The purpose of this thesis is to explore the relationship between spatial politics and sex work in order to demonstrate how spatial exclusion can be used to consolidate power imbalances in the public sphere. To achieve this, this thesis explores and compares the situations between two countries with opposing approaches to sex work – abolitionism in Sweden and decriminalisation in the Netherlands. Frame analysis is used to examine how these two states diagnose sex work as a problem and propose and justify solutions. This thesis finds that, despite the differing ideological standpoints towards sex work, the consequences of the differing legislative approaches of these two countries are more similar than might be expected, in relation to spatial politics. Both approaches to sex work result in the spatial exclusion of sex workers, tangibly from the urban environment and normatively from public debate. This result has significant ramifications. By rendering sex work invisible to the public eye, many sex workers are forced into less stable and less secure working conditions. Given that both the Dutch and Swedish approaches to sex work legislation are justified under the guise of promoting women’s rights, this issue is extremely significant and deserves further analytical interest.

After decades of cuts to federal funding, cities were left with few resources for public services, particularly parks and open spaces. Current trends of massive gentrification in New York City are changing the housing market and other components of the private sector. In addition to altering socio-spatial dynamics in the housing and consumer markets, gentrification can alter public spaces as well. By comparing three New York City neighborhoods at different stages of gentrification, I analyzed socio-spatial dynamics, public and private funding, event programming, and ethnographically observed changes in the physical and social landscape of the park, and neighborhood, over time.

This interpretative case study examines the ways in which socio-spatial exclusion is main-tained though urban planning designs in the informal settlement of Kibera in Kenya. It ap-plies the theoretical and analytical framework of T. Mitchell and A. Church, M. Frost, K. Sullivan to investigate how the urban design of the Kenyan Slum Upgrading Programme (KENSUP) contributes to the maintenance of socio-spatial hierarchies that allow for the ex-clusion of Kibera’s urban residents. This investigation is a reaction to the lacking considera-tion of implanted structural violence in place and urban development.The study found that persisting socio-spatial exclusion of residents in Kibera is in-deed sustained through KENSUP. The built environment functions as power medium that excludes some people based on their socio-spatial status in the city. The applied framework confirmed that the urban planning programme KENSUP maintains existing forms of eco-nomic, physical, and geographic exclusion, besides the exclusion from facilities through the built environment.The findings suggest that urban planning designs require a shift from the focus on the built environment towards the focus on human rights and inclusive participation in order to reduce the structural influence of socio-spatial city hierarchies.

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2018-10-11T13:11:10Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Anna Paula Lombardi.pdf: 9387365 bytes, checksum: fa45ea157984e9750e681418d8b9b78b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-11T13:11:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Anna Paula Lombardi.pdf: 9387365 bytes, checksum: fa45ea157984e9750e681418d8b9b78b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As Pessoas com Deficiência (PcD) foram por muito tempo consideradas incapazes e estigmatizadas pela sociedade. Preconceitos e discriminações as excluíam do convívio com os demais, repercutindo diretamente nas formas de interações e vivências destas em seus espaços cotidianos. Na contemporaneidade, a deficiência é considerada um atributo da pessoa e faz parte de sua diversidade, portanto, as PcD têm os mesmos direitos e deveres dos demais cidadãos. Desta forma, essas vêm se organizando na luta por maior oportunidade na sociedade e, consequentemente, melhor qualidade de vida. Mesmo havendo avanços e mudanças positivas na vida das PcD, as transformações são lentas e a maior parte delas ainda vivem excluídas em termos socioespaciais. Esta percepção da realidade das PcD é fruto de investigações de diversas áreas de conhecimento, entre elas a Geografia. Os estudos da chamada Geografia da Deficiência (Geography of Disability) são muito difundidos nos países anglófonos, contudo ausentes no cenário da produção geográfica