Real-time optical intensity correlation using a photorefractive BSO crystal and a liquid crystal television is implemented. The underlying physics basis is considered, some specific techniques to improve the operation are proposed, and several optical pattern recognition tasks are achieved. Photorefractive BSO is used as the holographic recording medium in the real-time intensity correlator. To improve the dynamic holographic recording, a moving grating technique is adopted. The nonlinear effects of moving gratings at large fringe modulation are experimentally investigated, and are compared with numerical predictions. Optical bias is adopted to overcome the difficulty of a large drop in the optimum fringe velocity with moving gratings. The effects of optical bias on the optimum fringe velocity and on the diffraction efficiency are studied. To overcome the inherent drawback of low discrimination of intensity correlation in optical pattern recognition, real-time edge-enhanced intensity correlation is achieved by means of nonlinear holographic recording in BSO. Real-time colour object recognition is achieved by using a commercially available and inexpensive colour liquid crystal television in the intensity correlator. Multi-class object recognition is achieved with a synthetic discriminant function filter displayed by the Epson liquid crystal display in the real-time intensity correlator. The phase and intensity modulation properties of the Epson liquid crystal display are studied. A further research topic which uses the Epson liquid crystal display to realize a newly designed spatial filter, the quantized amplitude-compensated matched filter, is proposed. The performance merits of the filter are investigated by means of computer simulations.

This thesis focuses on addressing some important aspects of the life cycle of interstellar clouds through observational submillimeter and millimeter-wave studies of star formation and molecular cloud environments and the development of instrumentation to enable these studies.We examine the influence of star formation on parent molecular clouds through a case study of protostellar sources in the Mon OB1 northern cloud complex. An energetics analysis of these star forming regions and associated molecular outflows was carried out, suggesting that the cloud complex maintains its overall integrity, except along outflow axes and that the coupling between outflow kinetic energy and cloud turbulent energy is weak, < ~0.5%. In order to study the larger picture of cloud formation and disruption, this work was expanded to explore the molecular environment at cloud boundaries. To this end, acloud edge survey was undertaken consisting of multi-transition strip scan observations of CO and 13CO toward molecular clouds with a broad range of stellar and star forming characteristics. Our work supports the interpretation that cloud formation is taking place along the southeastern edge of Heiles Cloud 2, and the results will be used as a framework for guiding the analysis of other surveyed cloud edges.Achieving observational capabilities enabling effective studies of life cycles of the ISM is becoming possible through a new generation of heterodyne spectroscopic instruments. Here, we report on characterization measurements of a prototype mixer unit for the 64-pixel SuperCam array, an instrument commissioned to mapover 500 square degrees of the Galactic Plane with very high resolution at 345 GHz. These measurements were crucial to verifying the overall array design and anticipating its performance. Spectroscopic capabilities at THz (< 300 microns) frequencies permits access to a host of diagnostic tools (e.g., high-J CO, CI, NII, & CII) uniquely suited to probe crucial properties of the ISM. The development of heterodynetechnology at these frequencies is largely limited by availability of compact, powerful sources of local oscillator power. We explore the use of waveguide spatial filters in conjunction with Quantum Cascade Lasers, a promising power source at frequenciesabove ~ 2 THz.

No description available.

