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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Sound propagation in an urban environment

Hewett, David Peter January 2010 (has links)
This thesis concerns the modelling of sound propagation in an urban environment. For most of the thesis a point source of sound source is assumed, and both 2D and 3D geometries are considered. Buildings are modelled as rigid blocks, with the effects of surface inhomogeneities neglected. In the time-harmonic case, assuming that the wavelength is short compared to typical lengthscales of the domain (street widths and lengths), ray theory is used to derive estimates for the time-averaged acoustic power flows through a network of interconnecting streets in the form of integrals over ray angles. In the impulsive case, the propagation of wave-field singularities in the presence of obstacles is considered, and a general principle concerning the weakening of singularities when they are diffracted by edges and vertices is proposed. The problem of switching on a time-harmonic source is also studied, and an exact solution for the diffraction of a switched on plane wave by a rigid half-line is obtained and analysed. The pulse diffraction theory is then applied in a study of the inverse problem for an impulsive source, where the aim is to locate an unknown source using Time Differences Of Arrival (TDOA) at multiple receivers. By using reflected and diffracted pulse arrivals, the standard free-space TDOA method is extended to urban environments. In particular, approximate source localisation is found to be possible even when the exact building distribution is unknown.
2

Protocoles d'interaction cerveau-machine pour améliorer la performance d'attention visuo-spatiale chez l'homme / Brain-computer interaction protocols for enhancing visuo-spatial attention performance in humans

Trachel, Romain 24 June 2014 (has links)
L'attention visuospatiale est un mécanisme de sélection et de traitement d'information qui se manifeste explicitement par l'orientation de la tête ou du regard. En anticipation d'une nouvelle information, le foyer de l'attention s'oriente implicitement en vision périphérique pour dissocier l'orientation du regard et du foyer implicite vers deux emplacements distincts. Dans cette situation, la réaction à une cible qui apparaît à l'emplacement du foyer implicite s'améliore par rapport aux autres cibles qui pourraient s'afficher dans un emplacement non-attendu. La problématique de la thèse est d'étudier comment détecter l'emplacement du foyer de l'attention implicite par décodage de l'activité cérébrale mesurée en électro-encéphalographie (EEG) avant l'affichage d'une cible visuelle dans 3 expériences réalisées chez des sujets sains. La première expérience aborde la problématique dans une condition où l'indication sur l'emplacement de la cible est globalement non-informative pour les sujets. Cependant, leur activité cérébrale suggère que ce type d'indication a tendance à induire un état d'alerte, de préparation ou d'orientation de l'attention dans le temps plutôt que dans l'espace. En lien avec ce résultat, la deuxième expérience aborde la problématique dans une condition ambiguë où l'attention du sujet s'oriente vers un emplacement sans lien systématique avec le contenu des indications. / Visuospatial attention is an information selection and processing mechanism whose overt manifestations consist of head or gaze shifts. In anticipation to new information, the focus of attention can also covertly shift to peripheral vision to share attention between two distinct locations: the overt one (center of gaze) and the covert one in periphery. In such a situation, the reaction to a target appearing at the focus of attention is enhanced with respect to targets appearing at unattended locations. This thesis addresses the problem of detecting the location of covert attention by decoding neural activity measured by electroencephalography (EEG) before target onset in 3 experiments on healthy subjects. The first experiment uses visuospatial cues that are non-informative about the target location. However, the neural activity reflects that non-informative cues tend to bring the subjects into a state related to alertness, motor preparation or temporal expectation rather than a spatial shift of attention. According to this result, the second experiment uses an ambiguous precueing condition in which the sujet's attention is shifted to spatial locations which bear a non-systematic relation to the information contained in the cues. With these ambiguous cues, we find that the proportion of targets displayed at unattended locations is equivalent to a non-informative condition, and that reaction speed and accuracy are dramatically impacted.
3

Problèmes inverses contraints en EEG : applications aux potentiels absolus et à l'influence du signal de référence dans l'analyse de l'EEG / Constrained inverse problems in EEG : application to absolute potentials and to the reference signal influence in EEG analysis

