avaliando o padrão de expressão espaço-temporal da região regulatória wild-type e com a deleção de 216-pb foram realizados nesse trabalho em modelo de camundongo, porém, não foi possível identificar um padrão de expressão reprodutível do gene reporter nesse modelo. Por fim, camundongos transgênicos para a superexpresão do KLC2 humano foram gerados, no entanto não foram realizados testes físicos e comportamentais para validar o transgênico como modelo para síndrome SPOAN / SPOAN (the acronym of its clinical symptoms) syndrome is a neurodegenerative disorder mainly characterized by a progressive spastic paraplegia, congenital non-progressive optic atrophy and progressive neuropathy. A potential causative gene was mapped at 11q13, but so far no gene and mutation were identified. Whole-genome sequencing allowed to detect a homozygous 216-bp deletion (chr11.hg19:g.66,024,557_66,024,773del) located at the regulatory upstream region of the KLC2 gene. Surprisingly, this deletion causes KLC2 overexpression detected by Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) using fibroblasts and motor-neurons from patients compared with controls. Assays using Danio rerio as in vivo model showed that the klc2 knockdown either its overexpression in zebrafish embryos causes mild to severe curly-tail phenotype; phenotype that is already well defined as suggestive of a neurodegenerative disorder and HSP. Overexpression of a gene caused by a small deletion in the regulatory region is a novel mechanism, which to the best of our knowledge, was never reported before in a recessive condition. Functional studies using LacZ reporter assay evaluating the spatiotemporal expression pattern of wild-type regulatory region and with the deletion of 216-bp were performed in this work using mouse, but was not possible to identify an especific gene reporter expression pattern in this animal model. As a last experiment, transgenic mice for human KLC2 overexpression were generated, though behavioral tests were not performed to validate this transgenic animal as a model for SPOAN syndrome

Vesicle trafficking provides the solution to the 'sorting problem' - how the eukaryotic cell maintains the distinct identities, and thus functional properties, of its membrane-bound organelles. During vesicle trafficking, proteins are selectively sorted into membrane bound transport intermediates by vesicle adaptors, which include those of the highly conserved adaptor protein (AP) complex family. Each AP complex has a distinct subcellular localisation and functions in the sorting of a specific subset of transmembrane cargo proteins. Adaptor protein complex 4 (AP-4) is one of the more recently identified AP complexes, whose function has largely remained elusive. In humans, AP-4 deficiency causes a severe neurological disorder, suggesting an important role in neuronal development and homeostasis. However, the pathomechanisms that underly the neuronal pathology in AP-4 deficiency are currently unknown. AP-4 is proposed to function in protein sorting at the trans-Golgi network (TGN), so AP-4 deficiency can be thought of as a disease of missorting. The aim of this study was to apply unbiased global proteomic approaches to define the composition of AP-4 vesicles and to identify physiological cargo proteins of the AP-4 pathway. Using 'Dynamic Organellar Maps' and comparative analysis of vesicle-enriched fractions from wild-type and AP-4-depleted cells, three ubiquitously expressed transmembrane cargo proteins, ATG9A, SERINC1 and SERINC3, were found to be mislocalised in AP-4-deficient cells. Two novel cytosolic AP-4 accessory proteins, RUSC1 and RUSC2, were also identified. Further proteomic analyses confirmed the interactions between these proteins. AP-4 deficiency was found to cause missorting of ATG9A in diverse cell types, including patient derived cells, as well as dysregulation of autophagy. RUSC2 facilitates the transport of AP-4-derived, ATG9A and SERINC-positive vesicles from the TGN to the cell periphery. These vesicles cluster in close association with autophagosomes, suggesting they are the 'ATG9 reservoir' required for autophagosome biogenesis. This study uncovers ATG9A trafficking as a ubiquitous function of the AP-4 pathway. Furthermore, it provides a potential molecular pathomechanism of AP-4 deficiency, through dysregulated spatial control of autophagy.