A comparison of the ability of different spatial filters to reduce the amount of crosstalk in a surface electromyography (sEMG) measurement was conducted. It focused on the influence of different properties of the muscle anatomy and detection system used on the amount of crosstalk present in the measurements. An analytical model was developed which enabled the simulation of single fibre action potentials (SFAPs). These fibres were grouped together in motor units (MUs). Each MU has characteristics which, along with the SFAPs, are used to obtain the motor unit action potential (MUAP). A summation of the MUAPs from all the MUs in a muscle leads to the electromyogram (EMG) signal generated by the muscle. This is the first model which simulates a complete muscle for crosstalk investigation. Previous studies were done for single fibres (Farina&Rainoldi 1999; Farina et al. 2002e; Farina et al. 2004a) or MUs (Dimitrova et al. 2002; Dimitrov et al. 2003; Winter et al. 1994). Lowery et al. simulated a complete muscle, but only investigated one spatial filter (Lowery et al. 2003a). This model is thus the first of its kind. EMG signals were generated for limbs with different anatomical properties and recorded with various detection systems. The parameters used for comparison of the recorded signals are the average rectified value (ARV) and mean frequency (MNF), which describe the amplitude and frequency components of an EMG signal, respectively. These parameters were computed for each EMG signal and interpreted to make recommendations on which detection system results in the best crosstalk rejection for a specific experimental set-up. The conclusion is that crosstalk selectivity in an sEMG measurement is decreased by increasing the thickness of the fat layer, increasing the skin conductivity, decreasing the fibre length, increasing the interelectrode distance of the detection system, placing the detection electrodes directly above the end-plate area or an increased state of muscle contraction. Varying the contraction force strength or placing the detection electrodes directly above the tendon area has no influence on the crosstalk selectivity. For most of the conditions investigated, the normal double differential (NDD) detection system results in the best crosstalk reduction. The only exceptions are a set-up with poor skin conductivity where NDD and double differential (DD) performed comparably, and the two simulations in which the muscle length is varied, where the DD filter performed best. Previous studies have found DD to be more selective for crosstalk rejection than NDD (Dimitrov et al. 2003; Farina et al. 2002a; Van Vlugt&Van Dijk 2000). Possible reasons for the contradictory results are the high value of skin conductivity currently used or influences of the muscle geometry. / Dissertation (MEng(Bio-Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / unrestricted

L'attention visuospatiale est un mécanisme de sélection et de traitement d'information qui se manifeste explicitement par l'orientation de la tête ou du regard. En anticipation d'une nouvelle information, le foyer de l'attention s'oriente implicitement en vision périphérique pour dissocier l'orientation du regard et du foyer implicite vers deux emplacements distincts. Dans cette situation, la réaction à une cible qui apparaît à l'emplacement du foyer implicite s'améliore par rapport aux autres cibles qui pourraient s'afficher dans un emplacement non-attendu. La problématique de la thèse est d'étudier comment détecter l'emplacement du foyer de l'attention implicite par décodage de l'activité cérébrale mesurée en électro-encéphalographie (EEG) avant l'affichage d'une cible visuelle dans 3 expériences réalisées chez des sujets sains. La première expérience aborde la problématique dans une condition où l'indication sur l'emplacement de la cible est globalement non-informative pour les sujets. Cependant, leur activité cérébrale suggère que ce type d'indication a tendance à induire un état d'alerte, de préparation ou d'orientation de l'attention dans le temps plutôt que dans l'espace. En lien avec ce résultat, la deuxième expérience aborde la problématique dans une condition ambiguë où l'attention du sujet s'oriente vers un emplacement sans lien systématique avec le contenu des indications. / Visuospatial attention is an information selection and processing mechanism whose overt manifestations consist of head or gaze shifts. In anticipation to new information, the focus of attention can also covertly shift to peripheral vision to share attention between two distinct locations: the overt one (center of gaze) and the covert one in periphery. In such a situation, the reaction to a target appearing at the focus of attention is enhanced with respect to targets appearing at unattended locations. This thesis addresses the problem of detecting the location of covert attention by decoding neural activity measured by electroencephalography (EEG) before target onset in 3 experiments on healthy subjects. The first experiment uses visuospatial cues that are non-informative about the target location. However, the neural activity reflects that non-informative cues tend to bring the subjects into a state related to alertness, motor preparation or temporal expectation rather than a spatial shift of attention. According to this result, the second experiment uses an ambiguous precueing condition in which the sujet's attention is shifted to spatial locations which bear a non-systematic relation to the information contained in the cues. With these ambiguous cues, we find that the proportion of targets displayed at unattended locations is equivalent to a non-informative condition, and that reaction speed and accuracy are dramatically impacted.

No description available.

