O uso de mapas e a preocupação com a distribuição geográfica de doenças remonta a um passado bastante distante. Um exemplo clássico foi o trabalho realizado por John Snow, que utilizou o mapeamento para localizar casos de cólera, relacionando-os com as fontes de abastecimento de água. O processo saúde-doença ocorre em um espaço primariamente geográfico, sobre a qual, a ação dos homens ocorre. Apesar de seu grande potencial, as técnicas de representação espacial ainda são relativamente pouco utilizadas na área da saúde, devido, em parte, às dificuldades inerentes à manipulação deste tipo de informação. Este trabalho parte do pressuposto de que a distribuição espacial da Tuberculose não é uniforme, com diferenças entre países, estados, municípios e bairros. Dentro deste panorama, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer a distribuição espacial da doença no município de Ribeirão Preto de 1998 a 2002, buscando verificar dependência entre sua ocorrência e o espaço. Para elaboração do estudo, utilizou-se a base de dados secundários da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde do município de Ribeirão Preto- SP provenientes das fichas de notificação compulsória e digitalizados no programa computacional Epi-Tb, adaptado para esse fim. Inicialmente, procedeu-se à análise descritiva de algumas variáveis relacionadas à Tuberculose. Em seguida, efetuou-se o georreferenciamento dos casos de Tuberculose utilizando-se o software MapInfo 6.5. A análise estatística espacial foi realizada com auxílio do software Spring. Por meio da análise do padrão espacial existente no decorrer dos anos estudados, concluiu-se que para cada ano estudado houve um padrão para a distribuição espacial da Tuberculose em Ribeirão Preto, identificando-se áreas homogêneas de risco para a doença embora os casos estivessem sempre concentrados em uma faixa da região noroeste do município, consistindo de bairros de classe-média e/ou média baixa da população. Os resultados contribuem para o conhecimento da distribuição espacial da Tuberculose no município de Ribeirão Preto- São Paulo, ressaltando a importância da categoria espaço como alternativa metodológica para auxiliar no planejamento, monitoramento e avaliação das ações em saúde, direcionando as intervenções para diminuir as iniqüidades. / The map’s usage and the concerns about geographic distribution related with diseases are not a recent issue. A classical example of these is the John Snow survey –maps were used to locate cholera’s cases and related them with the water supplying. The health-disease process first happens in a geographic space, in where human actions occur. Despite its real power, the spatial representation techniques are fewer used in health sectors due to troubles in managing such information. This work begins from an assumption that the spatial distribution of Tuberculosis is not uniform. It has differences between countries, states, cities and also quarter cities. So, the aim of this survey was to establish the disease spatial distribution in Ribeirão Preto city from 1998 to 2002 by looking for a dependency of its occurrence and space. Secondary data from Municipal Health Department were used to elaborate this study. These data came from compulsory notification and were digitalized in a specific computer program. First of all, a descriptive analysis of some variables related with tuberculosis was made. Then, the spatial distribution of cases was realized by using the MapInfo 6.5 software. The spatial statistic analysis was made by utilizing the Spring software. The spatial analyses during the years demonstrate that each year has its own Tuberculosis spatial distribution in Ribeirão Preto, what reveals homogeneous areas for disease risk. Although many cases were concentrated in the northeast region in the city, which consists the quarters of medium and low economical income. The results contribute to show the Tb spatial distribution in RP-SP, they also reinforce the space category as a methodological alternative to manage, to monitor and to evaluate the health actions by directing interventions to decrease the iniquities.