Salido-Ruiz, Ricardo Antonio 22 June 2012 (has links)
Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre du prétraitement des signaux EEG et s'intéresse plus particulièrement aux perturbations dues à la référence de mesure non nulle. Les perturbations induites par une fluctuation électrique de la référence peuvent engendrer des erreurs d'analyse comme on peut aisément le constater sur les mesures de synchronisation inter-signaux (par exemple la cohérence). Donc, la référence idéale serait une référence nulle. Au cours des travaux développés, nous nous sommes concentrés sur l'estimation des potentiels électriques dit absolus (référence nulle) à partir d'une reformulation du problème inverse. Deux cas sont traités, soit la référence est suffisamment éloignée des sources électrophysiologiques cérébrales et de fait elle peut être considérée comme indépendante, sinon, elle est modélisée comme une combinaison linéaire des autres sources. Grâce à cette modélisation, il a été montré explicitement que les meilleures estimations des potentiels absolus sans aucune information a priori sont les potentiels calculés par rapport à une référence moyenne. D'autre part, le problème inverse de la référence source-indépendante est résolu dans un contexte de type séparation de sources. Il a été démontré que la meilleure estimation des potentiels absolus sans aucune information a priori est équivalente à l'estimateur MPDR/MVDR (Minimum Power Distortionless Response/Minimum Variance Distortionless Response). Concernant le prétraitement de données EEG, on montre sur signaux simulés et réels que les potentiels mesurés transformés en référence moyenne améliorent certaines méthodes d'analyse utilisées en EEG telles que la séparation aveugle des sources (BSS) et la localisation de sources cérébrales. Au delà des problèmes de référence, la méthode peut être appliquée sous contraintes pour estimer de façon plus robuste des sources singulières telles que les artefacts ou une stimulation électrique exogène déterministe / This thesis concerns the issue of scalp EEG signals pre-processing and it is focused on signal's disturbances caused by non zero reference measurements. These signals perturbations induced by an electrical fluctuation of reference signal can lead to misinterpretation errors in certains analysis. This can be easily seen in inter-signal synchronization measurements such as in coherence studies. Thus, the ideal reference is a null reference. During this research work, we focused on the absolute (zero-reference) potentials estimation from a inverse problem reformulation. Here, two cases are treated, one deals with the case of a reference signal that is sufficiently distant from electrophysiological brain sources so, it is considered as independent signal ; otherwise, it is modeled as a linear combination of sources. Thanks to this modeling, it was shown explicitly that the best estimates of absolute potentials without any a priori information are the average reference potentials. On the other hand, the source-independent reference inverse problem is resolved in a source separation context. For this case, it has been shown that the best estimate of the absolute potentials without any a priori information is equivalent to Minimum Power Distortionless Response/Minimum Variance Distortionless Response (MVDR/MPDR) estimators. On the pretreatment of EEG data, we show on simulated and real signals that measured potentials transformed into average reference improve certain analytical methods used in EEG such as blind source separation (BSS) and localization of brain sources. Beyond the problems of reference, this method can be applied as a constrained source estimation algorithm in order to estimate in a more robust way, particular sources such as artifacts or deterministic exogenous electrical stimulation
4

Traitements adaptés aux antennes linéaires horizontales pour la discrimination en immersion de sources Ultra Basse Fréquence / Depth discrimination of ultra-low-frequency acoustic sources with a horizontal line array

Conan, Ewen 26 September 2017 (has links)
Les travaux présentés s'intéressent à la discrimination en immersion d'une source acoustique sous-marine monochromatique ultra basse fréquence (UBF, 0-500 Hz) à l'aide d'une antenne horizontale d'hydrophones. La discrimination en immersion consiste à déterminer si un signal reçu a été émis à proximité de la surface ou par une source immergée. Cette problématique est particulièrement intéressante pour la lutte sous-marine (discrimination entre bâtiments de surface et sous-marins) ou la biologie marine (discrimination entre espèces vocalement actives à la surface et en profondeur). Le champ acoustique généré par une source UBF peut être décomposé en modes, dont les caractéristiques dépendent de l'environnement et de la position de la source. Cette propagation modale est source de dispersion modale : les différents modes se propagent à différentes vitesses. Cela empêche d'utiliser les techniques classiques de traitement d'antenne. Cependant, l'antenne horizontale peut être utilisée comme un filtre spatial pour estimer les propriétés des différents modes : on parle alors de filtrage modal. Si l'antenne est suffisamment longue, les modes sont résolus et les modes filtrés peuvent servir à localiser la source (matched-mode processing). Dans le cas d'une antenne trop courte, les modes sont mal filtrés et la localisation est impossible. Nous cherchons donc une information moins précise mais plus robuste sur la position de la source, d'où le problème de la discrimination en immersion.Dans ces travaux, nous cherchons à exploiter les modes mal filtrés pour prendre une décision sur le caractère immergé ou non de la source. Nous proposons de baser cette décision sur la valeur estimée du taux d'énergie piégée, i.e. la proportion de l'énergie acoustique qui est portée par les modes piégés. Le problème de la discrimination est alors posé comme un test d'hypothèses binaire sur la profondeur de la source. Cette formulation physique du problème permet d'utiliser des méthodes de Monte Carlo pour prédire, à l'aide de simulations, les performances en discrimination dans un contexte donné. Cela permet de comparer diverses méthodes d'estimation du taux d'énergie piégée, et surtout de choisir un seuil auquel comparer ce taux pour décider si la source est en surface ou immergée.La méthode développée pendant la thèse est validée sur des données expérimentales marines. Les résultats alors obtenus sont cohérents avec les conclusions tirées des simulations. La méthode proposée permet notamment d'identifier avec succès une source de surface (le bruit d'un navire en déplacement) ainsi qu'une source immergée (une source UBF tractée à 30 m de profondeur), à l'aide d'une antenne horizontale de 360 m. / This work focuses on acoustic source depth discrimination in the ultra-low frequency range (ULF, 0-500 Hz), using a horizontal line array. Depth discrimination is a binary classification problem, aiming to evaluate whether a received signal has been emitted by a source near the surface or by a submerged one. This could serve applications such as anti-submarine warfare or marine biology.The acoustic field generated by a ULF source can be described as a sum of modes, which properties depend on environment and source location. This modal propagation leads to modal dispersion: the different modes propagate at different velocities. This forbid the use of classical beamforming schemes. However, the horizontal array can be used as a spatial filter to estimate the properties of the modes: this is modal filtering. With a sufficient array length, modes are resolved, and the filtered modes can be used to localise the source using matched-mode processing. If the array is too short, the poorly-filtered modes cannot be used for localisation. Therefore, we are looking for a less precise but more robust information on source location, which leads to source depth discrimination.In this work, the poorly-filtered modes are used to decide whether the source is near the surface or submerged. Because some of the modes (the "trapped modes") are weakly excited by a surface source, we propose this decision relies on the estimation of the trapped energy ratio, i.e. the ratio of acoustic energy borne by trapped modes to the total acoustic energy. The problem of depth discrimination is then formulated as a binary hypothesis test on source depth. This physical formulation allows using Monte-Carlo methods and simulations to predict performance in a given context. This enables comparison between several estimators of the trapped energy ratio and the choice of a relevant threshold which this ratio is compared to in order to decide between the two hypotheses. The approach developped in the manuscript is validated by its application to marine experimental data. The results are consistent with the conclusions drawn from simulations. The proposed method enables the succesfull identification of both a surface source (the noise of a travelling ship) and a submerged source (a ULF source towed 30 m below the surface), using a 360-m horizontal array.
5