A wide range of applications currently utilize conventional optical elements to individually transform the phase, polarization, and spectral transmission/reflection of the incident radiation to realize the desired system level function. The material properties and the feasibility of fabrication primarily impact the device and system functionality that can be realized. With the advancement in micro/nano patterning, growth, deposition and etching technology, devices with novel and multiplexed optical functionalities have become feasible. As a result, it has become possible to engineer the device response in the near and far field by controlling the phase, polarization or spectral response at the micro scale. One of the methods that have been explored to realize unique optical functionalities is by varying the structural properties of the device as a function of spatial location at the sub-micron scale across the device aperture. Spatially varying the structural parameters of these devices is analogous to local modifications of the material properties. In this dissertation, the optical response of interference transmission filters, guided mode resonance reflection filters, and diffraction gratings operated in Littrow condition with strategically introduced spatial variation have been investigated. Spatial variations in optical interference filters were used to demonstrate wavelength tunable spatial filters. The effect was realized by integrating diffractive and continuous phase functions on the defect layer of a one-dimensional photonic crystal structure. Guided mode resonance filters are free space optical filters that provide narrow spectral reflection by combining grating and waveguide dispersion effects. Frequency dependent spatial reflection profiles were achieved by spatially varying the grating fill fraction in designed contours. Diffraction gratings with space variant fill fractions operating in Littrow condition were used to provide graded feedback profiles to improve the beam quality and spatial brightness of broad area diode lasers. The fabrication of space variant structures is challenging and has been accomplished primarily by techniques such as ruling, electron beam writing or complex deposition methods. In order to vary the desired structural parameter in a designed manner, a novel technique for the fabrication of space variant structures using projection lithography with a fidelity that rivals any of the current technologies was also developed as a part of this work. The devices exhibit wavelength dependent beam shaping properties in addition to spatial and spectral filtering and have potential applications in advanced imaging systems, graded reflectivity laser mirrors, and engineered illumination. The design, modeling, microfabrication and experimental characterization of space variant micro optical elements with novel optical functionalities are presented.

No description available.