O municÃpio de Fortaleza, capital do estado do CearÃ, apresenta-se como municÃpio prioritÃrio para o combate à hansenÃase no Brasil. Este estudo objetivou caracterizar os padrÃes epidemiolÃgicos e clÃnico-operacionais da hansenÃase, bem como a tendÃncia temporal e distribuiÃÃo espacial em cortes temporais dos seus principais indicadores, no municÃpio de Fortaleza, de 2001 a 2012. O municÃpio de Fortaleza à subdivido em 114 bairros (IBGE, 2000) e seis Secretarias Executivas Regionais (SER). A anÃlise se deu atravÃs da caracterizaÃÃo de indicadores epidemiolÃgicos e operacionais da hansenÃase, alÃm de sua tendÃncia, atravÃs do mÃtodo de pontos de inflexÃo, e estimativa de prevalÃncia oculta. Foram utilizadas trÃs tÃcnicas de anÃlises espaciais (Abordagem Descritiva, Bayesiana Local e EstatÃstica Scan Espacial) dos indicadores: detecÃÃo geral, detecÃÃo em menores de 15 anos e detecÃÃo em casos com grau 2 de incapacidades fÃsicas (incapacidades visÃveis), visando encontrar agregados de bairros de alto risco para a presenÃa, transmissÃo e diagnÃstico tardio da endemia. No perÃodo de estudo, foram registrados 9.658 casos novos da doenÃa, sendo 677 (7,0%) em menores de 15 anos. Foi estimada a ocorrÃncia de 197,7 casos ocultos de hansenÃase por 100 mil habitantes no municÃpio nos Ãltimos cinco anos (mÃdia de 39,5 casos por 100 mil ao ano). O coeficiente de detecÃÃo apresentou reduÃÃo no perÃodo, variando de 40,07 (2001) a 23,39 (2012) casos por 100 mil habitantes (Average Annual Percent Change - AAPC: -4,0; IC95%: -5,6 a -2,3). Apesar de diminuiÃÃes nos valores dos indicadores do outros dois coeficientes estudados, os mesmos permaneceram estÃveis. O coeficiente de detecÃÃo em menores de 15 anos de idade reduziu de 8,56/100 mil hab. em 2001 a 5,49/100 mil hab. em 2012, (AAPC: -1,4; IC95%: -5,4 a 2,8), e o coeficiente de grau 2, com 2,28/100 mil hab. em 2001 a 1,95/100 mil hab. em 2012, (AAPC: -0,8; IC95%: -4,5 a 3,1). Foram identificados na anÃlise espaÃo-temporal agregados espaciais com risco elevado para transmissÃo da doenÃa, principalmente, em bairros localizados nas SER 3 e 5 que estÃo a oeste da cidade, com o principal agregado envolvendo 22 bairros. AlÃm disso, verificou-se a existÃncia de transmissÃo ativa pelos altos valores para o coeficiente de detecÃÃo em menores de 15 anos, principalmente nas SER 3 e 5. A anÃlise espaÃo-temporal identificou, para este indicador, como principal cluster, trÃs bairros, todos localizados na SER 5. Foi constatado, tambÃm, diagnÃstico tardio nessas mesmas SERâs (3 e 5), assim como a existÃncia de indÃcios em SERâs que nÃo haviam apresentado risco significativo para detecÃÃo, como alguns bairros das SERâs 4 e 6, que estÃo mais a leste do municÃpio. Identificou-se que as SERâs que mais se destacaram como risco para ocorrÃncia da hansenÃase sÃo constituÃdas de grandes desigualdades sociais, alÃm de altos nÃveis de pobreza e aglomerados populacionais. Essas caracterÃsticas reafirmam a Ãntima relaÃÃo que a hansenÃase tem com a pobreza, assim como sua desigual distribuiÃÃo no municÃpio de Fortaleza.

Ho, Sin Yu. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 49-52). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Autoregressive moving average time series --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Integrated stationary time series --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Some existing methods of identifying d --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4 --- Introduction to Cressie's --- p.6 / Chapter 1.5 --- Outline of thesis --- p.6 / Chapter 2 --- Variogram and Polyvariogram --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction to variogram --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2 --- Polyvariogram of order b --- p.8 / Chapter 3 --- Testing Procedure --- p.10 / Chapter 3.1 --- Testing for an integrated white noise series --- p.10 / Chapter 3.2 --- Testing for an integrated ARM A series --- p.11 / Chapter 3.3 --- Testing for an integrated linear process --- p.12 / Chapter 4 --- Simulation Results --- p.14 / Chapter 4.1 --- Choice of series length n and r --- p.14 / Chapter 4.2 --- Integrated ARMA series --- p.21 / Chapter 4.3 --- Integrated linear process --- p.39 / Chapter 4.4 --- Comparisons with some methods in literatures --- p.43 / Chapter 4.5 --- An illustrative example --- p.45 / Chapter 5 --- Concluding Remark --- p.48 / Bibliography --- p.49

San Juan Red Ware was widely distributed throughout the Four Corners region of the U.S. Southwest between about AD 750 and 1100. Prior research indicates this ware is a marker of identity and was likely associated with feasting and other communal activities. A study of the distribution of this ware indicates that it was traded widely, but with significant variation in relative quantity between sites. This variation is likely caused by unequal access to this ware due either to a lack of access to the necessary exchange networks or by a conscious decision to not participate in the exchange of this ware. San Juan Red Ware became more widely dispersed after the first century of production, which may be indicative of increased integration between social groups. Several methods were used in this analysis, including inverse distance weighting, hexagon binning, fall-off curves, distance diagrams using Typenspektren, and social network analysis. An evaluation of these methods indicates some are more effective than others for this analysis, although the use of several complementary methods is recommended to provide a more comprehensive analysis.