brasileira. Tais estudos mostram que as PcD não têm as mesmas oportunidades de acesso à educação, ao sistema de saúde, a empregos e à moradia. É com este contexto que essa tese, ouvindo pessoas com diferentes deficiências, busca construir as bases de sustentação para a construção de uma Geografia da Deficiência brasileira, articulando-se em torno da seguinte questão: De que modo as PcD interagem com e em seus espaços de vida cotidiana? Parte-se do pressuposto que as PcD são protagonistas, ou seja, entendem e interferem naquilo que se passa em seu cotidiano. Para tanto, se fez uso de uma metodologia construída a partir da chamada Fotoprovocação ou Elicitação associada a entrevistas em profundidade qualitativa primária (Photographic Elicitation Interviewing - PEI). As entrevistas se estruturam nos quatro modos de interação - interpretativo, valorativo, operacional e responsivo - propostos pelo psicólogo ambiental Stokols (1978). São analisados três grupos distintos de PcD: cadeirantes, cegos e surdos. A pesquisa se desenvolve a partir das experiências das PcD em Ponta Grossa, cidade brasileira de porte médio localizada a cerca de 100 km de Curitiba, capital do estado sulista do Paraná. A opção metodológica, todavia, não é focar no caso de Ponta Grossa, mas sim proporcionar uma reflexão mais ampla a partir das vivências das PcD desta cidade. Busca-se retratar como as pessoas interagem em estruturas deficientes, ou seja, invertendo-se a lógica hegemônica da pessoa para as estruturas. Portanto, entende-se que para se alcançar espaços adequados com características de inclusão torna-se necessário um esforço programado tanto das PcD para suas próprias questões, como também da sociedade e do Estado. / For a long time society has regarded disabled persons as incapable and stigmatized. Prejudice and discrimination have excluded them from being together with the others, with consequences for a direct impact on their forms of interactions and conviviality in their everyday spaces. Nowadays, disability is considered a characteristic of a personality and part of a scenario of diversity, so that disabled persons have gained the same rights and obligations as all the other citizens. Thus, also disabled persons have started to organize themselves in fighting for better opportunities in society and, consequently, for a better life quality. But even if improvements and advances can be perceived in the life of disabled persons, changes are slow and a major portion of them is still experiencing socio-spatial exclusion. This observation is the result of research in different areas of knowledge, among them geography. Studies on the subject of the so-called Geography of Disability are already common in Anglophone countries; however, similar studies are missing in the Brazilian environment. In general, these studies reveal that, still today, disabled persons do not have the same opportunities as others, for example in the fields of access to education, acceptance in the health system, work and housing. In this context, the dissertation has heard individuals with different disabilities to elaborate an epistemological base for a Brazilian Geography of Disabilitiy accepting the following challenge: In what ways do disabled persons interact with and in their everyday spaces? Based on the assumption that disabled persons are the protagonists of their own life and, as such, understand what is happening in their everyday environment, a methodology has been used that provokes their ideas through profound qualitative interviews by the demonstration of photographies (Photographic Elicitation Interviewing – PEI). The interviews are structured in four different modes of interaction: interpretation, valorization, operation, and response, as proposed by the environmental sociologist Stokols (1978). Three distinct groups of disabled persons have been analyzed: wheelchair users, blind and deaf persons. The research process fhas been centered on experiences of disabled persons in Ponta Grossa, a medium-sized Brazilian city which 100 kilometers distant from Curitiba, the capital of the South Brazilian State of Paraná. The methodological option, however, was not restricted to this place, but also involves reflections on experiences of a wider range. Therefore, the main question has been to understand the deficiencies of structures, or, to put more bluntly, to invert the hegemonic question of the “disability” of persons to better focus on the “disability” of structures. Therefore, it should be understood that only an organized approach of both the disabled person him- or herself in understanding his/her own situation as well as efforts from the wider society and the state make it possible to establish adequate spaces with inclusive characteristics.