Η τεχνολογία των DNA μικροσυστοιχιών είναι μια υψηλής απόδοσης τεχνική που καθορίζει το κατά πόσο ένα κύτταρο μπορεί να ελέγξει, ταυτόχρονα, την έκφραση ενός πολύ μεγάλου αριθμού γονιδίων. Οι DNA μικροσυστοιχίες χρησιμοποιούνται για την παρακολούθηση και τον έλεγχο των αλλαγών που υφίστανται τα επίπεδα της γονιδιακής έκφρασης λόγω περιβαλλοντικών συνθηκών ή των αλλαγών που λαμβάνουν χώρα σε ασθενή κύτταρα σε σχέση με τα υγιή, χρησιμοποιώντας εξελιγμένες μεθόδους επεξεργασίας πληροφοριών. Εξαιτίας του τρόπου με τον οποίον παράγονται οι μικροσυστοιχίες, κατά την πειραματική επεξεργασία τους, εμφανίζεται ένας μεγάλος αριθμός διαδικασιών που εισάγουν σφάλματα, γεγονός που αναπόφευκτα οδηγεί στην δημιουργία υψηλού επιπέδου θορύβου και σε κατασκευαστικά προβλήματα στα προκύπτοντα δεδομένα. Κατά την διάρκεια των τελευταίων δεκαπέντε ετών, έχουν προταθεί από αρκετούς ερευνητές, πολλές και ικανές μέθοδοι που δίνουν λύσεις στο πρόβλημα της ενίσχυσης και της βελτίωσης των εικόνων μικροσυστοιχίας. Παρά το γεγονός της ευρείας ενασχόλησης των ερευνητών με τις μεθόδους επεξεργασίας των εικόνων μικροσυστοιχίας, η διαδικασία βελτίωσης τους αποτελεί ακόμη, ένα θέμα που προκαλεί ενδιαφέρον καθώς η ανάγκη για καλύτερα αποτελέσματα δεν έχει μειωθεί. Στόχος της διδακτορικής διατριβής είναι να συνεισφέρει σημαντικά στην προσπάθεια βελτίωσης των αποτελεσμάτων προτείνοντας μεθόδους ψηφιακής επεξεργασίας εικόνας που επιφέρουν βελτίωση της ποιότητας των εικόνων μέσω της μείωσης των συνιστωσών του θορύβου και της τεμαχιοποίησης της εικόνας. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, στα πλαίσια εκπόνησης της διατριβής παρουσιάζεται μια νέα αυτόματη μέθοδος εντοπισμού της θέσης των υπομικροσυστοιχιών σκοπός της οποίας είναι να καλυφθεί εν μέρει το κενό που υπάρχει στην βιβλιογραφία των μικροσυστοιχιών για το βήμα της προεπεξεργασίας που αφορά στην αυτόματη εύρεση της θέσης των υπομικροσυστοιχιών σε μια μικροσυστοιχία. Το βήμα αυτό της προεπεξεργασίας, σπανίως, λαμβάνεται υπόψιν καθώς στις περισσότερες εργασίες σχετικές με τις μικροσυστοιχίες, γίνεται μια αυθαίρετη υπόθεση ότι οι υπομικροσυστοιχίες έχουν με κάποιον τρόπο ήδη εντοπιστεί. Στα πραγματικά συστήματα αυτόματης ανάλυσης της εικόνας μικροσυστοιχίας, την αρχική εκτίμηση της θέσης των υπομικροσυστοιχιών, συνήθως, ακολουθεί η διόρθωση που πραγματοποιείται σε κάθε μια από τις θέσεις αυτές από τους χειριστές των συστημάτων. Η αυτοματοποίηση της εύρεσης θέσης των υπομικροσυστοιχιών οδηγεί σε πιο γρήγορους και ακριβείς υπολογισμούς που αφορούν στην πληροφορία που προσδιορίζεται από την εικόνα μικροσυστοιχίας. Στην συνέχεια της διατριβής, παρουσιάζεται μια συγκριτική μελέτη για την αποθορυβοποίηση των εικόνων μικροσυστοιχίας χρησιμοποιώντας τον μετασχηματισμό κυματιδίου και τα χωρικά φίλτρα ενώ επιπλέον με την βοήθεια τεχνικών της μαθηματικής μορφολογίας πραγματοποιείται δραστική μείωση του θορύβου που έχει την μορφή «αλάτι και πιπέρι». Τέλος, στα πλαίσια της εκπόνησης της διδακτορικής διατριβής, παρουσιάζεται μια μέθοδος κατάτμησης των περιοχών των spot των μικροσυστοιχιών, βασιζόμενη στον αλγόριθμο Random Walker. Κατά την πειραματική διαδικασία επιτυγχάνεται επιτυχής κατηγοριοποίηση των spot, ακόμα και στην περίπτωση εικόνων μικροσυστοιχίας με σοβαρά προβλήματα (θόρυβος, κατασκευαστικά λάθη, λάθη χειρισμού κατά την διαδικασία κατασκευής της μικροσυστοιχίας κ.α.), απαιτώντας σαν αρχική γνώση μόνο ένα μικρό αριθμό από εικονοστοιχεία προκειμένου να επιτευχθεί υψηλής ποιότητας κατάτμηση εικόνας. Τα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα συγκρίνονται ποιοτικά με αυτά που προκύπτουν με την εφαρμογή του μοντέλου κατάτμησης Chan-Vese το οποίο χρησιμοποιεί μια αρχική υπόθεση των συνόρων που υπάρχουν μεταξύ των ομάδων προς ταξινόμηση, αποδεικνύοντας ότι η ακρίβεια με την οποία η προτεινόμενη μέθοδος ταξινομεί τις περιοχές των spot στην σωστή κατηγορία σε μια μικροσυστοιχία, είναι σαφώς καλύτερη και πιο ακριβής. / DNA microarray technology is a high-throughput technique that determines how a cell can control the expression of large numbers of genes simultaneously. Microarrays are used to monitor changes in the expression levels of genes in response to changes in environmental conditions or in healthy versus diseased cells by using advanced information processing methods. Due to the nature of the acquisition process, microarray experiments involve a large number of error-prone procedures that lead to a high level of noise and structural problems in the resulting data. During the last fifteen years, robust methods have been proposed by many researchers resulting in several solutions for the enhancement of the microarray images. Though microarray image analysis has been elaborated quite enough, the enhancement process is still an intriguing issue as the need for even better results has not decreased. The goal of this PhD thesis is to significantly contribute to the above effort by proposing enhancing methods (denoising, segmentation) for the microarray image analysis. More specifically, a novel automated subgrid detection method is presented introducing a pre-processing step of the subgrid detection. This step is rarely taken into consideration as in most microarray enhancing methods it is arbitrarily assumed that the subgrids have been already identified. The automation of the subgrid detection leads to faster and more accurate information extraction from microarray images. Consequently, the PhD thesis presents a comparative denoising framework for microarray image denoising that includes wavelets and spatial filters while on the other hand uses mathematical morphology methods to reduce the “salt&pepper”-like noise in microarray images. Finally, a method for microarray spot segmentation is proposed, based on the Random Walker algorithm. During the experimental process, accurate spot segmentation is obtained even in case of relatively-high distorted images, using only an initial annotation for a small number of pixels for high-quality image segmentation. The experimental results are qualitatively compared to the Chan-Vese segmentation model, showing that the accuracy of the proposed microarray spot detection method is more accurate than the spot borders defined by the compared method.