The Midsouth has long been known to be a locus of Paleoindian (13,200-10,000 yrs B.P.) populations. Paleoindian populations have generally been characterized as highly mobile hunter-gatherers with egalitarian social structure. Utilizing the theoretical lens of diversification and intensification of resource use, the Late Pleistocene adaptations of the region’s populations are examined from both a large scale or coarse grain perspective as well as more fine grain data from the site level. Previous models of Paleoindian adaptations are defined and tested in this study to determine the applicability of these models with new data. Coarse grain data are derived from lithic raw material use in diagnostic artifacts from six Paleoindian archaeological sites concentrated in the lower Tennessee River Valley that are referred to as the Tennessee-Duck River Paleoindian complex. Numerous Paleoindian projectile points have been recovered from these sites that allow for raw material use across the lower Tennessee River to be evaluated. Site specific data are derived from analysis of lithic artifacts and spatial distributions at the Carson-Conn-Short site (40BN190), also situated in the lower Tennessee River Valley. The Carson-Conn-Short site is a large multi-component Paleoindian site located near the confluence of the Duck and Tennessee Rivers. The regional or coarse grain data indicate a pattern of increasing regionalization and intensification of local resource use. The site level data suggest that the Paleoindian occupants of the Carson-Conn-Short site were more sedentary than previously thought. Traditional thought suggests that large, riverine Paleoindian sites are the product of either aggregation of different groups or re-occupation of the same landform over time. Rather than reflecting aggregation or re-occupation by Late Pleistocene populations, these people continuously occupied the site with minimal movement. The site was continuously occupied through the entirety Late Pleistocene into the Early Holocene. The Carson-Conn-Short site was situated at a particular locale that allowed for access to the greatest diversity of resources and also provided a mechanism that allowed for social information to be transferred via riverine mechanisms. This study suggests that Paleoindian populations in the Midsouth exhibited a greater degree of social complexity and sedentism than previously thought that provided the foundation for the development of agriculture and associated social institutions.

This dissertation builds upon previous Magdalenian research to reframe a logistical subsistence posture as an active risk-mitigation structure premised upon ensuring predictable surplus economic production at the French Upper Paleolithic site of Verberie le Buisson Campin (hereinafter VBC). Using a detailed faunal and statistical analysis of two faunal datasets to assess taphonomically the role of bone density-mediated vs. anthropogenic taphonomic agencies, this research also correlates bone survivorship with both limb element marrow cavity volume and the meat drying index. A limited program of bone refits attempted to provide evidence for the distribution of meat at the site. Age profiles generated from dental crown height measurements provide strong evidence that younger, perhaps more nutritious and valuable, carcasses were treated quite differently than were geriatric carcasses. There also appears to be a spatial component to the differential age-mediated treatment of reindeer carcasses at VBC. In essence, it appears that seasonal reindeer hunts at VBC were concerned with two eventualities: 1) the attainment of predictable and adequate nutrition for provisioning over winter, and 2) seeking to balance adequate nutrition with future reindeer herd viability. It appears that Magdalenian hunters essentially held young/prime prey targets as an independent variable, and treated the presence of geriatric, elder reindeer herd members as a dependent variable in meeting subsistence needs. Perhaps lower numbers of more nutritious (i.e., containing more and better quality fat reserves in meat and marrow) young/prime animals resulted in taking greater numbers of elderly reindeer to offset potential shortfall; in more abundant times, so long as herd viability could be maintained, greater numbers of more valuable young/prime would be taken along with lower numbers of geriatric reindeer. The fulcrum point of this subsistence balance appears to have been a very active, real-time process of prey item evaluation. Not all animals are equal in nutritional terms hence not all carcasses are evaluated equally. A Ground-penetrating radar study is also included to answer two substantive questions: 1) How representative of the entire site assemblage is the currently excavated sample?; and 2) Are there data visible that are indicative of multiple, interacting "households" as at Pincevent, or does the material scale, configuration, and distribution appear limited to a single household? GPR has proven to be a highly informative and productive near-surface geophysical technique for investigating many archaeological sites, and this research details one of the earliest such applications in a Paleolithic open-air context. At VBC, GPR was highly effective in locating anthropogenic accumulations of unexcavated archaeological materials which were field-tested through excavations during the 2009 field season.

Thesis (M.A. in applied economics)--Washington State University, May 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-73).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2006. / Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center; full text release delayed at author's request until 2007 Aug 14

This thesis examines six prominent Pecos River Style rock art anthropomorph attributes to determine if they are found in limited geographic districts of the Lower Pecos Region. Both Boyd (2003) and Turpin (2004) have suggested that spatially-segregated motif distributions exist in the rock art and that these patterns are important in understanding regional prehistoric hunter-gatherer lifeways during the Archaic Period. This study verifies that the feather hip cluster motif is geographically limited, identified only in the neighboring Seminole and Painted Canyon systems. As part of this spatial analysis, the previously undocumented principle of intersite stylistic traditions is introduced. Possible explanations for these anthropomorph attributes are also discussed. Finally, structural analyses of the six attributes are presented.

Two deeply buried, well-stratified, and well-dated components dating to the Early Holocene period were excavated at the Richard Beene site (41BX831) in Bexar County, Texas. This thesis utilizes both qualitative (interpretation of maps) and quantitative (unconstrained clustering) spatial analysis techniques to identify site structure and assess post-depositional disturbance by analyzing patterns among artifact categories, selected artifacts, and features from these components. Results of spatial analysis are compared to expectations of the archaeological record based on previous research. Each component revealed a distinct pattern. The Lower Medina component (ca. 6900 B.P.) is well preserved and spatial analysis showed clear distinctions between domestic and peripheral zones. The Upper Perez component (8800 B.P.) is a fluvial lag deposit of displaced artifacts and fire-cracked rock features. Results of spatial analysis confirmed that most, if not all, of this component is disturbed, revealing no site structure.