There is a considerable body of literature on the transportation activities of rural households. Still, efforts to address rural women's specific travel and transport needs have met with limited or no success. Because rural women are vulnerable members of society, their productive roles are sometimes not fully reflected in sector strategies. Considering how transport policies and projects address rural women's needs is important for socially and economically sustainable rural transport policy. The main argument presented in this research is based on the expectations raised by the democratic elections of 1994 in South Africa. After the elections many people, particularly those in the rural areas, were expecting improvement in service delivery. However, ten years later, rural African women still face daunting challenges in terms of access to basic services. The main argument in this thesis is therefore that rural transport policy and plans in South Africa, as elsewhere, have failed to adequately address specific gender issues. Since studies of this nature are complex, and the issues involved cannot be clearly understood from the outside, it is essential to have an inside perspective. The research, therefore, was not viewed simply as an abstract process of knowledge-seeking but as a means through which to acquire a more complete understanding of rural women's transport needs. Hence, a qualitative feminist approach was adopted, and a gendered perspective was followed in addressing the transport needs of rural women. Using a non-gendered perspective for studying patterns and processes of rural conditions would not only have provided an incomplete understanding of rural transport, but also would have constituted a disservice to efforts to generate an informed basis for rural women's emancipation. Just as feminist research often draws on multiple disciplines, this study too draws on several: human geography, sociology and feminist methodology, in particular. Moreover, the use of multiple methods in this project, rather than a single method, was chosen not only because of its feminist concerns but also because of a commitment to thoroughness and the need to be responsive to the rural women studied. To this end, multiple research methods, such as participant observation, focus group discussions, document and photograph analysis, and photographs were used. These methods made it possible to provide some insights into the roles of rural women and to their related travel and transport needs in the three villages studied in Limpopo: Mamoleka, Tshitwi and Babanana. The question of whether transport empowers or is disempowering rural women was addressed. Three main themes emerged in this study. These themes suggest that rural women use the transport system in order to satisfy their multiple roles. Transport practitioners, however, provide transport facilities and services that are often characterised by constraints that create problems for these women and hence impact on their opportunities. Consequently, unresolved problems lead to opportunities denied. Therefore, policy makers should generate new strategies to address African rural women's transport needs. One thing immediately apparent in reviewing the findings of this research is that gender biases in rural transport stem from the multiple roles that rural women perform in society and at home. Because the total workload of a rural household is rarely shared equally among its members, the burden of transport falls on women. Inadequate and inappropriate transport increases the amount of time necessary to perform their multiple roles, leaving rural women perform with little or no spare time to develop themselves by participating in socio-economic and political activities. The burden of transport not only deprives rural women of participation in development activities, it also makes them lose out on opportunities to earn higher incomes and to improve their financial resources. Finally, because they already have limited financial resources and opportunities, they are unable to invest in personal means of transport, through which they might reduce their transport burden and improve their incomes. A close linking of gender perspective and rural transport policy is proposed in order to improve rural transport systems and initiatives and to make them more gender-responsive and sustainable. Making rural transport policy more responsive to the needs of rural women requires developing a structural approach to understand their needs, identifying instruments to address those needs, and establishing an appropriate policy framework. To this end, this thesis identifies some approaches that would help in developing a gender-responsive rural transport policy through paying attention to rural women's travel and transport needs. These approaches include recognition of the need for an integrated rural transport policy, in which both transport and non-transport interventions applicable to addressing rural transport problems for self-employed and unemployed rural women, as found in Limpopo, are promoted. Furthermore, the need for awareness of rural women's multiple roles is outlined. What remains is the need for development of a comprehensive, gender-sensitive strategy in all fields of rural transport research, policy and projects to help explore ways of correcting existing biases in rural travel and transport for rural women. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology / Unrestricted