Conflict processing in juvenile patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and healthy controls – Two pathways to success

Bluschke, Annet, von der Hagen, Maja, Papenhagen, Katharina, Roessner, Veit, Beste, Christian 25 July 2017 (has links) (PDF)
Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) is a monogenetic autosomal-dominant disorder with a broad spectrum of clinical symptoms and is commonly associated with cognitive deficits. Patients with NF1 frequently exhibit cognitive impairments like attention problems, working memory deficits and dysfunctional inhibitory control. The latter is also relevant for the resolution of cognitive conflicts. However, it is unclear how conflict monitoring processes are modulated in NF1. To examine this question in more detail, we used a system neurophysiological approach combining high-density ERP recordings with source localisation analyses in juvenile patients with NF1 and controls during a flanker task. Behaviourally, patients with NF1 perform significantly slower than controls. Specifically on trials with incompatible flanker-target pairings, however, the patients with NF1 made significantly fewer errors than healthy controls. Yet, importantly, this overall successful conflict resolution was reached via two different routes in the two groups. The healthy controls seem to arrive at a successful conflict monitoring performance through a developing conflict recognition via the N2 accompanied by a selectively enhanced N450 activation in the case of perceived flanker-target conflicts. The presumed dopamine deficiency in the patients with NF1 seems to result in a reduced ability to process conflicts via the N2. However, NF1 patients show an increased N450 irrespective of cognitive conflict. Activation differences in the orbitofrontal cortex (BA11) and anterior cingulate cortex (BA24) underlie these modulations. Taken together, juvenile patients with NF1 and juvenile healthy controls seem to accomplish conflict monitoring via two different cognitive neurophysiological pathways.
6

Conflict processing in juvenile patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and healthy controls – Two pathways to success

Bluschke, Annet, von der Hagen, Maja, Papenhagen, Katharina, Roessner, Veit, Beste, Christian 25 July 2017 (has links)
Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) is a monogenetic autosomal-dominant disorder with a broad spectrum of clinical symptoms and is commonly associated with cognitive deficits. Patients with NF1 frequently exhibit cognitive impairments like attention problems, working memory deficits and dysfunctional inhibitory control. The latter is also relevant for the resolution of cognitive conflicts. However, it is unclear how conflict monitoring processes are modulated in NF1. To examine this question in more detail, we used a system neurophysiological approach combining high-density ERP recordings with source localisation analyses in juvenile patients with NF1 and controls during a flanker task. Behaviourally, patients with NF1 perform significantly slower than controls. Specifically on trials with incompatible flanker-target pairings, however, the patients with NF1 made significantly fewer errors than healthy controls. Yet, importantly, this overall successful conflict resolution was reached via two different routes in the two groups. The healthy controls seem to arrive at a successful conflict monitoring performance through a developing conflict recognition via the N2 accompanied by a selectively enhanced N450 activation in the case of perceived flanker-target conflicts. The presumed dopamine deficiency in the patients with NF1 seems to result in a reduced ability to process conflicts via the N2. However, NF1 patients show an increased N450 irrespective of cognitive conflict. Activation differences in the orbitofrontal cortex (BA11) and anterior cingulate cortex (BA24) underlie these modulations. Taken together, juvenile patients with NF1 and juvenile healthy controls seem to accomplish conflict monitoring via two different cognitive neurophysiological pathways.

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