No description available.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating motor neuron disease which results from the degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons in the brainstem, spinal cord and motor cortex. Tragically there is no treatment to prevent ALS. The drug Riluzole acts to delay progression, but only by a month or so in this disease that has a survival length of three to five years. The identification of genes that are mutated in patients with ALS would help devise novel therapeutic strategies as much remains to be discovered about the genetics of ALS. Familial forms of the disease account for only 5-10% of patients. Among these familial cases, about 15-20% are caused by mutations in the zinc/copper superoxide dismutase gene, but the genetic basis of the remaining familial cases and the many sporadic cases continues to be largely unknown. / Altogether, the results presented in this thesis came from the use of several strategies to establish the genetic cause of ALS and the related motor neuron disorders like hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) and primary lateral sclerosis (PLS). A concerted and collaborative effort was put forth to identify the gene causative for ALS3 on chromosome 18. In addition, a recently reported locus has been confirmed on chromosome 9p for patients that present both ALS and frontotemporal dementia. The major finding involves the discovery of eight mutations in the TARDBP gene in nine patients with sporadic and familial ALS. Furthermore, a large association study evaluated the role of common polymorphisms in the paraoxonase gene cluster in susceptibility to the development of ALS. In the analysis of upper motor neuron diseases, mutations in a novel gene, KIAA0196, were identified for the HSP locus SPG8 on chromosome 8. Finally, the first locus for PLS was discovered on the p-arm of chromosome 4 following genome scan analysis of a large Quebec family with PLS. / These genetic discoveries all contributed novel advances to the field of motor neuron disorders. As more is elucidated regarding the biochemical function of these the proteins encoded by these genes, a more comprehensive picture of ALS and other motor neuron disorders will hopefully emerge.

A síndrome SPOAN (acrônimo do inglês spastic paraplegia, optic atrophy and neuropathy) é uma doença neurodegenerativa de herança autossômica recessiva que tem como achados clínicos a atrofia ótica congênita não progressiva, paraplegia espástica e neuropatia ambas progressivas. Ela havia sido mapeada na região cromossômica 11q13, porém a variante patogênica e o gene associados à síndrome não haviam sido identificados. Após execução do sequenciamento do genoma completo de um paciente foi detectada a deleção de 216-pb (chr11.hg19:g.66,024,557_66,024,773del) em homozigose localizada em região regulatória upstream do gene KLC2. Surpreendentemente, essa deleção causa superexpressão do KLC2, detectada em estudos de Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) utilizando fibroblastos e neurônios motores de pacientes comparados com controles. Ensaios utilizando o Danio rerio como modelo in vivo mostraram que tanto o knockdown quanto a superexpressão do klc2 em embriões de zebrafish causa o fenótipo de cauda curvada (leve ou grave); fenótipo esse associado às doenças neurodegenerativas e HSPs. Superexpressão de um gene causada por uma pequena deleção em região regulatória é um novo mecanismo que até então não havia sido descrito na condição autossômica recessiva. Estudos funcionais por meio de gene reporter de LacZ avaliando o padrão de expressão espaço-temporal da região regulatória wild-type e com a deleção de 216-pb foram realizados nesse trabalho em modelo de camundongo, porém, não foi possível identificar um padrão de expressão reprodutível do gene reporter nesse modelo. Por fim, camundongos transgênicos para a superexpresão do KLC2 humano foram gerados, no entanto não foram realizados testes físicos e comportamentais para validar o transgênico como modelo para síndrome SPOAN / SPOAN (the acronym of its clinical symptoms) syndrome is a neurodegenerative disorder mainly characterized by a progressive spastic paraplegia, congenital non-progressive optic atrophy and progressive neuropathy. A potential causative gene was mapped at 11q13, but so far no gene and mutation were identified. Whole-genome sequencing allowed to detect a homozygous 216-bp deletion (chr11.hg19:g.66,024,557_66,024,773del) located at the regulatory upstream region of the KLC2 gene. Surprisingly, this deletion causes KLC2 overexpression detected by Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) using fibroblasts and motor-neurons from patients compared with controls. Assays using Danio rerio as in vivo model showed that the klc2 knockdown either its overexpression in zebrafish embryos causes mild to severe curly-tail phenotype; phenotype that is already well defined as suggestive of a neurodegenerative disorder and HSP. Overexpression of a gene caused by a small deletion in the regulatory region is a novel mechanism, which to the best of our knowledge, was never reported before in a recessive condition. Functional studies using LacZ reporter assay evaluating the spatiotemporal expression pattern of wild-type regulatory region and with the deletion of 216-bp were performed in this work using mouse, but was not possible to identify an especific gene reporter expression pattern in this animal model. As a last experiment, transgenic mice for human KLC2 overexpression were generated, though behavioral tests were not performed to validate this transgenic animal as a model for SPOAN syndrome