The impact of invasive predators on native prey may depend on the availability and distribution of invader-free refugia across landscapes, if predators create demographic ‘sink’ populations in invaded patches, giving rise to source-sink dynamics in prey populations. Propagule pressure of immigrants dispersing from refugia (or sources) may consequently drive persistence in sink habitat, affecting predator-prey co-existence across the landscape. I studied whether introduced brown (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) create source-sink structuring in two native galaxiid fish species (Galaxias vulgaris and G. paucispondylus) in the rivers of the central South Island, New Zealand, and whether such dynamics affected the distributions of either species across river networks or “riverscapes”. Young-of-the-year (YOY) G. vulgaris recruitment was rare in trout-invaded streams and consistently high in trout-free streams. Thus, trout-free reaches appeared to act as sources in a river network, while the majority of the trout-invaded riverscape was a demographic sink (i.e., no local recruitment occurred). Surveys of YOY G. paucispondylus did not reveal trout-induced source-sink dynamics, although mesocosm predation experiments suggested both species were highly vulnerable to predation by large trout. Galaxias paucispondylus recruitment was highest in intermittently flowing streams that were marginal habitats for trout, suggesting indirect interactions between trout and habitat affect G. paucispondylus distribution. Network configuration of trout-free source populations affected the distribution of G. vulgaris, as galaxiids were excluded from small streams with high bed stability that were far from sources. The interaction between propagule pressure and habitat gradients in mediating effects of trout on G. vulgaris distributions indicates habitat characteristics affect predator-prey interactions in a spatially explicit manner. Furthermore, the outcome of predator-prey interactions should be able to be modelled using habitat data alone if habitat consistently mediates predator impacts. I developed a GIS-based spatial model to predict where trout would exclude G. vulgaris in river networks, based on stream size and distance to galaxiid source populations. The model was tested in three different riverscapes using fish occurrence patterns obtained from electrofishing surveys, and successfully predicted G. vulgaris exclusion by trout. This further demonstrates the importance of habitat configuration in driving interspecific interactions at the landscape scale. These findings suggest removing trout from small, stable tributaries to create new demographic sources could improve overall persistence of G. vulgaris across trout-invaded riverscapes. The galaxiid exclusion model should also be used to detect undiscovered trout-free source populations, and to aid in selecting streams for restoration of galaxiid populations through trout eradication.

The impact of invasive predators on native prey may depend on the availability and distribution of invader-free refugia across landscapes, if predators create demographic ‘sink’ populations in invaded patches, giving rise to source-sink dynamics in prey populations. Propagule pressure of immigrants dispersing from refugia (or sources) may consequently drive persistence in sink habitat, affecting predator-prey co-existence across the landscape. I studied whether introduced brown (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) create source-sink structuring in two native galaxiid fish species (Galaxias vulgaris and G. paucispondylus) in the rivers of the central South Island, New Zealand, and whether such dynamics affected the distributions of either species across river networks or “riverscapes”. Young-of-the-year (YOY) G. vulgaris recruitment was rare in trout-invaded streams and consistently high in trout-free streams. Thus, trout-free reaches appeared to act as sources in a river network, while the majority of the trout-invaded riverscape was a demographic sink (i.e., no local recruitment occurred). Surveys of YOY G. paucispondylus did not reveal trout-induced source-sink dynamics, although mesocosm predation experiments suggested both species were highly vulnerable to predation by large trout. Galaxias paucispondylus recruitment was highest in intermittently flowing streams that were marginal habitats for trout, suggesting indirect interactions between trout and habitat affect G. paucispondylus distribution. Network configuration of trout-free source populations affected the distribution of G. vulgaris, as galaxiids were excluded from small streams with high bed stability that were far from sources. The interaction between propagule pressure and habitat gradients in mediating effects of trout on G. vulgaris distributions indicates habitat characteristics affect predator-prey interactions in a spatially explicit manner. Furthermore, the outcome of predator-prey interactions should be able to be modelled using habitat data alone if habitat consistently mediates predator impacts. I developed a GIS-based spatial model to predict where trout would exclude G. vulgaris in river networks, based on stream size and distance to galaxiid source populations. The model was tested in three different riverscapes using fish occurrence patterns obtained from electrofishing surveys, and successfully predicted G. vulgaris exclusion by trout. This further demonstrates the importance of habitat configuration in driving interspecific interactions at the landscape scale. These findings suggest removing trout from small, stable tributaries to create new demographic sources could improve overall persistence of G. vulgaris across trout-invaded riverscapes. The galaxiid exclusion model should also be used to detect undiscovered trout-free source populations, and to aid in selecting streams for restoration of galaxiid populations through trout eradication.